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1
Describing the World:Data Model Patterns
Part Two: Metadata
Essential Strategies, Inc.13 Hilshire Grove Lane, Houston, TX 77055 (713) 464-8316 [email protected] www.essentialstrategies.com
Library of CongressDavid C. HayWashington, DCMarch 24, 2009
2Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
Part Two: Metadata and Specializations
Abstraction Level 1: Metadata Information Resources Accounting
Metadata models are descriptions that can apply to the entire enterprise model or any part of it.
3Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
Part Two: Metadata and Specializations
Abstraction Level 1: Metadata Information Resources Accounting
4Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
1. Information Resources . . .
INFORMATION RESOURCE DEFINITION:
“Data Model Patterns…” (ISBN: 0-932633-29-3),
“U.S. Constitution”,
“Dch@essen... to [email protected]”
etc.
INFORMATION RESOURCE INSTANCE:
“Data Model Patterns…” (copy 235),
“U.S. Constitution”, (Original in national Achives)
“Dch@essen... to [email protected]” “(copy to rkh…)” “(copy to dch…)
etc.
MEDIUM:
“Book”,“Legal document”,“E-mail”,etc.
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Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records . . .
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Definitions . . .
Item - a physical object that has paper pages and a binding and can sometimes be used to prop open a door or hold up a table leg.
Manifestation – a “publication” as when we go to a bookstore to purchase a book. We may know its ISBN but the particular copy does not matter as long as it’s in good condition and not missing pages.
Expression - a particular text in a specific language.
Work - the conceptual content that underlies all of the linguistic versions, the storybeing told in the book, the ideas in a person’s head for the book.
7Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
In the Hay version . . .
Work is represented by Information Resource Definition.
Item is represented by Information Resource Instance.
Manifestation is (sort of) encompassed in Information Resource Definition.
Expression is not adequately handled at all.
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You know the difference between a terrorist and a data modeler, of course . . .
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2. Information Resource Relationships . . .
INFORMATION RESOURCE RELATIONSHIP:
…STRUCTURE: “Data Model Patterns…” || “Chapter 3: The Enterprise”
…REFERENCE: “Data Model Patterns…” || “1. R.G. Ross, The Business rule Book”
etc.
10Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
3. Business Terms . . .
CONCEPT:
“A willingness to lend money (by a bank)”
“A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground (by an oil company).”
etc.
EXPRESSION:
“Facility”
“Data Model”
“Site”
etc.
11Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
Example of BUSINESS TERM . . .
Facility – “A willingness to lend money.” Facility – “A structure and associated
elements for removing crude oil from the ground.”
Site – “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground.”
etc.
12Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
4. Data Model as Concepts . . .
NOTE: Anything else in the model can be a MODELED CONCEPT, represented by one or more BUSINESS TERMS.
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The fundamental problem . . .
14Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
The fundamental problem . . .
Items (Information Resource Definitions) are physical resources, like any other Physical Asset, to be inventoried and managed like any other.
Works (Information Resource Instances) may in fact be related to any other entity class in the model.
The many-to-many relationships hide a much more complex world than it appears.
15Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
INFORMATION RESOURCE DEFINITION# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* TITLE* DESCRI[PTION* PUBLICATION DATE
INFORMATION RESOURCEINSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* CREATION DATE* DESCRIPTION
MEDIUM# NAME* DESCRIPTION
INFORMATION RESOURCERELATIONSHIP# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE
BUSINESS TERM
EXPRESSION# ID
CONCEPT# DEFAULT NAME* DESCRIPTIONEXPRESSION
STRUCTURE# SEQUENCE NUMBER
INFORMATION RESOURCE ELEMENT
MODELED CONCEPT
INFORMATIONSTRUCTURE
ELECTRONICCOPY
DOCUMENT
OTHERCONCEPT
INFORMATIONREFERENCE
PHYSICALCOPY
IMAGE
WORD...
OTHER INFORMATION RESOURCE DEFINITION
PHRASE...
SENTENCE...
