1 crisis and conflict: nazi germany copyright 2007 economic impact economic impact social impact...

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Crisis and Conflict: Nazi Germany Copyright 2007

Economic Economic ImpactImpact

Social Social ImpactImpact

Political Political ImpactImpact

Did Hitler’s rule benefit Did Hitler’s rule benefit the people in Germany?the people in Germany?

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Political impactPolitical impact

Hitler consolidated power and established Hitler consolidated power and established dictatorship from 1933-1934.dictatorship from 1933-1934.

4 key steps:4 key steps: Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933) Enabling Act (March 1933)Enabling Act (March 1933) Night of Long Knives (June 1934)Night of Long Knives (June 1934) Creation of role of Fuehrer (Aug 1934)Creation of role of Fuehrer (Aug 1934)

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Hitler called for fresh elections to Hitler called for fresh elections to gain control of Reichstag.gain control of Reichstag.

In Feb 1933, the Reichstag building In Feb 1933, the Reichstag building caught fire; a communist was caught fire; a communist was caught red-handed.caught red-handed.

Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)

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Hitler convinced Hindenburg to grant Hitler convinced Hindenburg to grant him emergency powers to arrest him emergency powers to arrest Communists and other opponents.Communists and other opponents.

Reichstag Fire decree – all civil Reichstag Fire decree – all civil rights suspended – no freedom of rights suspended – no freedom of speech, assembly, or pressspeech, assembly, or press

Result? Nazis won Result? Nazis won 44%44% of the votes of the votes

in the election and gained more in the election and gained more

seats in Parliament.seats in Parliament.

Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)Reichstag Fire (Feb 1933)

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Using the SA, Hitler Using the SA, Hitler intimidatedintimidated the Reichstag into passing the the Reichstag into passing the Enabling Act in March 1933Enabling Act in March 1933

This act gave Hitler full This act gave Hitler full dictatorialdictatorial powers for powers for fourfour years. years.

He could make his own He could make his own lawslaws without consulting the Reichstag without consulting the Reichstag or the President or the President

Enabling Act (March 1933)Enabling Act (March 1933)

Source A: A member of the opposition recalling the day in the Reichstag when the Enabling Act was passed

We could not agree with what Hitler was asking for We could not agree with what Hitler was asking for and we expressed our disapproval but that did us and we expressed our disapproval but that did us no good. Hitler’s supporters surrounded us in a no good. Hitler’s supporters surrounded us in a semi-circle along the walls of the Reichstag, semi-circle along the walls of the Reichstag, hissed loudly and murmured, ‘Shut up! Traitors! hissed loudly and murmured, ‘Shut up! Traitors! You all will be hung today.’You all will be hung today.’

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May 1933: All trade unions were dissolved.

July 1933: All other political parties were banned.

Impact: established one-party dictatorship in Germany; democracy destroyed.

Enabling Act (March 1933)Enabling Act (March 1933)

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By 1934, the SA had grown into By 1934, the SA had grown into a four-million strong army under a four-million strong army under Ernst Rohm Ernst Rohm wanted to turn wanted to turn SA into a second German ArmySA into a second German Army

Alarmed the generals and Hitler Alarmed the generals and Hitler saw SA as a threat saw SA as a threat

Night of the Long Knives (June 1934)Night of the Long Knives (June 1934)

Source B: Extracted from a conversation in 1934 with Rohm

‘‘Hitler is a pig, he will betray us all. He only mixes Hitler is a pig, he will betray us all. He only mixes with posh people now. His old friends are not good with posh people now. His old friends are not good enough for him. He knows what I want, and it isn’t enough for him. He knows what I want, and it isn’t to turn the SA into a branch of the army. Are we to turn the SA into a branch of the army. Are we revolutionaries or aren’t we? Why is he getting revolutionaries or aren’t we? Why is he getting friendly with the generals? I can be the creator of a friendly with the generals? I can be the creator of a new army.’new army.’

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In June 1934, Hitler arrested In June 1934, Hitler arrested and executed Rohm and many and executed Rohm and many SA leaders. The killings were SA leaders. The killings were known as known as Night of the Long Night of the Long Knives.Knives.

