1 dr. kirit shelat – i.a.s. (retd.) executive chairman national council for climate change,...

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Dr. Kirit Shelat – I.A.S. (Retd.) Executive Chairman

National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development & Public LeadershipEmail ID: [email protected]

International Conference on“Governance in Agriculture and Allied

Sectors – Issues and Way Foreward

18-19 December 2014 at Hotel Taj Deccan, Hyderabad

mailto:[email protected]

Why is Climate Smart Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture need of time?

• As per FAO estimate, by year 2050 world population will increase by one –third and food security will be required to be increased by 60 %.

• Cumulative impact of climate change has effect on productivity since last decade. Agriculture has become a high risk profession- farmers increasingly prefer to migrate. As per NSSO 2005 estimate, in India 60% of farmers are likely to be leave farming.

• This has direct impact on socio-economic development process. Countries after countries are facing social turmoil with growing local terrorism and riots for food. In India this is reflected by expansion of Naxalite movement and Maoist who act brutally, and attract young persons to snatch property and income and has spread over 1/3 of its total districts.

• But with available knowledge and experience use of science and technology, it is possible to make sustainable livelihood through agriculture but this requires intensive efforts at ground level – local level where agriculture exists. If agriculture can be prioritized, this can be converted into an opportunity

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Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time?

What CSA means:• It contributes to achievement of sustainable development goals • It integrates – social, economical and environmental development to meet

challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood to farmers (b) food security to hungry millions, and ( c) eradication of poverty.

It is composed of four pillars: • Sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and income • Adapting and building resilience to climate change • Reducing and / or removing green house gas emission wherever possible• It uses agriculture as a major tool for mitigation of GHG – CO2 by laying

emphasis on its unique capacity to absorb CO2 and release Oxygen through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve this through (a) increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through integrated water and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture on wasteland, wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture

(Source: Page IX - Climate Smart Agriculture Source Book) 3

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)

• It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in overall development strategy

• It makes agriculture smart enough to survive onslaught impact on climate change.

• The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agri. Scientists, Extension teams and agricultural organizations both Public and Private, and of course Public leadership is to make this happen.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT •Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously. •This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also in the infinite future. •The word “Sustainable development” has well-known implications. •It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood means.....

•Provide enough to all to live or exist,•It should not become less and that •There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life.

National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

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Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture

Despite change in climate and its adverse impact on crops/animals, income to farmers should not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to have multiple source of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries- milch cattle and poultry. So when one fails, other supports.

It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,

support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house technology.

It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities – by way of crop

insurance – for crops & animal husbandry. It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at time

of drought or whenever needed.



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Climate smart agriculture involves :

•Crop pattern based on soil health & moisture analysis of an individual piece of land to support crops which can be sustained by its soil.•Weather advisory – long term- medium term – short term inputs to take precautionary action.•Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss. •Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry. •All these by direct communication to farmer at his doorstep. •And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism.


Indian Situation

• India’s success over six decades: – 2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth.– Brought many out of poverty– Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges – Validated research into raise productivity– Several States & individual farmers with average productivity, higher than, or

equal to International level. – But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sector like

services and manufacturing. Later have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is Increasing rural and urban divide.

– Further there unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village with similar land, and, water resources, one makes profit and other fails – commits suicide.

• Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to poverty

• Farmers suicide / Large scale exodus to urban centers. • There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line.

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There are three kinds of impact of change in climate

A concurrent impact which is taking place over the decades. This has already affected productivity and reduction in water resources, while cost of energy is growing higher

At local level action plan is needed to provide by taking stock of what has happened to soil and its productivity and same about livestock due to changes in weather – increase in temperature etc

Unexpected change in weather pattern during monsoon season like delayed rain, long intervals for rain or heavy rain – flood has already affecting Horticulture crops.

A contingency plan to modify cropping pattern. This has to be part of local level (Taluka Level) action plan and Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri. Universities but need to be made available to farmers.

Major calamity like floods, cyclone/tornado , cloud burst etc

Need restoration strategy because such disasters some time wipe out entire soil strata and sweet water sources including livestock and shelter

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Examples of projected Climate Change Impacts on Crop production


EVENT POTENTIAL IMPACT

Cold periods becoming warmer and shorter in days and nights becoming hotter

Increased yields in colder environments; decreased yields in warmer environments; increased outbreaks of new insect pests and pathogens; potential impacts on crop production

Heavy precipitation events increasing

in frequency .

