1 counting immigrants and expatriates : a new perspective (published in « trends in international...
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Counting immigrants and expatriates : a new perspective
(Published in « Trends in International Migration » OECD 2005)
Jean-Christophe Dumont and Georges LemaîtreDirectorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD
ECE-Eurostat Seminar on International Migration, Geneva 21-23 March 2005
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• Concerns related to the international mobility of the highly skilled :
• Limited availability of statistics on expatriates, especially by level of education and occupation
• Problems in the comparability of immigrant stocks
- among OECD member countries - from developing countries
Rationale for the project
OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
Background
Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
3OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
An international database on Foreign-BornData collection and compilation
• 29 OECD National Statistic Offices and OECD
• Observers : UN Statistics Division, Eurostat, European Commission, ILO, UNECEData collection and compilation
• Data are mainly from OECD population censuses and population registers
• Data were compiled on : - Immigrant population in OECD countries - Expatriate population from all countries to OECD countries - Migrants by origin / destination and educational attainment
Background Methodology
Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
4OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
DefinitionsThe immigrant population
• A literal definition => persons who have immigrated into their current country of residence => persons born abroad
Includes persons born abroad as nationals of the current country of residence Takes no account of possible past migration movements of persons currently resident in their country of birth Does not include native-born persons of immigrant parents
• Alternative definition => the foreign population Classification of persons can change Confounded by possibility of multiple citizenships Does not necessarily reflect a migration movement
Background Methodology
Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
5OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
DefinitionsReference population
• Usual residents by detailed country of birth, nationality and nationality at birth
Working rule for countries of birth
• People born in states or territories belonging to the country of residence are considered as “native-born”
Education level (population 15+)
• Less than upper secondary (ISCED 0/1/2)
• Upper secondary and post secondary non-tertiary (ISCED 3/4)
• Tertiary (5a/5b and 6)
Background Methodology
Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
6OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
Limits
• Data on stocks represent the cumulative effect of net migration flows over past decades
• Imperfect, heteregenous and unknown coverage of certain categories of migrants : undocumented migrants, temporary migrants, asylum seekers …
• Some persons with unknown country of birth and/or educational level
• Specific hypotheses for some countries (Japan, Korea, Germany)
• Problems for decomposed / recomposed countries of origin
Background Methodology
Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
7OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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• Statistics on foreign born population in OECD countries provides a new -and more accurate- picture of migration
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
23.0
19.3
1.2
5.6
7.0
4.2
5.3
12.3
Percentage of Percentage foreign born of foreigners
AUS
CAN
CZE
FRA
GRC
NLD
SWE
USA
7.4
5.3
4.5
10.0
10.3
10.1
12.0
6.6
8OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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• A significant share of foreign born in OECD countries originate from other OECD countries (36.3 million people or 46% of all foreign born)
Foreign-born by region of origin in OECD countries, percentages
Note: "Other Europe" and "Other Africa" include data for not stated European countries andnot stated African countries, respectively.
Source: Trends in International Migration , OECD, 2005.
Oceania1%
Caribbean7%
Europe40%
North and South America
22%
Africa9%
Asia21%
North Africa45%
Other Africa55%
Other Asia81%
China and Chinese Taipei19%
Latin America87%
North America13%
Other Europe
37%EU2563%
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
9OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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Expatriates as a percentage of all native-born, OECD countries Total population and highly skilled
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
JPN
USA
KOR
ESP
AUS
FRA
NOR
TUR
SWE
BEL
FIN
MEX
CAN
DNK
DEU
NLD
HUN
POL
GRC
CSFR CHE
PRT
AUT
GBR
LUX
IRL
NZL
Total population Highly skilled
• The incidence of expatriation varies substantially from one country to another
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
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Emigration rate of highly skilled 15+ and emigration rate of population 15+ for non-OECD countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80
emigration rate of 15+
Emigration rate of highly skilled 15+
OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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• Highly skilled international migration is an important part of all migration flows
Native-born Foreign Born Expatriates
CAN 31.5 38.0 40.0
CHE 18.1 23.7 38.4
FRA 16.9 18.1 40.4
HUN 10.7 19.8 30.0
KOR 26.7 32.2 43.6
NZL 27.0 31.6 42.9
SWE 22.8 24.2 38.9
USA 26.9 25.9 47.2
Percentage of persons with tertiary education in selected OECD countries
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
11OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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• Asia, Europe and Africa are the major regions of origin for highly skilled
Distribution of highly skilled expatriates by region of origin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Asia EU25 Africa Southand
CentralAmerica
OtherEurope
Caribbean NorthAmerica
Oceania OECD
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
12OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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• Within the OECD area, only eight countries are net beneficiaries from the migration of the highly educated ...Ratio of net highly skilled migration within OECD to total
highly skilled population in OECD countries
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
IRL
POL
NZL
HUN
GBR
PRT
MEX
FIN
NLD
AUT
GRC
DEU
DNK
TUR
BEL
FRA
NOR
ESP
SWE
USA
CAN
CHE
AUS
LUX
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
13OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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• … but, as whole, most OECD countries benefit from the international mobility of the highly skilled
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
Immigrant and emigrant population 15+ with tertiary education in OECD countries Thousands
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000Highly skilled immigrants from all countries
Highly skilled emigrants to other OECD countries
"Net" highly skilled migrants
8204
14OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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Country.shpNot available1 - 34 - 89 - 1920 - 83
Source: see Annex 1, Secretariat calculations based on Cohen and Soto (2001) for highly skilled stocks in countries of origin.
Map 1. Percentage of expatriates to OECD countries among all highly skilled born in the country• Some countries, especially in the Caribbean and in
Africa, face significant emigration rates of their elites (sometimes exceeding 50%)
Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
15OECD Directorate for Employment Labour and Social Affairs, DELSA
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Background Methodology Immigrants and expatriates
Next steps
• The database is available online on the OECD websitewww.oecd.org/document/16/0,2340,en_2649_33931_33865936_1_1_1_1,00.html
• The next phase of the project involve collection of more detailed information on demographic (gender, age, duration of stay) and labor market variables (employment status, occupation, sector of activity)
• Data to be used for studies on specific occupations (e.g. Health; ICT; Education)
• Extending the database to selected non-member countries ?