Impact: destroyed opposition Impact: destroyed opposition within Nazi party; gained support within Nazi party; gained support of the militaryof the military

Night of the Long Knives (June 1934)Night of the Long Knives (June 1934)

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Aug 1934: President Hindenburg died Hitler made himself President as well

as Chancellor, creating a new role called the ‘Fuehrer’ supreme, unchallenged powers

Armed forces had to swear an oath of loyalty to him.

Impact: made him absolute ruler of Germany

Created the role of Fuehrer (Aug 1934)Created the role of Fuehrer (Aug 1934)

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The Fuehrer OathThe Fuehrer OathI swear by almighty

God this sacred oath:

I will render unconditional

obedienceto the Fuehrer of the German Reich and people, Adolf Hitler,

Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht.

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SEQ practiceSEQ practice

Why did Hitler completely control Germany Why did Hitler completely control Germany by late 1934? EYA. (2005 ‘O’ level)by late 1934? EYA. (2005 ‘O’ level)

Evaluation of political Evaluation of political impactimpact

Positive effectsPositive effects Negative effectsNegative effects

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Economy improved in general compared Economy improved in general compared to Weimar ruleto Weimar rule

Nazis controlled vital aspects of economyNazis controlled vital aspects of economy

Economic impact

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Hitler introduced several policies to create jobs:Hitler introduced several policies to create jobs: public works programmes such as building of roads, public works programmes such as building of roads,

motorways (motorways (autobahnsautobahns), hospitals etc. – provided jobs ), hospitals etc. – provided jobs and infrastructureand infrastructure

conscription and rearmamentconscription and rearmament removal of Jews/ women from public sectorremoval of Jews/ women from public sector

Overall unemployment fell from Overall unemployment fell from sixsix million in 1933 to million in 1933 to below below one one million in 1939.million in 1939.

Increased employmentIncreased employment

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Rearmament created new jobs - manufacturing arms, supplying raw materials and military equipment e.g. creation of modern air force

The introduction of conscription in 1935: every man aged between 18 and 25 had to spend two years in the armed forces – reduced unemployment.

MilitarizationMilitarization

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Based on this illustration, what was the strength of the German economy based on?

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efforts were made to improve lives of workersefforts were made to improve lives of workers

e.g. ‘Strength through Joy’e.g. ‘Strength through Joy’ (Kdf) scheme (Kdf) scheme provided cheap provided cheap theatre trips, cruises and sporting activities for workers.theatre trips, cruises and sporting activities for workers.

e.g. ‘Beauty of Labour’ scheme to improve working e.g. ‘Beauty of Labour’ scheme to improve working conditions – washing facilities and low-cost canteens conditions – washing facilities and low-cost canteens

e.g. e.g. popular scheme to help workers buy a Volkswagen popular scheme to help workers buy a Volkswagen Beetle car for a small weekly paymentBeetle car for a small weekly payment

Organizing workers’ leisure timeOrganizing workers’ leisure time

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Workers were tightly controlledWorkers were tightly controlled German Labour Front (DAF) set up to keep strict control German Labour Front (DAF) set up to keep strict control

of workersof workers e.g. not allowed to strike or bargain for higher wagese.g. not allowed to strike or bargain for higher wages e.g. not allowed to change their jobs without government e.g. not allowed to change their jobs without government

permission. permission. In 1935 a wage freeze was imposed. In 1935 a wage freeze was imposed. By 1939, as the economy geared up for war, workers By 1939, as the economy geared up for war, workers

were working up to 72 hours a week.were working up to 72 hours a week.

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Big businesses benefited from Nazi policies Big businesses benefited from Nazi policies Goering’s Four-Year Plan (1936): prepare for war by Goering’s Four-Year Plan (1936): prepare for war by

producing arms and ensuring that country was self-producing arms and ensuring that country was self-sufficient.sufficient.

Big companies gained huge government contracts to Big companies gained huge government contracts to produce weapons and war materials (steel, oil etc.)produce weapons and war materials (steel, oil etc.)