Damage to crops; soil erosion; inability

to cultivate land owing to water logging

of soils

Drought-affected area increases Land degradation and soil erosion;

lower yields from crop damage and

failure; loss of farm land

Intense tropical cyclone activity

increases

Damage to crops and livestock and

shelter

High sea levels increase in incidence Salinization of irrigation water,

estuaries and freshwater systems; loss

of farm land

Source: adapted from IPCC,2007, in FAO 2008

Climate Smart Agriculture

In the arena of climate change focus of Development Administration need to be on:

• Water Cycle• Soil Management• Live stock Management• Weather forecasting and Agri. Advisory based on that• Energy saving in farming• Value chain for Agro produce – enhancing value• Multiple source of Income to farmers• Bridging gaps in productivity. • With the active involvement of young farmers, women farmers and

Sarpanches of villages.

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CYCLEUnderstanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for

Agriculture • Even without climate change, underground water resources are reducing due

to high discharge by tube wells – both for agriculture but more for washrooms for new urban enclaves.

• There is increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urban areas and this drives away water meant agriculture even from irrigation dams.

• With the temperature increase due to higher rate evaporation etc., there will be reduced water availability. This will reduce also “Soil Moisture” having direct impact on crop productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water scarcity for cattle and human being and require migration plan.

• Rise in sea – level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi – Navsari, Cambay – Anand resulting into direct loss of agri. land. This may need planed shifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangroves and casuarina.

• Inundation from flood – reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil surface. • Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area – Taluka wise

and give Agro Advisory – how to preserve and use water.

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Climate change and its impact on water cycle National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

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Element of Water Cycle Climate Change

Annual precipitation Expected to increase globally during the 21st Century, with potentially great spatial variations

Inter-annual variations in precipitations

Expected to increase everywhere

Seasonal variability ofrainfall

Expected to increase everywhere Delayed monsoon Interim delay with in season

Soil moisture stress(droughts)

Moisture stress to generally increase as a result of increasing variability of rainfall distribution (longer periods without rain) and increasing temperatures and deplete soil moisture faster than natural vegetation

Floods Increased as a result of increasing frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events flood intensity can affect standing crops, washing away of upper fertile crust of soil & cause soil erosion (Navsari District)

Climate change and its impact on water cycle National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

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Element of Water Cycle Climate Change

River discharge(Kutch District)

Increased variability as a result of changes in rainfall patterns. Changes in annual runoff expected to vary from region to region

Groundwater Varies as a function of changes in rainfall volumes and distribution. Impact is complex, with floods contributing to increasing recharge,and droughts leading to increased pumping

Evapotranspiration Increases as a function of temperature increasesWater quality (in rivers, lakes and aquifers)

Moderate impact through temperature increases

Salinity in rivers andaquifers

Potentially high impact where sea water levelrise combines with reduced runoff and increased withdrawal

Agri. Scientists particularly Krishi Vigyan Kendra team need to identify what a farmer need to do and what is required by Village Community and District . Comprehensive approach like River Basin Management needed

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RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENTRiver is an important physical agent that plays very vital role in distribution of water and maintaining equilibrium of water in hydrological cycle. The area from where river collects water is termed as watershed or catchment area. The whole unit can be defined as basin where set of physical processes are interlinked with each other and maintain relationships between biological and non biological components. It is well known truth that any major civilizations have developed around river or in other wards within balanced watershed region due to healthiness of natural resources. Management of such basin is the key to maintain balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff, Veteran NGO, initiated this through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training Institute (VRTI) in Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an arid area in State of Gujarat, India.

