1. drawing objectssite.iugaza.edu.ps/oqarmout/files/2010/12/autocad.pdf · 2010-12-15 · view...

06/12/2005 عائد المصري. م

بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيم

1. DRAWING OBJECTS

1.1. The Line Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

Line

Keyboard LINE short-cut L

Command Sequence

Command: LINE

Specify first point: (pick P1)

Specify next point or [Undo]: (pick P2)

Specify next point or [Undo]: (to end)

-:يمكن رسم الخط باستخدام الطرق التالية

باستخدام النقر مباشرا علي الشاشة آما في الشكل السابق

)ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES ( X,Y)(ة للخط آتابة اإلحداثيات للنقاط المكون طريقةمباستخدا

) الطول >الزاوية (POLAR CO-ORDINATESآتابة بعد و زاوية طريقةمباستخدا

RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES آتابة المعلومات بالرجوع للنقطة األولي طريقةمباستخدا

@) X, Y( للنقطة الثاني بالنسبة للنقطة األولي بالشكل التاليص، هنا نعطي أألحداثي س

@ الطول<هنا الطول و الزاوية للنقطة الثاني بالنسبة للنقطة األولي آما بالشكل التالي الزاوية


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1.2. The Construction Line Command

هو خط ال يمكن رؤية بدايته و ال نهايته يمكن رسمه في أي اتجاه سواء أفقي أو رأسي أو أي اتجاه أخر عشوائي

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw Construction

Line

Keyboard XLINE short-cut XL

Command Sequence

Command: XLINE

Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: (pick a point)

Specify through point: (pick a second point)

Specify through point: (to end or pick another point)

-:آما يمكن رسم خط أفقي تماما آما يلي

Command Sequence

Command: XLINE

Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset/<From point>: H

Through point: (pick a point to position the line)

Through point: (to end or pick a point for another horizontal line)

1.3. The Ray Command

Toolbar custom

Pull-down Draw Ray

Keyboard RAY

هو شعاع معلوم البداية وغير معلوم النهاية

Command Sequence

Command: RAY

Specify start point: (pick the start point)


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Specify through point: (pick a second point to determine direction)

Specify through point: (to end or pick another point)

1.4. The Polylines Family

و أآثر مرونة في الرسم فباستخدامه يمكن رسم أآثر من أآثر تعقيدا polylineحيث أن line عنpolylineيختلف

إال أنة أآبر Thickness و سمك width عرضpolylineآما يمكن أعطاء . polylineخط و قوس باستخدام نفس

-:األشكال التالية توضح بعض هذه اإلمكانيات. علي الجهازlineحجما و ثقال من ال

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

Polyline

Keyboard PLINE Short-cut PL

ينهي باإلضافة لإلمكانيات السابقة فيجب مالحظة أن األمر

polylineفيها عند النقطة التي تم إصدار أمرEnter

آما يوجد لدينا خيار أخر وهو . آما في الشكل الذي علي اليسار

Close “C” وهو يعمل علي إغالق الشكل أوتوماتيكيا آما في

آما يمكن إعادة تعديل .علي الجانب األيمنالشكل الذي

polylines بعد انتهاء عملية الرسم سواء تغيير width أو

Modify أو باستخدامPEDITغيرها باستخدام األمر

Polylineثم Objectثم

Command Sequence

Command: PLINE

Specify start point: (pick P1)

Current line-width is 0.0000

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P2)


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Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (pick P3)



Specify next point or

[Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: (or C to close)

1.5. The Rectangle Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

Rectangle

Keyboard RECTANGLE short-cuts REC, RECTANG

طريقتين لرسم المستطيل األولي تعتمد علي النقاط المكونة للشكل وهي موضحه في تدرج AutoCADيوفر

-٢- و الطريقة الثانية تعتمد علي تحديد الطول و العرض آما في التسلسل -١ -األوامر

-

١Command Sequence

Command: RECTANG

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (pick P1)

Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: (pick P2)

-٢ Command Sequence

Command: RECTANG

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:

(pick a point)

Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: D

Specify length for rectangles <0.0000>: 20


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Specify width for rectangles <0.0000>: 10

Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]:(pick a point to fix the orientation)

1.6. The Polygon Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

Polygon

Keyboard POLYGON Short-cut POL

نقطه تعمل ، ضلع و لذلك يجب تحديد عدد ألألضالع١٠٢٤ -٣يعطي هذا أألمر إمكانية رسم متعدد أضالع من

