1. Cones are different from rods in 1. Cones are different from rods in that:that:

• A) rods respond to color.

• B) cones respond to color.

• C) cones need less light.

• D) B and C are true.

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2. The center of the retina is the 2. The center of the retina is the ___ and has mostly ___. ___ and has mostly ___.

• A) fovea; cones

• B) fovea; rods

• C) blind spot; ganglion cells

• D) optic disk; nerves

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3. The lens thins or thickens to 3. The lens thins or thickens to focus light in a process known as:focus light in a process known as:

• A) visual sharpening.

• B) lens bending.

• C) accommodation.

• D) optic chiasm.

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4. Weber’s law has to do with the 4. Weber’s law has to do with the ___ of a stimulus. ___ of a stimulus.

• A) absolute threshold

• B) just noticeable difference

• C) subliminal threshold

• D) sensory adaptation

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5.5. If someone is severely damaged If someone is severely damaged in the left visual cortex, they in the left visual cortex, they would be unable to see:would be unable to see:

• A) anything in their left eye.

• B) anything in their right eye.

• C) anything in their right visual field.

• D) anything in their left visual field.

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6. Frequency is to ___ as amplitude is to 6. Frequency is to ___ as amplitude is to ___.___.

• A) pitch; loudness

• B) loudness; pitch

• C) pitch; timbre

• D) decibels; hertz

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7. The sequence of hearing is in the 7. The sequence of hearing is in the order of:order of:

• A) eardrum, auditory canal, middle ear, inner ear.

• B) cochlea, eardrum, middle ear, inner ear.

• C) eardrum, middle ear, auditory canal, cochlea.

• D) auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea.

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8. Normal conversation (60 8. Normal conversation (60 decibels) is ___ times louder than a decibels) is ___ times louder than a 20 decibel whisper.20 decibel whisper.• A) 3

• B) 10,000

• C) 100

• D) 3,000

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9. The ___ has the sensory receptors 9. The ___ has the sensory receptors for sound consisting of tiny, hair-like for sound consisting of tiny, hair-like fibers.fibers.

• A) ear canal

• B) stirrup

• C) basilar membrane

• D) tympanic membrane

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10. Nerve deafness:10. Nerve deafness:

• A) can be caused by exposure to amplitude over 80 decibels.

• B) can be corrected by a hearing aid.

• C) is more likely the result of heavy traffic than by a rock concert.

• D) all of the above.

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11. Unlike other senses, the sense 11. Unlike other senses, the sense of ___ does not travel to the of ___ does not travel to the thalamus, but goes directly to the thalamus, but goes directly to the cerebral cortex.cerebral cortex.• A) gustation

• B) olfaction

• C) vestibular

• D) kinesthesia

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12. Receptor cells have been 12. Receptor cells have been identified for five tastes including identified for five tastes including sweet, salty, sour, ___ and ___. sweet, salty, sour, ___ and ___.

• A) wet; rough

• B) hot; bitter

• C) spicy; acrid

• D) bitter; umami

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13. The kinesthetic sense 13. The kinesthetic sense involves:involves:

• A) the sense of balance or equilibrium.

• B) the sense of pain.

• C) the location and position of body parts in relation to each other.

• D) hair-like receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

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14. The gate-control theory has to 14. The gate-control theory has to do with:do with:

• A) how the brain regulates pain.

• B) how the brain sensitizes us to feel more acutely.

• C) providing information about body position and movement.

• D) difference thresholds in the sense of touch.

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15. Although Jeremy lost his left leg 15. Although Jeremy lost his left leg beneath the knee, he often beneath the knee, he often experiences great pain in his left experiences great pain in his left foot. This is known as:foot. This is known as:

• A) psychosomatic pain.

• B) phantom limb pain.

• C) substance P overload.

• D) ineffective pain gate.

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16. Analyzing that begins with the 16. Analyzing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of data is called:brain’s integration of data is called:

• A) sensory processing.

• B) bottom-up processing.

• C) natural order integration.

• D) informational flow.

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17. The minimum stimulus necessary 17. The minimum stimulus necessary to detect it 50% of the time is called to detect it 50% of the time is called the: the:

• A) central tendency.

• B) minimum flash point.

• C) absolute threshold.

• D) sensory half-life.