Climate ChangeMajor culprit: CO2

Emerging Approach•Low external input system•Land management

(Agriculture, grassland & forest)•Promoting Photosynthesis

Issues to tackle•Food & Water insecurity•Deteriorating soil health•Depleting water resources

Integrated River Basin

Management

Promoting Photosynthesis to consume CO2

Food & water security through better natural resource management

Environmental Issues•Increasing temperature •Change in rainfall pattern•Change in season cycle

Tackling the Climate Change – Water cycle

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE Activities as per strategy will be carried out through linkages with Govt.

departments and other funding agencies

Irrigation department Forest Department (JFM) Agriculture Department (RKVY, RADP) Other Funding Agencies

CBO formed during planning phase are involved in each stage of implementation

• During the planning phase, enthused by the project, the chairman of the ‘Sardar Patel Sahbhagi Jal Sanchay Yojna’ had sanctioned 51 check dams in basin area of about 5.15 crore cost.

• 44 checkdams have been constructed till date.

Achievements– Desilting – In 20 structures, 5.5 MCFT water storage.

250 hectares of land benefited from this fertile soil.– Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Structures – 19– Distribution of Kitchen Garden kits - 350– Compost preparation - 19– Animal vaccination – 1691 animals– Formation of SHGs – 30 (410 members)– Exposure tour – 9 (186 beneficiaries)

Linkages with Government programmes

– Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) (Agriculture department): 922 farmers

– Linkages with different government schemes for farmers – 412 farmers

– Seed village – 5 villages – 250 farmers– Cotton demonstration – 225 farmers– Accelerated Pulse Production Programme – 1800

farmers

Linkages with Government programmes

– Vocational trainings – 13 (403 participants) trainings ( In coordination with Rural Technology Institute & VRTI)

– Group formation (ATMA):• Agriculture & Animal husbandry groups – 70

(985members)

– Farm schools (ATMA): 10– Capacity Building Workshops – 4 (552 participants)

• Total spending: Rs. 8 crores

• Rukmavati Rural Agro Producer Company - farmers’ producer company in Rukmavati basin area has been formed.

• Developing/improving degraded lands and ‘Gauchar’

Activities In Progress

Activities In Progress• Weather base farm decision making .

– Installation of Agromet observatory at VRTI campus.– Disseminating recorded data & IMD forecast of the

region through SMS in Gujarati– Also providing agro advisory based on weather

Way Forward

97 River Basins of Kachchh

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Soil & Climate Change • Soil with moisture and sunlight makes agriculture production

possible. With inputs and combination of soil health and moisture, productivity increases – declines or remains stable.

• The challenge is to that, in the changing weather parameters, stability in productivity is maintained and wherever possible, increased. We have to make this happen by farmers providing not only scientific inputs but demonstrating its success.

This includes Bio-diversity Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM) Conservation of agriculture system Organic and In-organic inputs Agro-forestry , Perennial crops Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such

conditions Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS) Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013


Soil and Climate Change The soil has direct impact of changes in climate and that in turn affects productivity – sustainability of crops that grow on it.


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Soil and Climate Change National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership

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Life Support Services

Provision Services

Regulating Services Cultural Services

The soil renews, retains, and delivers plant nutrients and provides physical support to plants. It sustains biological activity, diversity and productivity.

Soil is the basis for the provision of food, fiber, fuel and medicinal products that sustain life.

The soil plays a central role in buffering, filtering and moderating the hydrological cycle. (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and sulphur) that affect plant production and the climate.

Soil provides the foundation for settlement and infrastructure. Soils and their wider ecosystems provide spiritual or heritage value.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013

Soil Health Card

• Soil Health Card based on crop selection system to include all Advisory discussion.

• This is already in practice and is key to sustainable agriculture growth in Gujarat. It provides farmer information about status of soil health of his land, need of supplemental nutrients, alternative crops that can grown, average market price.

• The Agro Advisory must lay emphasis on continuous testing of Soil and provide Soil Health and Moisture Analysis to Farmers.

• The Soil Health Card must include alternative crops including Mix crops, Agro forestry that can be sustained on individual piece of land.

• Farmers believe and like to follow written guidance. • Inform farmers about Soil heath card with change of water

cycle. The water also needs to be tested and analyzed and perception to be provided. 28

Soil Management for sustained crop productivity and climate change

adaptation and mitigation

Conventional practices Practices to enhanceProductivity and Adaptation

Practices to enhance mitigation

Soil crusting and degradation in dry-lands:This is a severe problem in the Kutch – Combay Tarapur (Anand) and Dandi due to wind erosion and loss of SOM due to high temperatures and burning. When rain fails it can no longer infiltrate the soil and the region becomes increasingly barren and arid.