No longer had to worry about troublesome trade unions No longer had to worry about troublesome trade unions and strikesand strikes

Big businesses benefitedBig businesses benefited

Evaluation of economic Evaluation of economic impactimpact

Positive effectsPositive effects Negative effectsNegative effects

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Hitler imposed tight control over the Hitler imposed tight control over the people in order to achieve his goals.people in order to achieve his goals.

German people had little freedom.German people had little freedom.

Some groups suffered discrimination and Some groups suffered discrimination and persecution.persecution.

Social impactSocial impact

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Joseph GoebbelsJoseph Goebbels controlled the Propaganda controlled the Propaganda

Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into Ministry, which aimed to brainwash people into

obeying Nazis and idolizing Hitlerobeying Nazis and idolizing Hitler

Cult of personalityCult of personality – Hitler’s picture was – Hitler’s picture was

everywhere and he was portrayed as Germany’s everywhere and he was portrayed as Germany’s

savioursaviour

PropagandaPropaganda

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Radio stationsRadio stations were controlled to broadcast Hitler’s were controlled to broadcast Hitler’s

speeches and Nazi propaganda.speeches and Nazi propaganda.

All films had to carry pro-Nazi message All films had to carry pro-Nazi message praised the praised the

Nazis or showed the Jews as enemiesNazis or showed the Jews as enemies

Nuremberg ralliesNuremberg rallies: spectacular rallies that gave an : spectacular rallies that gave an

impression of power and unityimpression of power and unity

PropagandaPropaganda

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1936 Olympics1936 Olympics

Propaganda opportunity to showcase Germany Propaganda opportunity to showcase Germany as a modern and successful nationas a modern and successful nation

Germany came top of medal tableGermany came top of medal table

Projected efficiency, power, strength and Projected efficiency, power, strength and achievementachievement

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The Nazis controlled all forms of The Nazis controlled all forms of mediamedia and and there was very strict censorship.there was very strict censorship.

Newspapers could publish only what was Newspapers could publish only what was approved by the Ministry of Propaganda.approved by the Ministry of Propaganda.

Books written by Jews and other ‘undesirable’ Books written by Jews and other ‘undesirable’ people were removed from libraries and people were removed from libraries and burntburnt in in public. public.

CensorshipCensorship

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Only Nazi-approved artists could show their Only Nazi-approved artists could show their works – usually paintings or sculptures of heroic-works – usually paintings or sculptures of heroic-looking Aryans or images of ideal Aryan familylooking Aryans or images of ideal Aryan family

Music was controlled. Jazz was banned as it had Music was controlled. Jazz was banned as it had been invented by black peoplebeen invented by black people

CensorshipCensorship

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Instruments of terrorInstruments of terror

Arrested and killed opponents of the Nazi Party Arrested and killed opponents of the Nazi Party

The SS (The SS (Elite GuardElite Guard): ): responsible for destroying responsible for destroying opposition to Nazism and carrying out racial opposition to Nazism and carrying out racial policies of Nazis.policies of Nazis.

The The GestapoGestapo ( (secret policesecret police): ruthless organization ): ruthless organization that could arrest and send people to concentration that could arrest and send people to concentration camps without trialcamps without trial

The SS and the The SS and the GestapoGestapo

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The Nazis appointed The Nazis appointed BlockleiterBlockleiter (block leader) to (block leader) to spy on the population and report any anti-Nazi spy on the population and report any anti-Nazi activities to the local Gestapo office.activities to the local Gestapo office.

People were encouraged to People were encouraged to reportreport on their on their families and neighbors who did not show total families and neighbors who did not show total support for Hitler and the Nazi Party.support for Hitler and the Nazi Party.

InformersInformers

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Established in 1933; run by SS.Established in 1933; run by SS.

Opponents of the Nazis and undesirable members Opponents of the Nazis and undesirable members of the population, such as Jews, Communists and of the population, such as Jews, Communists and gypsies, were sent to the camps without trial.gypsies, were sent to the camps without trial.

