1 dna structure molecular - weebly
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DNA STRUCTURELS: Molecular
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Deoxyribonucleic AcidDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.
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Deoxyribonucleic AcidSometimes DNA is compared to blueprints or a recipe, since it contains the instructions needed to construct the parts of a cell.
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Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA encodes our genes.Genes make proteins.Proteins make us what we are.
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DNA Organization
Within cells, DNA is packaged in the form of chromatin; DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones (compact and organized).
Chromosome
Supercoils
Coils
Nucleosome
Histones
DNA
double
helix
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Discovering DNAThomas Hunt Morgan, working with Drosophila, discovered that phenotypes are associated with chromosomes.
White-eyed males have a specific X chromosome.
Conclusion: Genes are on chromosomes. Is it DNA or Protein?
1908
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Transforming PrincipleAvery, McCarty, & MacLeod
-Purified both DNA & proteins separately from Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria.
-Inserted protein into bacteria- no effect
-Inserted DNA into bacteria- transformed harmless bacteria into virulent bacteria
Oswald Avery Maclyn McCarty Colin MacLeod
1944
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Blender Experiment
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Double HelixWatson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in 1953.
1953
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Nucleotides
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
Hydrogenbonds
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
KeyAdenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
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Complementary BasesDNA bases are complementary; meaning...
Adenine always pairs with Thymine Cytosine always pairs with Guanine
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Purines & Pyrimidines• A purine is a larger two
ring structure (purine ring paired to an imidazole ring.
• A pyrimidine is a smaller single ring structure.
Imidazole
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Hydrogen Bonding
Complementary bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is a code; the sequence of bases determines the genetic information.
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Antiparallel StrandsThe two strands are anti-parallel, running in opposite directions.
DNA can only be read by the cells in one direction (5’-3’).
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Genetic InformationEach molecule of DNA is composed of two strands. The sense strand contains the genetic information. The antisense strand is a complementary strand that is used as a template.
Generally only one strand of your DNA is used to make proteins.
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DNA
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