In kutch – under watershed programmes and prevention of salinity ingress programmes – check dams, bandh, villages, ponds, farms ponds, gully plugging and protection wall have been successfully used to meet this challenge. The latest approach integrated is river basin management in rukmavati river basin.

Kutch Examples – are in case studies

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Effect of Seasonal Changes

• Summer – Drought • Monsoon – Floods , Heavy Rains

& long period of monsoon.

• Winter and severe coldo Milk Animalso Poultryo Fisheries

Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals

Protection Against Climatic Change Milk Animals

SELECTION OF MILK ANIMAL BREED• Two major zoneso Northern Gujarat (Dry) &o Saurashtrao South Gujarat (Humid )• Selection of breed within zone. • Indigenous cow breeds preferred are

Kankrej Gir

Protection Against Climatic ChangeMilk Animals

SHELTER FOR MILK ANIMALS• 50% effect of Climate change can be eliminated by properly

designed Shelter.

• Key factorso Ventilation and lightingo Roofing and heat reflectiono Floor and wooden slitso Sides with windowso Cooling fans and water sprayo Spacing A Typical sketch showing requirement of shelter

CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS

• When there may be unforeseen climate change effects observed in the atmosphere due to increasing or decreasing climate parameters following types impacts was observed in the climates.

• The Contingency Plan are prepared by Agriculture University for each district. The general remedial measures are as follows.

• This should become part of Agro Advisory in current years Krishi

Mahotsav.

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STRATEGY FOR RESTORATION

• Climate change has brought in recent years, major calamities which has affected entire agriculture and livelihood in affected areas.

• To illustrate in the current year• Uttarakhand cloud bursting• Odessa cyclone• International level – Philippines cyclone• At local flooding in Navsari district and part of Anand District • Such devastation can not be remedied by existing mitigation – adaptation

strategies. • It needs total rehabilitation of agriculture activity which is not forming

part of current disaster Management strategies which caters emergency situation and provide relief measures.

• What is needed is total restoration strategy for reviving agriculture.

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Impact of disaster and Action Needed

• Permanent increase in sea level and submergence of agriculture land.

• Washing out of soil strata and spread of salinity due to cyclone both underground and over-ground.

• Residing of sea level in certain areas opening of barren saline land.

• Farmers have to be given alternative land

• If feasible protection wall has to be constructed along with plantation of Bamboo, mangroves etc outside of the wall

• Soil replacement• New cropping pattern based on

fresh Soil Health & Moisture analysis along with analysis of water.

a. sub soil water stratab. water availability for irrigation

from wells/tube wells• Making available certified seeds

and other inputs for cropping pattern suggested and agro advisory on new crop management – Kutch case studies

• Growing of Mangroves, Bamboos in such areas to prevent salinity ingress.

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Impact of disaster and Action Needed

Wastage of fields due to floods in overflow river/ check dam bursting

Reconstruction of check dams on adoption of River Basin Management

Cropping pattern based on Soil Health & Moisture Analysis along with making available of seeds and other inputs.

• Loss of tractors/storage of bins/agriculture implements.

• Death of livestock and poultry due to floods

• Replacement by special scheme

There is a need to develop a specific agriculture restoration policy by expanding current Relief Scheme.

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Multiple Source of Income

MULTIPLE SOURCE OF INCOME• Objective of climate smart agriculture is to make farmers and

their income resilient to climate change. This can be made by providing multiple source of income. If one fails other sustains. This is initiative as to be guided local public governance system and civil society.

Poultry / Cattle with Crop• Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of

one is resource for other. Milch cattle cows – weekly cash flow to family when incomes from crops are at the end of season. Animal like cow provide gobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crops residue is feed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Further livestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash and incase even if one fail, other supports thus offer a way to escape poverty and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variable related environment.

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Rice – Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balance diet.

Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system. • It prevents soil erosion• Facilitates water infiltration • Diminish impact if extreme weather • Trees also provide fodder to livestock – improves soil fertility due to

enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks• More of all, it sale of provides alternative income. • This already exists, but needs to be expanded. Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternate

source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both livestock and crops provides low or no income.