INFORMATIONRESOURCECONTENT
PROPOSITIONTYPE
INFORMATIONRESOURCE TOPICASSIGNMENT
OTHERINFORMATIONRESOURCEELEMENT
INFORMATIONRESOURCEDESCRIPTION
STILLIMAGE
ATTRIBUTE
MOVINGIMAGE
RELATIONSHIPEND
ENTITYCLASS
stored in
storage for
an example of
embodied in
to
on theotherside of
from
on oneside of
the use in
composed of
the use of
part of
to represent
represented by
the use of
used as
part of
composedof
the use of
used as
part of composed of
part of
composedof
connection for
connected via
connectionfor
connectedvia
5. Descriptions and Topics . . .
An INFORMATION RE- SOURCE TOPIC ASSIG- NMENT is a “tag” that categorizes the INFOR-MATION RESOURCE CONTENT.
An INFORMATION RE-SOURCE DESCRIPTION of a DOCUMENT is the metadata (such as “title”, “ISBN”, etc.) that describe the information resource.
INFORMATION RE- SOURCE CONTENT is the text that constitutes the resource
NOTE: An INFORMATION RESOURCE may be “about” any other ENTITY, ATTRIBUTE, or RELATIONSHIP in the enterprise data model.
16Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
6. Distributions . . .DISTRIBUTION:
“Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@ yahoo.com copy to rkh”
“Dch@essen... to [email protected]” copy to dch”
etc.
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About people . . .
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What about . . . ?
“is edited by” “is illustrated by” “is sold by” Etc.
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7. Information Resource Roles . . .
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8. Disposition Rules . . .
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9. Actual Dispositions . . .
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Part Two: Metadata and Specializations
Abstraction Level 1: Metadata Documents Accounting
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I know . . .
Everybody (ok, nearly everyone) hates accounting.
It is truly mysterious. And the source of great shenanigans. I always thought so. Until I discovered something . . .
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The two interesting things about bookkeeping . . .
It is the only word in the English language that contains three sets of double letters next to each other.
It is itself a modeling language. It describes the organization in a formal way. Luca Pacioli, a monk and collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci, first codified the
system in a mathematics textbook of 1494. Assignment: Invent a way to “model” the assets of the church. Oh, and we don’t recognize the existence of negative numbers.
So, let’s learn how to keep the books…
25Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
About Accounts
An account is a name for a collection of financial quantities Asset Account – the amount of money or items of value
held by the organization. Liability Account – of the amount of Assets, that
amount which was loaned by someone outside the organization.
Equity Account – of the amount of Assets, that amount which is owned by the organization.
Business Rule: The total value of all Asset Account BALANCES must equal
- the total value of all Liability Account BALANCES plus
- the total value of all Equity Account BALANCES.
26Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
1. Accounts . . .
In the Federal Government, an ACCOUNT is called a “Fiscal Strip”, an ACCOUNT TYPE is a “Budget Order Class”, and a COST CENTER is called a “Budget Line Item”.
27Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
2. Account Structures and Categories . . .
Business Rule:
An ACCOUNT may only be part of a single ACCOUNT STRUCTURE in a particular ROLL-UP SCHEME.
28Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
Some Accounting Business Rules . . .
To maintain the equivalence cited above, every transaction must: Add to an ASSET ACCOUNT and subtract from an ASSET
ACCOUNT, or Add to an ASSET ACCOUNT and add to a LIABILITY
ACCOUNT or an EQUITY ACCOUNT, or Subtract from an ASSET ACCOUNT and subtract from
an EQUITY ACCOUNT.
29Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
Some Accounting Business Rules (cont.) . . .
To do this, it must consist of: A DEBIT, which either
adds to an ASSET ACCOUNT, <or>
subtracts from a LIABILITY ACCOUNT, <or>
subtracts from an EQUITY ACCOUNT, <and>
A CREDIT, which either subtracts from an ASSET
ACCOUNT, <or> adds to a LIABILITY ACCOUNT,
<or> adds to an EQUITY ACCOUNT.
Each new BALANCE, then, is created by adding or subtracting from the previous balance according to these rules.
Asset Liabil-ity
Equity
plusdebit
plusdebit
plusdebit
minuscredit
minuscredit
minuscredit
pluscredit
pluscredit
minusdebit
minusdebit
minusdebit
minusdebit
pluscredit
pluscreditcredit
30Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
3. Accounting Transactions . . .
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For example . . .