Prisoners forced to do hard labour; given limited Prisoners forced to do hard labour; given limited food; suffered beatings and random executionfood; suffered beatings and random execution

Very few emerged aliveVery few emerged alive

Concentration campsConcentration camps

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Schools encouraged Schools encouraged loyalty and obedienceloyalty and obedience to to Nazism.Nazism.

Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi Textbooks were re-written to include Nazi political and racial ideas e.g.political and racial ideas e.g.

Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles was unfair was unfair

Superiority of the Germans as Aryan raceSuperiority of the Germans as Aryan race

Jews were subhuman; depicted as ugly and Jews were subhuman; depicted as ugly and greedygreedy

Education and youthEducation and youth

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Nazi youth organizations were set up for both Nazi youth organizations were set up for both sexes.sexes.

Hitler YouthHitler Youth: : used physical and military training used physical and military training to indoctrinate boys to glorify warto indoctrinate boys to glorify war

League of German Maidens:League of German Maidens: taught girls to taught girls to welcome their role as motherswelcome their role as mothers

Education and YouthEducation and Youth

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Why children are Why children are importantimportant

When an opponent declares, “I will not When an opponent declares, “I will not come over to your side,” I calmly say, come over to your side,” I calmly say, “Your child belongs to us already… What “Your child belongs to us already… What are you ? You will pass on. Your are you ? You will pass on. Your descendants, however, now stand in the descendants, however, now stand in the new camp. In a short time they will know new camp. In a short time they will know nothing else but this new community.” nothing else but this new community.”

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“Youth Serves the Führer” All 10-year-olds into the Hitler

Youth."

What I can see

Hitler in the

backgroundYoung HJ

boy. Aryan in

appearance, serious, looking ahead

(in awe?)Military/ Smart

Uniform

Caption in Bold

Key Questions

Who is this poster aimed at?

Why was this poster produced?

What does this poster tell you

about Nazi attitude towards

youth?

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““Adolf Hitler's Adolf Hitler's youth attends youth attends community community schools” schools”

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Nazi-controlled education system:The Nazis had total control over the subjects and textbooks. The main objective of education was to teach Nazi ideas and to instill in all young Germans a sense of loyalty to Nazism.

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Use of terror to control Germany:The Nazis used violence to make sure that they did not face challenges to their power. Many opponents of the Nazis were beaten up, sent to prison or killed.

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Nazis believed that women should only be Nazis believed that women should only be concerned about concerned about ‘‘children, church, cookingchildren, church, cooking’’..

Their role was to produce Their role was to produce racially pureracially pure and and healthy German babies and to look after their healthy German babies and to look after their families.families.

Women were given limited Women were given limited responsibilitiesresponsibilities

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Many Many professionalprofessional women were forced to give women were forced to give up their up their jobsjobs and stay at home. and stay at home.

Women who bore many children received Women who bore many children received special awards and cash incentives.special awards and cash incentives.

Women were given limited Women were given limited responsibilitiesresponsibilities

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Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

These statements These statements were on a Nazi were on a Nazi leaflet given to all leaflet given to all young women.young women.

Do you agree with Do you agree with the statements?the statements?

1.1. Remember that you are a German!Remember that you are a German!

2.2. If you are healthy, do not stay single!If you are healthy, do not stay single!

3.3. Keep your body pure!Keep your body pure!

4.4. Keep your mind and spirit pure!Keep your mind and spirit pure!

5.5. Marry only for love!Marry only for love!

6.6. As a German, choose only a husband of As a German, choose only a husband of the same blood!the same blood!

7.7. In choosing a husband, ask about his In choosing a husband, ask about his forebears!forebears!

8.8. Health is essential to beauty!Health is essential to beauty!

9.9. Don’t look for a playmate but for a Don’t look for a playmate but for a companion!companion!

10.10. You should want to have as many children You should want to have as many children as possible!as possible!

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The Cross of The Cross of Honor for the Honor for the

German German mother mother

bronze for four to bronze for four to five childrenfive children

silver for six to silver for six to seven childrenseven children

gold for eight or gold for eight or more children. more children.