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CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH

Sr. No

Name Of Village

Name Of Block

Name of Member

Occupation

Best Year

Income

Week Year

IncomeLivelihood Project Joined After

Income from alternate

source

1Charopadi

NaniAbdasa

Sodha Ladhubha

AamrjiFarming 30000 8000

Animal RLF

Farming InputsSewing

machine40000

2Charopadi

MotiAbdasa

Mandhara Mariyamba

i SidhikFarming 50000 12000

Farmer loan

Sewing machine

Ration shop

30000

3Charoapdi

MotiAbdasa

Maheswari Tejbai

VachiyaFarming 45000 15000

Floor mill

Asset(Tractor ) 54000

4 Jethamalpar Abdasa

Bhatt Bhupatram Mohbatra

m

Farming 55000 30000Animal

RLFLand levelling 40000

5 Bhoa AbdasaChuahan Khetubha Bhojubha

Farming 30000 12000Animal

RLFLand levelling

Sewing machine

Kitchen Garden

55000

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CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH

6 RodasarLakhap

atMaheswari Kanbai

GopalFarming 50000 20000

Animal RLF

Ration Shop

Kitchen Garden

72000

7 Ukir AbdasaLuhar Hanifabai

AlimamadFarming 30000 10000

Ration Shop

Home Floor Mill

Kitchen Garden

Animal RLF

48000

8 Ukir AbdasaLuhar Kulsumbai

HajiFarming 35000 12000

Sewing machine

Animal RLF

40000

9 Bara AbdasaMaheswari Lakha

KaruFarming 50000 25000

Seed Support

Crop Loan

Kishan Credit Card

Irrigated Farming

100000

10 Bara Abdasa Jadeja Takhatsinh Farming 60000 20000Animal

RLFIrrigated Farming

Diesel Engine

Crop Loan

90000

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Bridge Productivity Gaps

Major challenge to Agri. Administration is reducing productivity gaps –

•Between farmers in one village•Between villages within same taluka•Brining up taluka average above State & National average.•The analysis of Anand and Mandvi block illustrate this.

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WEATHER FORECASTINGIt is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already brought

huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture sector, Crops – Horticulture,

Livestock and Poultry – birds and Fisheries. But this can be mitigated by (a)

advance information about possible changes by FM Radio & TV (b) Agro-

Advisory – followed by information of impending weather forecast and un-

usual pattern now available but is provided at only provincial level. It should also be provided at the local level.

In the Farmers Interaction Meet with

Experts during National Conference

organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural

University – March, 2013, it was revealed

that only 10% of farmers have access to

weather forecasting.

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.It is the need of hour to communicate tofarmers about:a. Possible rainfall pattern-long termb. Mid-season correction, if any in samec. Weekly forecastd. More specific forecast on day to day basis for unseasonal or heavy rain, high wind velocity, frost and spell of heat and cold.e. Agro-Advisory can be developed by simulation model and communicate to farmers in time to time. Only this can prevent the crop failure.f. While many of advance countries do have technology and communication system, most of developing countries do not have this. There is, therefore, need for knowledge transfer with international cooperation in this regard.

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WOMEN FARMERSWomen play important roles in agriculture production. These roles pertain to all aspects of crop production / protection, management of livestock, farm animals / husbandry and fisheries but are treated as “workers” and not farmers.

In recent times, women are increasingly replacing men in all farm activities – they are now new farmers – no longer with partial responsibility and are required to take all on farm decisions as men go out to urban centre/off farm urge for employment. This is in addition to routine domestic and family functions (house-keeping, cooking, children up bringing etc). This signifies a major shift in the roles and responsibilities.

Meeting of Women Farmers at MGLI,

Ahmedabad

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• Efforts to build capacities of women in agriculture are, however, constrained by the fact that agriculture tools, equipment and extension communication strategies are predominantly men – centred. The needs is to ensure that women are adequately trained to take on farm decision, made available appropriate tools and techniques that optimize on time and reduce stress while handling them.

