1 chemical formulae ionic versus molecular/covalent – ionic compounds typically feature a metal...
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Chemical Formulae• Ionic versus Molecular/Covalent
– Ionic compounds typically feature a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion).– Molecular compounds are composed of nonmetals exclusively.– Both must be electrically neutral in charge.– Nomenclature (naming) has similarities… the differences occur because of the law of multiple proportions.
• The same elements can make multiple, different compounds... Roman numerals or prefixes are used.
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Molecular Formulae• Formula Structure
– Elements present– Subscripts* (shows how much of each element)
CO2
* If no subscript is present it means that there is only one atom of that elementThis is a molecule of a molecular compound.
This is carbon dioxide.
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carbon dioxidecarbon oxygen
Molecular Nomenclature
Naming Rules– Write the names of both elements.
• You will only learn covalent naming for binary compounds
– Change the ending of the second element to -ide.– Add prefixes to each element to indicate the subscripted number of atoms present.
• If the first element only has one atom then no prefix is added.
Example: CO2 becomes
carbon oxidecarbon dioxide
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Molecular Nomenclature• Prefixes
- Greek prefixes used…1. mono- 2. di–3. tri-4. tetra-5. penta-6. hexa-7. hepta-8. octa-9. nona-10. deca-
- The final “o” or “a” of the prefix is usually dropped when preceding an element beginning with a vowel.
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As2Se3 diarsenic triselenid
e
As4S4 tetraarseni
c tetrasulfide
AsF3 arsenic trifluorid
e
AsF5 arsenic
pentachloride
AsI3 arseni
c triiodid
e
As2O3 diarseni
c trioxide
As2O5 diarsenic pentoxide
As2S3 diarseni
c trisulfid
e
AsCl3 arsenic trichlorid
e
B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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AsBr3 arsenic
tribromide
As2S5 diarsenic
pentasulfide
As2Se diarsenic
monoselenide
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B2Cl4diboron
tetrachloride
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
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BBr3
boron tribromide
BF3
boron trifluoride
BNboron nitride
B2O3
diboron trioxide
BCl3boron
trichloride
B4Ctetraboron
monocarbide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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CF4 carbon
tetrafluoride
CO carbon monoxid
e
CO2 carbon dioxide
CSe2 carbon
diselenide
CCl4 carbon
tetrachloride
CN4 carbon
tetranitride
CI4 carbon
tetraiodide
CS2 carbon disulfide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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ClF chlorine
monofluoride
ClF3 chlorine trifluoride
ClO2 chlorine
dioxide
Cl2O dichlori
ne monoxi
de
Cl2O7 dichlorin
e heptoxid
e
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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GeCl2 germaniu
m dichloride
F2O fluoride
monoxide
H2O dihydroge
n monoxide
F2O2 fluoride dioxide
GeCl4 germaniu
m tetrachlori
de
GeF4 germaniu
m tetrafluori
de
ICl iodine
monochloride
ICl3 iodine
trichloride
IF5 iodine
pentafluoride
IF7 iodine
heptafluoride
I2O5 diiodine
pentoxide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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NCl3 nitrogen chloride
NF3 nitrogen fluoride
NH3 nitrogen trihydride
NO nitrogen monoxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
N4S4 tetranitrog
en tetrasulfide
N4Se4 tetranitrog
en tetraseleni
de
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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PCl3 phosphorus
trichloride
PCl5 phosphorus pentachlorid
e
PF3 phosphorus trifluoride
PF5 phosphorus pentafluoride
PH3 phosphorus
trihydride
P2O3 diphosphoru
s trioxide
P2O5 diphosphoru
s pentoxide
P2S5 phosphorus pentasulfide
P2Se5 diphosphoru
s pentaselenid
e
P4S3 tetraphospho
rus trisulfide
P4Se3 tetraphospho
rus triselenide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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S2Cl2 disulfur
dichloride
SF4 sulfur
tetrafluoride
SF6 sulfur
hexafluoride
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SO3 sulfur
trioxide
Se2Cl2 diselenium dichloride
SeCl4 selenium
tetrachloride
SeF4 selenium
tetrafluoride
SeO2 selenium dioxide
SeS2 selenium disulfide
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B3+ C4+ C4- C2+ C2- N3+ N3- N5+
N4+ N2+ O2- O1- F1- Si4+
Si2+ P5+ P3+ P3- S6+
S4+ S2+ S2- Cl1+ Cl1- Cl7+ Cl5+
Cl3+
As3+ As3-
As5+ Se4+ Se6+ Se2- Br1+ Br1- Br7+
Br5+ Br3+ Te4+ Te6+ Te2- I7+
I5+ I1+ I1- At1+ At1- At7+
At5+ At3+
Molecular Compound Formulae
(Molecules)
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SiC silicon
monocarbide
SiCl4 silicon
tetrachloride
SiF4 silicon
tetrafluoride
Si3N4 trisilicon
tetranitride
SiO silicon
monoxide
SiO2 silicon dioxide
SiS2 silicon
disulfide
TeCl2 tellurium dichloride
TeCl4 tellurium
tetrachloride
TeI4 tellurium
tetraiodide