1 development of the deterministic forecast system (june 2006) martin miller (head of model...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Development of the deterministic forecast system
(June 2006)
Martin Miller(Head of Model Division)
with input from many colleagues
2
Operational changes
from June 2004 up to
June 2005
(the last User Meeting)
• 29 June 2004 – Early Delivery System
• 28 September 2004 – IFS cycle 28r3
• 18 October 2004 – IFS cycle 28r4
• 5 April 2005 – IFS cycle 29r1
• 28 June 2005 – IFS cycle 29r2 (examples)
Day
Anomaly correlation of 500hPa forecasts for Europe
Mean from 1 Dec 2004 to 28 June 2005
Cycle 29r2Cycle 29r1
3
Assimilation of rain-affected microwave radiancesand improvement of humidity analysis
Rain Asm
Hurricane CharleyTrack forecasts from 12 UTC 11 Aug
2004
e-suite ops
Global 1.74 1.90N. Hemisphere 1.63 1.71Tropics 2.12 2.43S. Hemisphere 1.53 1.62N. Atlantic 1.63 1.69N. Pacific 1.57 1.69
St.dev(kg/m2)
Comparison of cycle 29r2e-suite and operations
with independent TCWV retrievals from Jasonmicrowave radiometer
4
Bias-correction of surface-pressure observations
Altamera, Brazil
December 2004 April 2005
5
Use of Baltic Sea Ice Analysis from SMHI
Mean sea-ice concentration 5 - 24 January 2004
NCEP analysis Local analysis
6
Also included :
• Refinements to use of ATOVS and AIRS
• Improved use of TEMP and SYNOP humidity observations
• Lower surface-pressure observation errors for automatic stations
• Use of Meteosat-8 (MSG) winds
• Statistics for Wavelet Jb from new ensemble data assimilation
• Small revisions to surface, convection and cloud schemes
• Better vertical diffusion in first minimization of 4D-Var
7
1 February 2006 – IFS cycle 30r1
• T799 horizontal resolution for deterministic forecast
• 4D-Var increments at T255 (30min time step)
- Use of grid-point humidity and ozone
- Revised ozone chemistry
• 91-level vertical resolution
• Changes to the wave model ‑ Grid spacing reduced from 0.5° to 0.36°
‑ Use of Jason altimeter wave height data and ENVISAT ASAR spectra in the wave model assimilation
• T399 L62 resolution for EPS
‑ Wave model grid unchanged at 1°, but number of frequencies increased from 25 to 30, and number of directions from 12 to 24
8
T799 orog
9
T799 grid
Globe has 843,490 points(348,528 for the T511 grid)
Resolution ~25km
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0
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0 0 0 0 0 0
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1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
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1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1
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1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 11 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 11 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 11 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
60°N
70°N
0°
0°
20°E
20°E 40°E
40°E
ECMWF Analysis VT:Monday 1 January 1996 00UTC Surface: land/ sea mask
10
Vertical Resolution Increase
The number of vertical levels for analysis and deterministic model increased from 60 to 91. Largest resolution increase near the tropopause Model top raised from 0.1hPa (~65km) to 0.01hPa
(~80km).
