DNA

1. Critique the following statement “evolutionists argue that the incredible complexity of life has come about randomly”

2. Why do you think females usually select traits in males and not the other way around?

3. Based on the causes of microevolution, do you think its possible for a population to NOT be microevolving?

MacroevolutionBig Changes

Macroevolution

Is concerned without how new taxonomic groups came to be

I.e. how did mammals evolve from ancestral reptiles

Phylogenetic Trees

Trace evolutionary history

Like a family tree

The Taxonomic Groups

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Human Taxonomy

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

EukaryaAnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimateHominidaeHomoSapiens

Pneumonic Device

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Microevolution Macroevolution

Usually a population gets separated Different populations encounter

different environments and accumulate different traits

When they are so different they can’t reproduce- they are considered a new species

Different Species…

Cannot naturally reproduce with each other

Is a byproduct of changing DNA

Pre-Zygotic Barriers to Mating

Live in different habitats

Mate at different times

Different mating behaviors

Different equipment

Sperm and egg don’t fuse

Post-Zygotic

The offspring fail to survive

The offspring are sterile i.e. mules

So in the long run the genes of the two populations don’t mix

How do we make the trees?

We look for anatomical similarities

Similarities in the amino acids in their proteins

Similarities in DNA sequence

Similarities in behavior

Similarities in development

Similarities to fossil record

A few notes

There are a LOT of species Phylogenetic trees get really, really

complicated and extremely detailed

Usually

The top means modern-day speciesAs you go lower you have the

ancestors of that speciesBranching means the populations

split into two different groupsThe more recently the groups

branched, the more closely relatedThe higher on the tree you group

things, the more specific the group

ExampleFelis

Catus

Felis

Example 2

Example 3 - Dinosaurs

Patterns of Macroevolution

Divergent evolutionAdaptive Radiation

Co-evolutionConvergent evolution

Divergent Evolution

Two populations evolve to look very different, despite being related

i.e. whales and hippos are closely related- but look very different

Have homologous structures

Adaptive Radiation

When many species evolve from a single ancestor

I.e. all primates, all mammals etc.

Co-Evolution

Evolution of one species affects the other

i.e. birds and flowers, predators and prey

Convergent Evolution

2 different species evolve to become more similar

i.e. birds and bats, dolphins and fish etc.

Leads to analogous characteristics

As a Class We Will Make Our Own Phylogenetic Tree

Each group will cover a major branch on the Tree of Life

Identify the unique features of that group, anything important or interesting about them, and examples of members.

Present them to the classYou will be quizzed on the main

points on all of the groups