1. count rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. sadi carnot (1824) work depends on...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring
2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine
3. James Joule (1842) established equivalence of work and heat (Joule)
A. DefinitionB. History
I. Introduction
Bioenergetics
![Page 2: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
6. Ludwig Boltzman late 19th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics. Committed suicide in 1906 because no one believed him.7. Albert Einstein late 1905 atoms held the energy (basis for almost all energy equations)
8. Ernest Rutherford (1910) and Neils Bohr (1912) would design the shape and structure of an atom.
5. J. Gibbs (1878) proposed free energy or system energy to perform work when To and pressure are uniform throughout a system called Free Energy
4. Rudolph Classius (1850) states the first two laws of thermodynamics
![Page 3: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Potential Energy = Stored Energy
Figure 8.2
C. Energy Forms
2. Kinetic Energy = Motion Energy Figure 8.2
![Page 4: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Law of Conservation or Quantity of Energy
Figure 8.3
D. Energy Laws 2. Law of
Transformation or Quality of Energy
Figure 8.3
![Page 5: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The basis for life on earth is bound to this diagram.
Figure 9.2
![Page 6: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1. Predicting reaction spontaneity = Free Energy (ΔG)
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔS =
entropy
ΔH = enthalpy
ΔG = free energy
T = absolute temperature
E. Energy Reactions
Figure 8.5
![Page 7: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Exergonic reactions = release of free energy3. Endergonic reactions = absorbs free energy
Figure 8.6
Figure 8.7
4. Oxidation/Reduction reactions
![Page 8: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1. Structure of ATP
Figure 8.9
F. ATP and Energy CouplingCycling of ATP
Figure 8.9
![Page 9: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. ATP Coupling Reactions
Figure 8.10
Figure 8.11
![Page 10: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1. L. Pasteur vs. J. von Leibig (1890’s) Fermentation needs intact cells or not
2. E. Buchner late 1890’s Yeast yield EtOH and CO2 from catalyst in cells (yeast) coined the term “enzyme”3. J. Sumner (1926) isolated crystalline protein called urease
B. HistoryA. Definition
II. Enzymes
![Page 11: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1. Overview
C. Function2. How?
Figure 8.13
![Page 12: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 8.14
Figure 8.16
3. Mechanism
![Page 13: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
4. Kinetics (Michaelis-Menton)
5. Line Weaver-Burk plot
![Page 14: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Line Weaver-Burk plot
![Page 15: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 8.17Figure 8.18
6. Environmental Effects (To, pH, & Competition)
![Page 16: 1. Count Rumford (1798) work into heat studies, cannon boring 2. Sadi Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine 3. James Joule (1842)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e625503460f94b5ed74/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 8.20
Figure 8.21
7. Regulation (Allosteric & Feedback Inhibition)