1 clause complexes vivi
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The ClauseComplex Prof. Viviana Nardechia
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A clause can be defined as the largest
grammatical unit, and a clause complex is twoor more clauses logically connected. In otherwords, a clause complex is a sequence of
processes which are logically connected.
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HOW ARE CLAUSES
CONNECTED?
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Clauses within a complex areinterrelated grammatically interms of two systems, that of
TAXISand that ofLOGICO SEMANTICtype.
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Taxisrefers to the dependency statusof the clauses inthe clause complex
It includes two different categories:
Hypotaxis: dominant or dependent ( Greek letters: a,b, c, etc.)
Parataxis: one clause follows on from another(Numbers: 1, 2, 3, etc.)
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Clauses can also be combined through one of these two
LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS:
EXPANSION PROJECTION
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Expansionlinks processes by providing additionalinformation. It involves three types of relationships:
Elaboration Extension Enhancement
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Elaborationinvolves four relationships: specifying in greater detail
restatement
exemplification
comment
This is the That is to say relationship and is shown
through the sign (=)
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Extensionextends the meaning of one clauseby adding something new. It involves and,but, or type relationships and is marked by
a (+) sign.
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Enhancementinvolves circumstantial relationshipswhere the circumstantial information is coded as a newclause rather than within the clause. Enhancement canbe:
Temporal
Conditional Causal
Concessive
Spatial
Manner
It is marked through an(x)sign
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Taxis
parataxis
hypotaxis
Logico semantic relation
expansion
projection
(numbers)
(Greek letters)
elaboration
enhancement
extension
locution
idea
System
NetworkAnalysis
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EXPANSION
Elaborating Extending Enhancing
that is to say and, but so, thenor (rather) not only for, thus
Paratactic in other words but also or else
for example except still
for instance or, yet otherwisein fact, like
rather than while, so that
Hypotactic which whereas when, wherewhile because, if
instead as, even though
besides despite, after
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Analysis of Clause ComplexesWhen analysing clause complexes, we take into account
these guidelines:o List each clause vertically down the page, lettering each
clause complex (A,B,C, etc.) and numbering each clausein the clause complex (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.)
o Display analysis on the left-hand side of the text
o Begin a new layer whenever there is a change in taxis ora change in logico-semantic relation.
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A clause complex analysis showing the layeringof thestructure.
Example:
Morel went to bed in misery, and Mrs Morelfelt as if she were numbed by some drug, i.e.
her feelings were paralysed.
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(A) (i) Morel went to bed in misery
(ii) and Mrs Morel felt
(iii) as if she were numbed by some drug(iv) i.e. her feelings were paralysed
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(A) (i) 1 Morel went to bed in misery,
(ii) 2 + a and Mrs Morel felt
(iii) x b 1 as if she were numbed by some drug(iv) = 2 i.e. her feelings were paralysed
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Morel went to bed in misery
Mrs Morel felt
she were numbed by some drug
her feelings were paralysed
1
2
+ a
xb
1
= 2
and
as if
(i.e.)
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Analyse the following Clause complexesshowing their syntactic and logico-semantic
relationship.
Each level of govermment has its set duties,
which it must carry out.
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(A) (i) Each level of govermment has its set
duties,
(ii) which it must carry out.
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(A) (i) a Each level of govermment has its set
duties,
(ii) = b which it must carry out.
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She never enjoys parties if her boyfriendsnot there so we didnt invite her.
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(B) (i) She never enjoys parties
if her boyfriends not there
(ii) so we didnt invite her
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(B) (i) 1 a She never enjoys parties
(ii) x b if her boyfriends not there
(iii) x 2 so we didnt invite her
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John invited the Wilsons to the party but
they didnt come, which made John rather
indignant as he had thought he was doingthem a favour.
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(C) (i) John invited the Wilsons to the party
(ii) but they didnt come,
(iii) which made John rather indignant(iv) as he had thought
(v) he was doing them a favour
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(C) (i) 1 John invited the Wilsons to the party
(ii) + 2 a but they didnt come,
(iii) = b a which made John rather indignant(iv) x b a as he had thought
(v) b he was doing them a favour