Position of levels and pressure layer thickness of L60 (blue) and L91 (red)
L91L600.01
0.02
0.03
0.050.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
50
70
100
200
300
500
700
1000
Pre
ssu
re (h
Pa
)
60 levels 91 levels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40455055606570
91
Leve
l nu
mb
er
0.01hPa
0.1hPa
11
Fit to Aircraft data:
V-wind in NH extra-tropics
12
Fit to Radiosonde Data:U-Wind in the Tropics
used UTEMP-Uwind Tropicsexp:0028 , ref:oper 2005080100-2005083112(12)
nobsexp
10046 10079 12858 13821 11692 9576 7697 7757
10098 16468 14853 12940 8444 4997 4655 872
exp - ref
+69 -3
+18 +5 +4 +7 +3 +25
+111 +303 +138 +44 +11 +2 -20 -3
0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8
STD.DEV
1000 850 700 500 400 300 250 200 150 100 70 50 30 20 10 5
Pre
ssur
e (h
Pa)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
BIAS
1000 850 700 500 400 300 250 200 150 100 70 50 30 20 10 5
background departure o-b(ref)background departure o-banalysis departure o-a(ref)
analysis departure o-a
13
Green numbers: T799L91 better than T511L60, red numbers: T799L91 is worse
Statistical significance (t-test) for Z 500hPa scores from 304 forecast
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7
N HemAC:
RMS:
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
2%
0.2%
-
-
S HemAC:
RMS:
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
EuropeAC:
RMS:
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
5%
0.1%
-
10%
14
00UTC 12 December 2005: Pmsl and 10m windspeed
D+3
D+3
D+4
D+4
D+5
D+5
Analysis
Analysis Operations
T799L91
15
00UTC 9 January 2005: Pmsl and 10m windspeed
D+2
D+2
D+3
D+3
D+4
D+4
Analysis
AnalysisOperations
T799L91
16
Forecasts of Katrina for 12 UTC, Monday 29 August
OperationalT511 L60
72h forecast
36h forecast
OperationalT511 L60
TestT799 L91
TestT799 L91
+
++
+
17
105
1
959
980
980
990
990
990
1000
1000
10001000
1000
100030°N 30°N
90°W
90°W 20050826 00UTC t+72h VT: 20050829 00UTCT511
Hurricane Katrina - MSLP and 3h accum. precipitation
0.5
1
2
5
10
20
40
70
125
200
300
500
1000
198
1
921970
980
980
990
990
990
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
30°N 30°N
90°W
90°W 20050826 00UTC t+72h VT: 20050829 00UTCT799
Hurricane Katrina - MSLP and 3h accum. precipitation
0.5
1
2
5
10
20
40
70
125
200
300
500
1000
opsT511
e-suite T799
Hurricane Katrina in operations and e-suite: t+72h
18
26th 00UTC 3.5 days
26th 12UTC 27th 00UTC 2.5 days
19
This upgraded forecasting system provides:
more accurate analyses and forecasts leading to better medium-range forecast guidance from both the deterministic and ensemble prediction systems
improved input to limited area forecasting in the Member States
more skilful forecasts of most types of severe weather
a better (more accurate) system on which to base research and development to further the expectations of the ECMWF longer-term strategy
Remarks
20
7 February 2006 – New radiance bias correction
Applied statically, but derived from variational scheme to be implemented with cycle 31r1
pre
ssu
re (
hP
a)
Sonde-bg ControlSonde-bg New bias correctionSonde-an ControlSonde-an New bias correction
Temperature (K)
N Hem
RMS error of 300hPa tropical temperature forecasts
New bias correction
Control
Mean from 8-31 Jan 2006
Day
21
Coming next – IFS cycle 31r1 (Aug 2006)
• Variational radiance bias correction
• Thinning of low-level AMDAR data
• Revisions to the 1D and 4D-Var rain assimilation
• Improved treatment of ice sedimentation, auto-conversion to
snow in cloud scheme and super-saturation with respect to ice
• Implicit treatment of convective transports
22
IFS cycle 31r1 continued (Aug 2006)
• Introduction of turbulent orographic drag scheme
• Includes changes for EPS extension to day 15
‑ T255 perturbed forecasts from day 10 to day 15
‑ T399/255 control to day 10/15
‑ Also uniform T399 and T255 controls to day 15
• To be used in version 3 of Seasonal Forecasting System
• Also for the Interim reanalysis (1989 onwards)
24
Simple ECMWF scheme: comparison to Mozaic aircraft data
(from Gierens et al.)Region Lat:30./70., Lon:0./360.
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8RH
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
Fre
q
defaultclipping to Koop
new parameterizationMoziac
New scheme
Aircraft data
Default
25
Impact on relative humidity (RH) climatology
31r1 – 30r1 annual mean difference
Largest changes in the tropical upper troposphere
27
CY31R1: New vegetation roughness + turbulent orographic form drag scheme (TOFD)
•Vegetation roughness from correspondence table linked to dominant land use type (Mahfouf et al. 1995)•Scales of interest are below 5 km • Use most recent 1 km orographic data • Wood and Mason (1993) parametrization for surface drag• Drag distribution over model levels rather than effective roughness length concept (Wood, Brown and Hewer, 2001)• Parametrize orographic scales from 5 km to the smallest scales as an integral over an empirical orographic spectrum (Beljaars et al. 2004
Examples of orographic spectra from 100m data over the USA
Measure spectral amplitude from 1 km data.
