1 charts and graphs. 2 agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and...
Post on 22-Dec-2015
216 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Charts and graphs
![Page 2: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Agenda
• value and limits of graphical analysis
• how to create and read and interpret graphs
• basic types of graphs and conditions under which should be used
![Page 3: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Basic principle:
Charts and graphs, like all numerical information, have one function:
To communicate information
to an audience
in support of a thesis or claim.
![Page 4: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Main benefit of graphing:Eases interpretation of data.
– Visual representation draws attention to relative amounts.
– Easier to see all data simultaneously.
![Page 5: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Main drawbacks to graphs:
1. Lose sight of actual amounts.
2. Easier to use for deception.
![Page 6: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Interpretation
• Text explains meaning and significance of results
• Two elements: Chart reading and chart interpretation
![Page 7: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Chart reading
Verbal expression
of main features of the pattern
What do the data show?
Forest, not trees
![Page 8: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Chart interpretation:
Commentary or analysis
of appropriate
conclusions or questions
What do the data mean?
![Page 9: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Qualities of good graph
1. Appropriate to the data
2. Self-explanatory: effective title and axis labels
3. Simple and uncluttered
4. Not misleading
![Page 10: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Appropriate to data
![Page 11: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Pie charts
1. Slices represent shares of a whole.
2. The categories that comprise the variable must be qualitatively different or crude rankings.
3. The slices/categories must exhaust the possibilities.
4. The number of slices must be small. Avoid having many narrow slices.
5. Must include a legend.
![Page 12: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Slices = shares of wholes
Abstainer 19
Non-binge drinker
37
Occasional binge drinker
21
Frequent binge drinker
23
Abstainer
Nonbinge drinker
Occasional bingedrinker
Frequent binge drinker
![Page 13: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Slices need not be percentages
Ray $6000
Bob $4500
Bill $4000
Jim $3000
Ray
Bob
Bill
Jim
![Page 14: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
“Total” never a slice
Ray
Bob
Bill
Jim
Total
Ray $6000
Bob $4500
Bill $4000
Jim $3000
Total $17,500
![Page 15: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Pie chart: Appropriate data
• Categories represent different qualities – Sex– Religion– Race/ethnicity
• Categories represent crude quantitative differences– Large, small– High, medium, low– Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree– Freshman, sophomore, junior, senior
![Page 16: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Pie chart: Inappropriate data
• Precise quantities– Age– GPA– # of credits
![Page 17: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Exhaustive categories
Non-binge drinker
37
Occasional binge drinker
21
Frequent binge drinker
23
Nonbinge drinker
Occasional bingedrinker
Frequent binge drinker
![Page 18: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Bar and column graphs
• Interchangeable.
• Can be used with any kind of frequency count data.
• Can be used to show multiple series of data.
• Legend required if using more than one series.
![Page 19: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Line graphs:
Don’t create them using the “line graph” option in Excel. . . .
The results are funky. (A technical term)
Use “xy scatter” with connection of points instead.
![Page 20: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
xy scatter graphs
• Can only be used when both variables are quantitative.
• Show the relationship between two variables.
• The causal variable goes on the x (horizontal) axis.
![Page 21: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Self-explanatory
Key is title and labels
1. Title should be clear, concise, complete.
2. All variables must be named.
3. Measurement units must be properly stated.
4. Time period must be stated.
5. Spatial or geographic domain must be specified.
![Page 22: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Simple and uncluttered
1. Limited number of variables
2. No unnecessary legends.
3. No distracting colors and shading.
4. Consistent colors and shading.
5. Use colors or patterns that will be distinct if printed in black & white.
![Page 23: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Misleading graphs and charts.
• Truncated y-axis
• Unlabeled axes
• Arbitrary axis dimensions
• 3-dimensional pictograms
• 3-dimensional pie charts
• Line graphs with data gaps
![Page 24: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Truncated vertical [y] axis
![Page 25: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Chart 1: College attendance(Version 1)
1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
Year
![Page 26: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Chart 1: College attendance(Version 2)
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
Pe
rc
en
ta
ge
a
tte
nd
ing
Year
![Page 27: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Chart 1: College attendance(Version 3)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1960 1970 1980 1990 1998
Pe
rc
en
ta
ge
a
tte
nd
ing
Year
![Page 28: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Arbitrary dimensions
![Page 29: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Chart 2: DePaul tuition(Version 1)
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
1970 1972 19741976 1978 1980 1982 19841986 1988 1990 1992 19941996 1998 2000
Year
![Page 30: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Chart 2: DePaul tuition(Version 2)
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
![Page 31: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Chart 2: DePaul tuition(Version 3)
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
$16,000
197 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 200
Year
![Page 32: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
3-dimensional pictograms
![Page 33: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Rising costs of prescriptions
1994 2004
![Page 34: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Deceptive pictogram
Problem is that changing one dimension while keeping proportions changes both
dimension, leading to misleading greater change in volume.
![Page 35: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Pictograms
![Page 36: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
3-dimensional pie charts
1
2
3
4
![Page 37: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Three-dimensional pie graphs
1
2
3
4
![Page 38: 1 Charts and graphs. 2 Agenda value and limits of graphical analysis how to create and read and interpret graphs basic types of graphs and conditions](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032523/56649d785503460f94a5b37d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Line graphs with data gaps
Figure 1: Trend in number of bowling alleys in U.S.
0
100000
200000
300000
1960 1970 1980 2000