و نقطة لتحديد نصف قطر ، inscribed or circumscribedوإذا آانت الدائرة المحيطة الوهمية ، آمرآز للشكل

. الدائرة الوهمية و توجيه المضلع

Command Sequence

Command: POLYGON

Enter number of sides <4>: 5

Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: (pick P1 or type E to define by edge length)

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>:

(to accept the inscribed default or type C for circumscribed)

Specify radius of circle: (pick P2 or enter exact radius)


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1.7. The Donut Command

Toolbar custom

Pull-down Draw

Donut

Keyboard DONUT short-cut DO

Command Sequence

Command: DONUT

Specify inside diameter of donut <0.5000>:

(pick any two points to define a diameter or enter the exact length)

Specify outside diameter of donut <1.0000>:

(pick any two points to define a diameter or enter the exact length)

Specify center of donut or <exit>: (pick P1)

Specify center of donut or <exit>:

(to end or continue to pick for more doughnuts)

1.8. The Circle Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw Circle Center,

Radius

Keyboard CIRCLE short-cut C


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سم يطلب نقطة الكثير من اإلمكانيات و الطرق لرسم الدائرة ولكن الوضع التلقائي في الرAutoCADيعطي برنامج

مرآز و نصف قطر للدائرة

Command Sequence

Command: CIRCLE

Specify center point for circle or[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: (pick P1)

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <50.0195>:

(pick P2 or enter the exact radius)

1.9. The Arc Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw Arc 3

Points

Keyboard ARC short-cut A

آما في الشكل السفلي AutoCADتتنوع الخيارات لرسم القوس في

أما الطريقة التلقائية لرسم القوس فهي

نقاط ثالث

Command Sequence

Command: ARC

Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick P1)

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: (pick P2)

Specify end point of arc: (pick P3)


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1.10. The Ellipse Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw Ellipse Axis,

End

Keyboard ELLIPSE short-cut EL

Command Sequence

Command: ELLIPSE

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]:

(pick P1)

Specify other endpoint of axis: (pick P2)

Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: (pick

P3)

1.11. The Spline Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

Spline

Keyboard SPLINE short-cut SPL

-Splines can be edited after they have been

created using the SPLINEDIT command,

Modify Spline from the pull-down menu.

Command Sequence

Command: SPLINE

Specify first point or [Object]: (Pick P1)

Specify next point: (Pick P2)

Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] : (Pick P3)


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Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] : (Pick P4)

Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] :

Specify start tangent: (pick a point)

Specify end tangent: (pick a point)

1.12. The Point Command and style

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw Point Single

Point

Keyboard POINT short-cut PO

Command Sequence

Command: POINT

Current point modes: PDMODE=0 PDSIZE=0.0000

Specify a point: (pick any point)

-The Point Style Command

Pull-down Format Point Style…

1.13. The Multiline Command

Multilines are complex lines that consist of between 1 and

16 parallel lines, known as elements. The default multiline style has just two elements but

you can create additional styles of an almost endless variety. The Multiline Style

command enables you to create new multiline styles by adding line elements.

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

Multiline

Keyboard MLINE short-cut ML


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The Justification option allows you to set the

justification to "Top", the default, "Zero" or

"Bottom"

The Scale option allows you to set a scale factor,

which effectively changes the width of the

multiline. The default scale factor is set to 1.0

The Style option enables you to set the current

multiline style.

Command Sequence

Command: MLINE

Current settings: Justification = Top, Scale = 20.00, Style = STANDARD

Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/STyle]: (Pick P1)

Specify next point: (Pick P2)

Specify next point or [Undo]: (Pick P3)

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (to end or continue picking or C to close)

1.14. HATCHING

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw

HATCH

Keyboard bhatch short-cut H

.لبناءعملية ا ليدلل علي المادة المستخدمة في) مغلق(هو أمر يعطى المستخدم إمكانية التهشير في شكل معين

PATTERN–in the object you want hatch to fill PICK POINTSاستخدام األمر يتطلب تحديد

ثم scale -angle لترى التهشير في أألماآن التي قمت باختيارها ثم يمكن التحكم في preview hatchثم اضغط

ok

If you are using a solid hatch, make the hatch WHITE so that it will print out as a solid

black, any other color will appear grey (with lines) when printed.