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Persecution of JewsPersecution of Jews

Hitler and the Nazis believed that Germans Hitler and the Nazis believed that Germans belonged to the superior belonged to the superior AryanAryan race while the race while the Jews were the Jews were the inferiorinferior race ( race (UntermenschUntermensch).).

Inferior races should be the slaves of the Inferior races should be the slaves of the superior racesuperior race

When the Nazis came to power, they When the Nazis came to power, they immediately began to take measures against the immediately began to take measures against the Jews.Jews.

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1933

• All Jews were sacked from government jobs.

• The government called for the boycott of Jewish shops.

1935

• The Nuremberg Laws were passed.

• Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and banned from marrying Germans.

1938

• Jews were not allowed to attend state schools and universities.

• Jews were banned from owning businesses.

Persecution of JewsPersecution of Jews

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Night of Broken GlassNight of Broken Glass

On 7 November 1938, following the killing of a On 7 November 1938, following the killing of a German official by a Jew, the Nazis organized a German official by a Jew, the Nazis organized a night of violencenight of violence against the Jews. against the Jews.

More than 7 500 Jewish shops and over 400 More than 7 500 Jewish shops and over 400 synagogues were destroyed.synagogues were destroyed.

91 Jews were killed; 20,000 taken to 91 Jews were killed; 20,000 taken to concentration camps.concentration camps.

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HolocaustHolocaust• ‘‘Final Solution’ which killed more than Final Solution’ which killed more than 6 million Jews6 million Jews

through death extermination camps in parts of Germany through death extermination camps in parts of Germany and Poland. and Poland.

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‘ALL THAT IS NEEDED FOR EVIL TO SUCCEED IS, THAT DECENT HUMAN BEINGS DO NOTHING’. (Edmund Burke)

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Other groups persecuted Other groups persecuted by Nazisby Nazis

Nazis believed that people with disabilities Nazis believed that people with disabilities were genetic degenerates. were genetic degenerates.

The Nazis, therefore:The Nazis, therefore: Killed mentally disabled babies and Killed mentally disabled babies and

mentally ill patients. mentally ill patients. Sterilized physically disabled people Sterilized physically disabled people

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This genetically This genetically ill person will ill person will cost our cost our people's people's community community 60,000 marks 60,000 marks over his lifetime. over his lifetime. Citizens, that is Citizens, that is your money. your money.

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Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which Hitler set up a state Reich Church, which preached Nazi values, and banned the Bible and preached Nazi values, and banned the Bible and the cross.the cross.

All All church schoolschurch schools and youth groups were and youth groups were closed.closed.

Priests and pastors who opposed the Nazi party Priests and pastors who opposed the Nazi party were arrested and sent to were arrested and sent to concentrationconcentration camps. camps.

Christian churches were controlled Christian churches were controlled by Nazisby Nazis

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Letter writingLetter writing

Imagine you were the leader of the Imagine you were the leader of the League of Nations in 1938. League of Nations in 1938.

Write a formal letter to Hitler of Nazi Write a formal letter to Hitler of Nazi Germany. Persuade him to reform the Germany. Persuade him to reform the government policies that are bringing more government policies that are bringing more harm than benefits to the German people. harm than benefits to the German people. The length of your letter should be about The length of your letter should be about 250 to 300 words. 250 to 300 words.

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SummarySummaryBack to main

summary

Impact of Hitler’s regime

Political

Social

Economic

• Democracy in Germany ended.• Threats to Hitler within the Party were

removed.

• Emergency laws were used.• The SS and the Gestapo.• Informers.• Concentration camps.• Pro-Nazi cultural activities, parades and

rallies.• Propaganda and censorship.• Youths were brainwashed by the Nazis.• Nazi-controlled education system.• Women were given limited responsibilities.• Jews were treated cruelly.• Christian churches were controlled by the

Nazis.

• Working conditions partly improved.• New jobs were created.• Big business benefited.

1 crisis and conflict: nazi germany copyright 2007 economic impact economic impact social impact...

Documents

nazi germany copyright

germany democracy

control of reichstag

enabling act

political parties

established dictatorship

new army

strong army