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18. A movie theater’s manager wants to 18. A movie theater’s manager wants to sell more popcorn by flashing subliminal sell more popcorn by flashing subliminal advertising during the previews. You tell advertising during the previews. You tell

him:him: • A) subliminal persuasion doesn’t work.• B) he needs to do it several times.• C) he must accompany it with a bell.• D) he has to time it differently for it to

work on different people.

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19. 19. According to the Young-According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, the retina Helmholtz theory, the retina contains color receptors: contains color receptors:

• A) which pick up opponent colors of red/green, blue/yellow, black/white.

• B) of three types, sensitive to red, green and blue.

• C) of three types, sensitive to red, blue and yellow.

• D) none of the above. 198

20. Applying Weber’s Law to business, if 20. Applying Weber’s Law to business, if a $5 meal has to increase to $5.50 for us a $5 meal has to increase to $5.50 for us to notice much of a difference, how much to notice much of a difference, how much would a $20,000 car have to increase for would a $20,000 car have to increase for us to notice?us to notice?

• A) $2,000

• B) $200

• C) $5,000

• D) $1,000

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21. Mr. Jones has sensorineural 21. Mr. Jones has sensorineural hearing loss.  His best chance of hearing loss.  His best chance of correcting his hearing is by:correcting his hearing is by:

• A) a hearing aid.

• B) using bone conduction.

• C) a cochlear implant.

• D) any of the above would be helpful.

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22. ___ theory assumes that stimulus 22. ___ theory assumes that stimulus detection depends on experience, detection depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and level of expectations, motivation, and level of

alertness.alertness.

• A) Stimulus-response• B) Choice pattern recognition• C) Signal detection• D) Sensory consolidation

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23. Unlike computers, our brain is 23. Unlike computers, our brain is able to perform several operations at able to perform several operations at once, called:once, called:

• A) sensory redundancy.

• B) serial processing.

• C) cognitive flow.

• D) parallel processing.

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AnswersAnswers

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. B

5. C

6. A

7. D

8. B

9. C

10. A

11. B

12. D

13. C

14. A

15. B

16. B

17. C

18. A

19. C

20. A

21. D

22. C

23. D

1. When two or more lights blink on and 1. When two or more lights blink on and off in quick succession, it gives the off in quick succession, it gives the appearance of movement. This is called appearance of movement. This is called the:the:

• A) movement illusion.

• B) phi phenomenon.

• C) visual capture.

• D) optical tracking illusion.

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2. Even though these two figures are 2. Even though these two figures are identical in size, one looks larger due to identical in size, one looks larger due to

the ___ illusion.the ___ illusion.

• A) visual capture

• B) Müller-Lyer

• C) Ponzo

• D) parallax

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3. The M3. The Müller-Lyer illusion is caused üller-Lyer illusion is caused by:by:

• A) cultural experience.

• B) light and shadow.

• C) shape constancy.

• D) size constancy.

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4. The St. Louis arch appears taller 4. The St. Louis arch appears taller than it is wide. This is due to: than it is wide. This is due to:

• A) relative height.

• B) size constancy.

• C) shape constancy.

• D) nothing, it really is taller.

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5.5. Because of motion parallax, when Because of motion parallax, when you are moving and fixate on you are moving and fixate on something in the distance:something in the distance:

• A) more distant objects appear to be standing still.

• B) the fixation point starts to move faster.

• C) it becomes more difficult to stay awake.

• D) closer objects appear to be moving in the opposite direction.

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6. We sometimes reverse images because 6. We sometimes reverse images because of changes in the relationship of:of changes in the relationship of:

• A) light and shadow.

• B) figure-ground.

• C) size and dimension.

• D) connectedness.

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7. We see this as two figures together 7. We see this as two figures together rather than as many curved and rather than as many curved and straight lines because of the rule of: straight lines because of the rule of:

• A) connectedness.

• B) proximity.

• C) continuity.

• D) similarity.

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8. Relative Clarity helps us to 8. Relative Clarity helps us to determine ___ because:determine ___ because:

• A) size; clear objects appear larger.

• B) depth; clear objects appear farther.

• C) luminescence; nearer objects are brighter.

• D) depth; distant objects appear hazy.

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9. If we assume that two objects are similar 9. If we assume that two objects are similar in size, the one that casts the smaller in size, the one that casts the smaller retinal image is assumed to be:retinal image is assumed to be:

• A) closer.

• B) smaller.