SGSY Training Programme for Self Help Groups

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SMALL FARMERSAttention of Extension team is on progressive farmers who are generally big farmers. Small holders own majority of land in many countries. In India 80% of farm holding are by small farmers. They need to be provided focused attention as individual family unit on:a) Soil Health Analysis Growth Cardb) Crop related guidance including market price & quality of product in demandc) Adaptation measures needed for changed climate and provide information related to its impactd) Link to supply chain for inputs and demand chain for their products; direct disbursement of subsidy including free inputs, and provide link with Banks – Finance.e) Implement door-step approach to farmers at village in pre-monsoon for crop guidance.f) Monitor and inspect spurious seeds and fertilizer-mix and pesticides.

This can go a long way in developing sustainable agriculture all around and not confined to rich.

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RURAL YOUTH• Rural youth across the world are

becoming increasingly restless. They look forward to higher income at a rapid pace which agriculture most often does not provide and in the context of climate change sometime lend farmers into debt due to crop failure.

Mr. Gondaliya Sanjay in his Agri Business Centre

• One major adverse impact on rural youth is they are misdirected by groups which encourage internal violence, spread of terrorism and grab income of others through brutality. In India, this is prevalent in some districts and is known as “Naxalism”. Hence youth has to be

Oriented to scientific agriculture Educated in multi-skills

Continued------

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Moved to set up micro enterprise or agro service centre

Adopt modern agriculture, protected agriculture through green house or otherwise

This has to be with addition of modern infrastructure in village which includes round the clock Electric Power Supply.

Mr. Laheri Suraj in his Emu Farm

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COMMUNITY BIO-GAS PLANTThe cow-dung and agriculture waste are the major cause of Methane, hence agriculture is blamed for GHG emissions. The Chhota Udepur, a remote Tribal Taluka of Gujarat, India saw a major community initiative in which about 3 to 4 slurry was utilized appropriately. Its network of gas pipelines was laid for supply of gas to all of households. A Community biogas plant set up after interaction with village community. The State Government provided financial assistance though a registered cooperative society in the village. Animal holder paid price for cow dung per kg. per month Rs.200/- for gas connection - 70 householders. A Vermicompost bed has been set up and slurry used for it. Liquid slurry is not marketable but when it is converted into vermicompost can be transported to urban centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus it becomes marketable product, which is the key to success of the project.

Biogas Project – Chhota Udepur – Gujarat, India

The gobar and agri waste emanates methane which affects environment, but converted into Biogas, has a different value and is a solution to the problem. The Shroff Foundation Trust took this initiative with convergence of government departments with participation of local community. In fact such efforts need to be incentivized as we have agro waste and cow dung in all our villages which are inefficiently used.

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AGRO INDUSTRIES IN VILLAGESNatural resource

managementSoil, Water, vegetation

etc.

Agro IndustrialComplex

R & DTo continuously assess the opportunity, solve

problems & provide services

Inputs managementSeeds, nutrients, pests etc.

Capacity building throughEducation, Training, Skill – development & on job training

Services to farmers and other communityClimate & weather information, banking & credit supply, trade in inputs & output, storage and transport. Infrastructure, value addition related knowledge. Processing expertise, market linkages

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Use of Biotechnology

Select the crop variety which are well adapted / resistant to high or low conditions of temperature, rainfall, which stand with high wind velocity and resistant to the pest and disease

Adopt the genetic modified (GM) crops variety which can highly resistant to the pest i.e. approved BT Cotton

Use of BT Cotton. It is a best example for higher productivity with better export market. Nearly in recent years, we are able to export 120 million bells of BT Cotton in export markets.

Similarly tissue culture plants of Banana (Grand T -9 Variety) provides to a excellent results on farmers field and significantly gave the higher yields and quality production for export market under the best advance management practices

CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod


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Prior to 1974 poorest district in the state & country too Roughly 90 % people in tribal villages facing acute poverty Migration rate in non-irrigated villages between 50-70 % The irrigation coverage 10 % in records, in reality around 5 % Agriculture yields poorest in the state Milk production lowest in the state Literacy rate - lowest in the state – women literacy in one digit Landscape almost barren with hardly any tree cover Most forest land - without tree cover No horticulture activity No vegetable cultivation No floriculture

In 2010 Achieved food security Housing conditions improved School enrolment and attendance increased manifolds Ground water improved - CGWB Irrigation coverage is around 30 % 450 community water resources developed & managed by community 2,500 village institutions - users groups managing their affairs & assets 65 rivers and rivulets made perennial through series of structures migration rate 10-15 % six crore trees planted with 50 % survival at long run About 25,000 farmers opted for horticulture


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Summery

Key Recommendation to Farmers :

• Unpredictable and erratic climatic patterns resulting from climate change will affect crop production. This will have an impact on farmer livelihoods and food availability. Climate-smart agriculture provides management options to farmers to both adapt to, and mitigate, climate change and maintain his income and look for opportunity to increase it.

