1 Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Joseph E. Muscolino, DC Instructor, Purchase College State University of New York Owner, The Art and Science of Kinesiology Stamford, Connecticut KINESIOLOGY: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function Second Edition 2 Chapter 6: Classification of Joints Joseph E. Muscolino, DC Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Lesson 6.1 Objectives Define the key terms of this chapter and state the meanings of the word origins of this chapter. Describe the anatomy of a joint, and list the three major structural types of joints. Describe the physiology of a joint; and with regard to joint physiology, explain the function of joints, muscles, and ligaments/joint capsules. Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Lesson 6.1 Objectives (contd.) Explain the distinction between the definitions of a structural joint and a functional joint. Describe the relationship between joint mobility and joint stability; and list the three major determinants of the mobility/stability of a joint. Explain the importance of weight bearing and shock absorption to joints. Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Section 6.1Anatomy of a Joint Joint: juncture between two or more bones. Structural classifications of a joint: Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-1 6 Section 6.2Physiology of a Joint Main function: allow movement Joint: passive structure Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-2 7 Every joint balances stability and mobility. More mobile = less stable More stable = less mobile Most stable position: closed-packed Least stable position: open-packed Section 6.3Joint Mobility versus Joint Stability Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Section 6.3Joint Mobility versus Joint Stability (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-3 9 All joints absorb shock (especially in the spine and lower extremities). Equivalent force in walking, jumping Think of a cars shock absorbers Section 6.4Joints and Shock Absorption Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Section 6.4Joints and Shock Absorption (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-4 11 Section 6.5Weight-Bearing Joints Many joints bear the bodys weight. Weight-bearing joints: more stable, less mobile Includes all joints of lower extremities and spine Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Section 6.5Weight-Bearing Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-5 13 Lesson 6.2 Objectives List and describe the three major structural and functional categories of joints, and explain the relationship between them. List and describe, and give an example of the three categories of fibrous joints. Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Lesson 6.2 Objectives (contd.) List, describe, and give examples of each of the two categories of cartilaginous joints. List the structural components of and be able to draw a typical synovial joint, and list and describe the four categories of synovial joints. Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Section 6.6Joint Classification Joints May Be Classified... Structurally (by type of soft tissue) Functionally Structural Classification of Joints: Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Joints without a Joint Cavity: Fibrous Cartilaginous Joints with a Joint Cavity: Synovial Section 6.6Joint Classification (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Functional Classification of Joints: Synarthrotic joint Amphiarthrotic joint Diarthrotic joint Section 6.6Joint Classification (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Section 6.7Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints: Dense fibrous connective tissue Little or no movement Three types: Syndesmosis joints Suture joints Gomphosis joints Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Section 6.7Fibrous Joints (contd.) Syndesmosis Joint: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-6 20 Section 6.7Fibrous Joints (contd.) Suture Joint: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-7 21 Section 6.7Fibrous Joints (contd.) Gomphosis Joint: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-8 22 Allow a moderate but limited amount of movement Two Types: Symphysis joints Synchondrosis joints Section 6.8Cartilaginous Joints Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Section 6.8Cartilaginous Joints (contd.) Symphysis Joints: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-9 24 Section 6.8Cartilaginous Joints (contd.) Synchondrosis Joints: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-10 25Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Section 6.9Synovial Joints Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The most structurally complicated joints Components: Fibrous joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial cavity Synovial fluid Articular cartilage Ligaments Muscles 26 Section 6.9Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-11 27 Section 6.9Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-11 28 Four Categories: Uniaxial joint Biaxial joint Triaxial joint Nonaxial joint Section 6.9Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Lesson 6.3 Objectives Describe and give examples of the two types of uniaxial synovial joints. Describe and give examples of the two types of biaxial synovial joints. Describe and give examples of triaxial synovial joints. Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Lesson 6.3 Objectives (contd.) Describe and give examples of nonaxial synovial joints. Explain the purpose of menisci and articular discs and give an example of each one. Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Section 6.10Uniaxial Synovial Joints Two Types of Motion around One Axis: Hinge joints Pivot joints Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-12 32 Section 6.10Uniaxial Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-13 33 Section 6.11Biaxial Synovial Joints Two Types of Motion around Two Axes: Condyloid joints Saddle joints Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Section 6.11Biaxial Synovial Joints (contd.) Condyloid Joints: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-14 35 Section 6.11Biaxial Synovial Joints (contd.) Saddle Joints: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-15 ( A, B, modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, St Louis, 2002, Mosby.) 36 Section 6.12Triaxial Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints: Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-16 37 Section 6.12Triaxial Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-17 38 Section 6.12Triaxial Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-17 39 Section 6.13Nonaxial Synovial Joints Allow motion within a plane, not around an axis Also known as a gliding joint, an irregular joint, or a plane joint Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Section 6.13Nonaxial Synovial Joints (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-18Figure 6-19 41 Section 6.14Menisci and Articular Discs Ring shaped = articular disc Crescent shaped = meniscus Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-20 42 Section 6.14Menisci and Articular Discs (contd.) Copyright 2011, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 6-21