• C) farther away.

• D) larger.

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10. Pablo is a landscape artist who was 10. Pablo is a landscape artist who was known for the depth of his paintings. After known for the depth of his paintings. After an accident, he had vision only from one an accident, he had vision only from one eye. Since then, his paintings:eye. Since then, his paintings:

• A) will have less depth.

• B) will have just as much depth.

• C) will have no depth.

• D) may have depth but will lack in accuracy.

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11. If a person were to wear glasses 11. If a person were to wear glasses that distorted vision upside down, that distorted vision upside down, that person:that person:• A) would eventually adapt.

• B) would never adapt.

• C) would have his vision permanently distorted.

• D) would adapt but now must always wear the glasses to see.

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12. Psychics who claim to be 12. Psychics who claim to be clairvoyant are able to:clairvoyant are able to:

• A) aid police departments in catching criminals.

• B) locate missing persons.

• C) sense when something bad will happen.

• D) make many guesses, some of which may be true.

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13. Dave was listening to sad music 13. Dave was listening to sad music when he heard the word, “morning,” when he heard the word, “morning,” which he mistook for, “mourning.” He which he mistook for, “mourning.” He was influenced by:was influenced by:

• A) clinical depression.

• B) context effect.

• C) depressogenic schemas.

• D) a low level of serotonin.

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14. Children who are visually impaired at 14. Children who are visually impaired at birth, but are allowed to see clearly years birth, but are allowed to see clearly years later have difficulty perceiving because:later have difficulty perceiving because:

• A) their brains were irreparably damaged.

• B) they missed a critical period in visual development.

• C) their eyes have to fully mend.

• D) none of the above.

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15. When watching a movie, we see 15. When watching a movie, we see the actors as moving because:the actors as moving because:

• A) the film is moving.

• B) the pictures move in front of us.

• C) motion is constructed in our heads (stroboscopic effect)

• D) of strobe lights.

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16. “The whole is greater than the sum 16. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts,” has been most associated of its parts,” has been most associated with a:with a:

• A) Clinical psychologist.

• B) Gestalt psychologist.

• C) Cognitive-Behavioral psychologist.

• D) Perceptual psychologist.

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17. The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps 17. The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as in order to perceive disconnected parts as

a whole object is called:a whole object is called:

• A) closure.• B) constancy.• C) interposition.• D) convergence.

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18. All of the following are 18. All of the following are monocular cues of depth perception monocular cues of depth perception except:except:

• A) motion parallax.

• B) linear perspective.

• C) convergence.

• D) relative height.

• E) texture gradient.

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19. When we expect to see something 19. When we expect to see something because of prior learning experiences, because of prior learning experiences, such as seeing clouds as UFO’s, it is such as seeing clouds as UFO’s, it is because of: because of:

• A) bottom-up processing.

• B) previous abductions.

• C) hypnotic suggestion.

• D) perceptual set.

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20. Human factors psychologists 20. Human factors psychologists may use a technique called, “natural may use a technique called, “natural mapping,” which is:mapping,” which is:

• A) drawing a plan of attacking a problem.

• B) moving your eyes in a repeated pattern.

• C) arranging controls to make them easier to understand.

• D) moving in precise directions.262

21. Even though a door may reflect quite 21. Even though a door may reflect quite a different retinal image when it is open a different retinal image when it is open than when it is closed, we still see it as than when it is closed, we still see it as the same, rectangular door because of:the same, rectangular door because of:

• A) illusory contours.

• B) shape constancy.

• C) retinal disparity.

• D) perceptual closure.

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22: The fact that the Amazing Randi 22: The fact that the Amazing Randi has never paid off on his claim has never paid off on his claim illustrates that:illustrates that:

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• A) while ESP phenomena exist, replicating them in a laboratory is not possible.

• B) he fails to be convinced even though the evidence is obvious.

• C) he is a non-believer and a cheapskate.• D) ESP phenomena have never been proven

to be anything more than chance events or fakery.

23. As she gazed down from a bridge 23. As she gazed down from a bridge at the rapidly flowing river, Nancy felt at the rapidly flowing river, Nancy felt as thought she were moving. Her as thought she were moving. Her experience best illustrates the experience best illustrates the phenomenon of:phenomenon of:

• A) retinal disparity.

• B) perceptual adaptation.

• C) location constancy.

• D) visual capture.242