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-:التي تحد الشكل وذلك آما يلىآما يمكن عمل تهشير بدون الحاجة الي شكل مغلق بحيث نقوم برسم النقاط

ثم HATCHندخل أمر -

ي نريدة مثال هنا لدينا عدة خيارات المهم أننا يجب أن نكتب أسم التهشير الذ -

Enter a pattern name or [?/Solid/User defined] <SOLID>: earth

Specify a scale for the pattern <1.0000 <:

Specify an angle for the pattern <0 <:

Select objects to define hatch boundary or <direct hatch،<

Select objects:

Retain polyline boundary? [Yes/No] :Y ) حسب الرغبة أذا آنا نريد خط محيط بالشكل(

Specify start point وهنا نرسم النقاط :

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Length/Undo]:

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Length/Undo]:

Specify start point for new boundary or <apply hatch>:

1.15. Region

Toolbar


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Pull-down Draw

REGION

Keyboard REGION short-cut REG

هو أمر يعطي المستخدم القدرة علي تحويل مساحه ما مغلقه بالخطوط أو األقواس إلي منطقه واحده ثنائية البعد يمكن

لكي تعطي سمك فان أي polyline إلي lineأي انه آما تحول . في البعد الثالثthickness أن تعطى سمك معين

. يسهل التعامل معها في البعد الثالث لكيregionمساحه البد أن تحول إلي

1.16. Text

Toolbar

Pull-down

Draw text

singlelinetext

OR

Draw text

multilinetext

Keyboard TEXT short-cut T

هو أمر يعطي المصمم القدرة علي الكتابة باستخدام برنامج أوتوآاد حيث نقوم برسم مربع يحوي الكتابة وفي هذه

آما يعطي برنامج أوتوآاد القدرة علي التحكم Size, font, colorالمرحلة يمكن التحكم في الخط من حيث

مرتين علي الكتابة للخط المستخدم في الكتابة وذلك بالنقر Size, font, colorفي

.(WINDOWS XP) أنه يكتب بالعربي مباشرة إذا آان الجهاز يستخدم ٢٠٠٤ومن أهم مزايا أوتوآاد

1.17. Blocks

Toolbar

Pull-down Draw Block


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Make

Keyboard Block short-cut B

الشكل أو أي رسم إلي وحده واحده يمكن أن تحفظ داخل مكتبة البرنامج مما يسهل عملية التحكم في blockيحول أمر

تحريك الشكل خاصة إذا آان الشكل معقد أو يتم استخدامه في عدة مشاريع مختلقه آالفرش مثال أو التفاصيل

base و نقطة التحكمobject و الشكل نفسه name الشكليجب تحديد اسم. اإلنشائية

point. Divide and blocks

can be used to put your block in special location Wblock

2. OBJECT SNAPS

The Object Snaps allow you to snap onto a specific object location when you

are picking a point. For example, using Osnaps you can accurately pick the

end point of a line or the centre of a circle.

There are four basic methods of accessing the Osnaps:

View Toolbars… from the pull-down menu.

Shift on the keyboard and right-click the mouse to bring up the menu.

From the screen by right-click on The Osnaps are available from a

flyout button on the Standard toolbar, see illustration on the right. Tools

customize toolbars click commands flyout

2.1. Endpoint

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Endpoint


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Keyboard END (when selecting objects)

The Endpoint Osnap snaps to the end points of lines and arcs and to polyline

2.2. Midpoint

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Midpoint

Keyboard MID (when picking)

The Midpoint Osnap snaps to the mid points of lines and arcs and to the mid point of

polyline.

2.3. Intersection

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Intersection

Keyboard INT (when picking)

The Intersection Osnap snaps to the intersection of any two

drawing objects where lines, arcs or circles cross each other. This

Osnap can also be used to snap to intersection points which do

not physically exist. The Extended Intersection use the apparent

intersection, you must pick two points to indicate which two

objects should be used.


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2.4. Apparent Intersect

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Apparent Intersect

Keyboard APP or APPINT (when picking)

Apparent Intersection snaps to the point where objects appear to intersect in the current

view. Apparent Intersection also has an "Extended" mode. المقصود أن الشكالن يبدوان

متقاطعين في المسقط أألفقي ولكن في البعد الثالث فهما غير متقاطعين

2.5. Extension

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Extension

Keyboard EXT or EXTEN (when picking)

The Extension Osnap snaps to some point along the imaginary extension of a line, arc or

polyline.