• Crop production must adapt - crop varietal selection, plant breeding, cropping patterns and ecosystem management approaches and become resilient to changes (frequency and intensity).

• Crop production can contribute to mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - for example by reducing the use of/judiciously using inorganic fertilizers, avoiding soil compaction or flooding to reduce methane emissions (e.g. in paddy rice systems) and sequestering carbon (e.g. planting perennial crops and grass species).


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• Farmers are the primary custodians of knowledge about their environment, agro-ecosystems, crops and cropping patterns, and local climatic patterns.

• Adapting cropping practices and approaches will be related to local farmers’ knowledge, requirements and priorities.

• Sustainable crop production provides farmers with options for farming sustainably, taking into account the local ecosystem and they how to follow selection crops which can be sustained by soil – based on soil health and moisture analysis of their land.

• Integrated approaches — such as crop-livestock systems, rice-fish systems and agro-forestry — diversify food sources and consequently strengthen the resilience of farmers’ livelihoods. They also provide opportunities for mitigating climate change but more precisely also increase their income level and in worst circumstances maintain it.


CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –

ATMA Communication

to farmersIssues Suggested Measures

Soil Health Card

Weather forecasting

• Make available Taluka information (obtaining same from Indian Metrological Department, Pune to farmers.

• Give Agro Advisory before and during the season and even at harvesting time.

Krishi Mahostsav

SMS by KVK/ATMAProductivity Gaps at village & Taluka level

Advise correct selection of seeds, balance use of fertilizer and right pesticides.

Use of local TV cable


Advise to those who do not have how to obtain same under existing schemes of Government

FM Radio, HelplineSoil Health & Soil Management

Soil testing at every season providing of soil health card

Water conservation within farm

Crop selection based on Soil Health & Moisture Analysis Soil Management

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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE CHALLENGES TO AGRI ADMINISTRATION Extension Education & Krishi Vigyan Kendras, District Extension Team –

ATMA Communication to farmers

Issues Suggested Measures

Saving of energy

Selection of right required horsepower for•Pump•Tractor

Value addition to harvested crops

• Grading• Sorting• Packing before sending

to sale

Woman farmers• New farmers - guide

them for Agri practices

Young farmers

• Advise about availability of higher income on farm/village level value addition

• Multiple skill• Micro enterprise

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Impact of Climate Change


Vulnerability Assessment of Block level

Block level agro advisory

Organic manure and pesticides

Contingency plan for every block

Bio-diversity Mix crop pattern

Crop which may initially flourish with increase in temperature

Agro forestry pattern

Agro Forestry Tissue culture

B T Cotton GM Crops

Selection of Agri equipments and tools suitable to area

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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Impact of Climate Change


• Perennial crops • Balance mix of

nutrients – organic & in organic

• Development of salinity resistant varieties

• Heat tolerant varieties

• Development of pesticides mix in increased humidity

• Development of vaccines for new virus for livestock

• Yearly revision

• Normal crop practices based on changes that have taken place.

• Communicating with IMD – Pune about local weather parameters

CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE - EDUCATION

Development of syllabus based on Climate Smart Agriculture

Redesigning and updating at regular interval of course curriculum

Special DiplomasMultiple skillsWeather advisoryWater conservation management

Special training and refreshing course

WomanYoung farmersAgri input dealers & Agro service centres – Sarpanches

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Dr. Kirit ShelatNational Council for Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad – 380 009.Gujarat, INDIA.Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)Email: [email protected] Website: www.nccsdindia.org

1 dr. kirit shelat – i.a.s. (retd.) executive chairman national council for climate change,...

Documents

sustainable agriculture

agriculture smart

agriculture productivity

mainstreaming agriculture

agriculture administration

urban agriculture source

climate smart resilient

development efforts