Extrapolate spectrum by making assumption about power law.
dkekcUkFkCz
o
m
k
czkmm
/23 )/()(2
28
Impact of TOFD + new roughness lengths
Smaller drag coefficients: diff stress/wind(level48)^2
Higher 10m wind
29
Revised numerics of gust parametrization only (CY31R1) Old New
Without
stochastic
physics
With stochastic
physics
30
Mean gust averaged over 14 days: gust from 24-36 hour forecasts verifying at 0-12 UTC
New (CY31R1)
Old (CY30R1)
New-Old
31
Observed gusts versus model gusts (12 to 24 hour forecasts)
New (CY31R1)
Old (CY30R1)
32
CY31R1: only non-blocked part of subgrid orography excites gravity waves (cutoff mountain)
Lott and Miller 1997
Only this height is used to excite gravity waves.
33
Impact of cutoff mountain in
subgrid orography parametrization
15°N 15°N
30°N30°N
45°N 45°N
75°E 90°E 105°Eeo19-eo19 an: T511 Jan2005 average T+96h vertical ly integrated zonal wind error (Pa s) (level 1 to 60)
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
-2500
2500
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
15°N 15°N
30°N30°N
45°N 45°N
75°E 90°E 105°Eeppr-eo19: T511 Jan2005 average T+96h vertically integrated zonal wind error (Pa s) (level 1 to 60)
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
-2500
2500
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
15°N 15°N
30°N30°N
45°N 45°N
75°E 90°E 105°Eeppr-eo19 an: T511 Jan2005 average T+96h vertical ly integrated zonal wind error (Pa s) (level 1 to 60)
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
-2500
2500
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
T511 average vertically integrated zonal wind error from 96h CY29R1 forecasts from 12Z on each day of January 2005 using the new turbulent orographic drag scheme and cutoff mountain.
Error: FC-AN
Old
Error: FC-AN
New
Diff: FC_new-FC_old
34
1d+4d-Var Rain Assimilation Modifications proposed for CY31R1:
• Inclusion of 10m-wind speed in 1D-Var control vector: x = (t, q, u10, v10)• Revised q/c and replacement of ESSL routines for (B) Eigenvector calculations• DMSP satellite specific bias correction; more predictors (TCWV, SST, SWS, RWP)• Screening of areas with excessive frozen precipitation (mainly SH)
Rejected due to excessive frozen precip (260141)
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
Successful 1D-Var (423457)
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
12501300
Num
ber
of o
bser
vatio
ns p
er 5
by
5 de
gree
box
DMSP-F13
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
DMSP-F14
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
DMSP-F15
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
August 2005 er6k 1D-Var mean TCWV increment
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
kgm
-2
DMSP-F13
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
DMSP-F14
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
DMSP-F15
-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
1-21 Aug 2005 ers5 1D-Var mean TCWV increment, % of mean TCWV
-4.0
-3.6
-3.2
-2.8
-2.4
-2.0
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
%
1D-Var Performance Mean TCWV Increments Mean TCWV Increments
CY30R2 CY31R1
35
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude
1000
800
600
400
200
Pre
ssur
e, h
Pa
-1.0-0.9-0.8-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
RH
/%
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude
1000
800
600
400
200
Pre
ssur
e, h
Pa
-0.20-0.18-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02-0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.140.160.180.20
Tem
pera
ture
/K
48-hour Forecast RMSE Difference CY31R1-CY30R2
Relative humidity
Temperature
>0: CY30R2 better<0: CY31R1 better
(August 2005, T511L60)
36
Also planned for later in 2006:
• Use of surface albedo fields from MODIS
• Use of high-resolution NCEP SST fields
• Refinements to stratospheric analysis
• Recalibrated radiosonde temperature bias corrections
• Unified medium-range/monthly EPS
37
And possibly at the end of 2006:
• 4D-Var changes:‑ 3rd inner loop‑ revised trajectory interpolation‑ revised data usage, including modified Var QC‑ new cloud and convection schemes in minimization
• Upgrade fast radiative transfer to RTTOV-9
• Change model short-wave radiation scheme to RRTM-SW
• Upgrades to ocean wave advection and assimilation
And over course of the year:
• Monitoring and later assimilation of data from:‑ AMSR-E, CHAMP, COSMIC, FY-2C, METOP ATOVS + … ,
MET9, MTSAT, SSMIS, TMI