1000
6560
6060
Credit AccountBalance
1524500Cash(Asset)
+
Accounts Receivable
(Asset)-
Payment Receipt
1500500Accounts Receivable
(Asset)+
Revenue(Equity)
+
Invoice
1024430Cash(Asset)
+
Revenue(Equity)
+
CashSale
DebitAccountBalance
TransactionValue
AccountDebited
Account Credited
Accounting Transaction
32Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
4. Accounting Rule Entries . . .
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For Example . . .
_Accounts Receivable (Asset)
+Cash on hand (Asset)
Payment Received
+Revenue
(Equity
+Accounts Receivable (Asset)
Invoice
-Cash on Hand (Asset)
_Accounts Payable (Liability)
Payment Made
+Accounts Payable (Liability)
+Inventory (Asset)
Purchase
+/-Credit rule account
+/-Debit rule account
Accounting transaction type
34Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
5. Accounting Cost Center Links . . .
35Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
ACCOUNT# ACCOUNT NUMBER* DESCRIPTION
ACCOUNTTYPE# NAME* DESCRIPTION
COST CENTER# NAME* DESCRIPTION
PARTY
# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER
ACTIVITY INSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* DESCRIPTION* CREATION DATEo DESTRUCTION DATEo (TOTAL LABOR COST)o (TOTAL MATERIAL COST)
PROJECT# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* NAME* PURPOSE...
PHYSICAL ASSETINSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* NAME* DESCRIPTION* CREATION DATEo DESTRUCTION DATE
SITE
COST CENTER ASSIGNMENT# IDENTIFIER* EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE
PARTY PLACEMENT# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE
ACTIVITY ROLETYPE# NAME* DESCRIPTION
DISCRETE ITEM* SERIAL NUMBER
EQUITY ACCOUNT
FACILITY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* (STREET ADDRESS)* (CITY NAME)* (STATE NAME)* (POSTAL CODE)* (COUNTRY NAME)
LIABILITYACCOUNT
ORGANIZATION
* DESCRIPTION
INVENTORY* QUANTITY
ASSETACCOUNT
EXPENSEACCOUNT
OTHER EQUITY ACCOUNT
INTERNALORGANIZATION
REVENUEACCOUNT
an example of
embodied in
part of
composed of
part of
composed of
of
subject to
of
subject to
of
subject to
of
subjectto
of
subject to
in
the location of located via
of
of
subject to
to
the object of
of
subject to
More Accounting Cost Center Links . . .
??
36Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
ACCOUNT# ACCOUNT NUMBER* DESCRIPTION
ACCOUNT TYPE# NAME* DESCRIPTION
BALANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* BALANCE VALUE* BALANCE EFFECTIVE DATE
ACCOUNT ROLLUP STRUCTURE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE
ACCOUNTING ENTRY# SEQUENCE NUMBER* ENTRY VALUE
ACCOUNTING TRANSACTION# TRANSACTION NUMBER* DATEo PURPOSE
COST CENTER# NAME* DESCRIPTION
ROLL-UPSCHEME# NAME* DESCRIPTION
PHYSICAL ASSET MOVEMENT* BEGINNING DATE/TIMEo ENDING DATE/TIME
ACTIVITY ROLE# IDENTIFIER* DESCRIPTION* EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE
OTHERPHYSICALASSETMOVEMENT
ACTUALCONSUMPTION* NUMBER OF UNITS* QUANTITY USEDo (TOTAL COST)
LIABILITYACCOUNT
CREDITENTRY
ACTUALUTILIZATION* HOURS USED* (TOTAL VALUE OF USAGE)
EQUITY ACCOUNTDEBITENTRY
DELIVERY* QUANTITY DELIVERED
ASSETACCOUNT
PROJECTEDBALANCE* PROJECTION DATE
ACTUAL BALANCE
DIRECT ACTION* HOURS WORKEDo (LABOR VALUE)
OTHER EQUITY ACCOUNT
PRODUCTCOMPLETION
REVENUEACCOUNT
SHIPMENT
EXPENSEACCOUNT
RECEIPT
TRANSFER ADJUSTMENT* ADDITION INDICATOR
the use of
part of
the use in
composed of
part of
composed of
part of
composed of
to create
created by
based onthe basisfor
on
evaluatedvia
an example of
embodied in
part of
composed of
composed of
partof
based on
the basis for
the basis for
based on
6. Transaction Product Cost Links . . .
37Copyright © 2007 Essential Strategies, Inc.
Questions?