بجانب طرف الخط المطلوب امتداده Cursorيرالحظ تمر

البعد و الزاوية آمعطيات من الخط المطلوب امتداده-


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2.6. Centre

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Center

Keyboard CEN (when picking)

The Center Osnap snaps to the centre of a circle, arc or

polyline arc segment.

2.7. Quadrant

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Quadrant

Keyboard QUA or QUAD (when picking)

The Quadrant Osnap snaps to one of the four circle quadrant points located at north,

south, east and west or 90, 270, 0 and 180 degrees respectively.

2.8. Tangent

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Tangent

Keyboard TAN (when picking)

The Tangent Osnap snaps to a tangent point on a circle. This Osnap works in two ways.

You can either draw a line from a point to the tangent point or you can draw a line from a

tangent point.


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2.9. Perpendicular

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Perpendicular

Keyboard PER or PERP (when picking)

The Perpendicular Osnap snaps to a point which forms a perpendicular with the selected

object. As with the Tangent Osnap, Perpendicular can be used to draw a line to a

perpendicular point, as in the illustration or from a perpendicular point.

2.10. Parallel

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Parallel

Keyboard PAR or PARA (when picking)

The Parallel Osnap is used to draw a line parallel to any other line.To draw a parallel line,

first start the Line, specify the first point then start the Parallel Osnap.put the cursor over

an existing line until you see the Parallel snap marker.

2.11. Insert

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Insert

Keyboard INS (when picking)

The Insert Osnap snaps to the insertion point of a block, text or an image.


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2.12. Node

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Node

Keyboard NODE (when picking)

The Node Osnap snaps to the centre of a Point object.

2.13. Nearest

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click Nearest

Keyboard NEA or NEAR (when picking)

The Nearest Osnap snaps to the nearest point on a drawing object.

Using the From Object Snap

2.14. From

Toolbar

Pull-down Shift + Right Click From

Keyboard FRO or FROM (when picking)

أهم األدوات التي يمكن أن تستخدم باالرتباط مع أي طريقه الختيار نقطه سواء باستخداممن From Osnapتعتبر

object snapsأو relative co-ordinates.حيث أنFrom Osnap ال تقفز علي نقاط علي الشكلobject بقدر ما

أو بعالقة ما مع الشكل الرئيسي objectتستخدم للقط نقاط تكون علي بعد محدد من الشكل

Consider the following example. Look at the illustration on the right. It shows a circle

drawn on top of a line. However, the From Osnap can be used to draw the circle. Follow

the command sequence below.

To draw the Line


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Command: LINE

Specify first point: (pick a point in the lower half of the drawing area)

Specify next point or [Undo]: @0,30

(a relative co-ordinate, 30 units above the first point)

Specify next point or [Undo]: (to end)

To draw the Circle

Command: CIRCLE

Specify center point for circle or

[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: FROM

Base point: END

of <Offset>: @0,10

(this co-ordinate is a point 10 units above the endpoint)

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <10.0000>: 10

(a radius value of 10 ensures that the southern point on the circle will touch the top of

the line)

2.15. Object Snap Tracking

2.16. Running Object Snaps and Object Snap Tracking

Toolbar

Pull-down Tools Drafting Settings…

Keyboard DDOSNAP Short cut F3

Osnapsالبعض و ذلك حسب الحاجة لهاالمحددة مسبقا تعمل أو تقفل مع بعضها هو أمر يجعل آل أألوامر


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3. MODIFYING OBJECTS

There are three basic methods of accessing the modifying objects

and in every command we can see the three methods.

3.1. The Erase Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Erase

Keyboard ERASE or E

Command Sequence

Command: ERASE

Select objects: (pick an object to erase)

Select objects: (to end the selection and erase the object)


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3.2. The Copy Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Copy

Keyboard COPY or CP

The Copy command can be used to create one or more of any drawing object or objects.

Command Sequence

Command: COPY

Select objects: (pick object to copy, P1)

Select objects: (to end selection)

Specify base point or displacement,

or [Multiple]: (pick P2 or M for multiple copies)

Specify second point of displacement

or <use first point as displacement>: (pick P3)

The multiple option allows you to create additional copies of the selected object(s) by

picking as many new points as you like. To end a multiple copy, just hit the key.

3.3. The Mirror Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Mirror

Keyboard MIRROR


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The Mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing by picking

them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line using two points. In order

to create perfectly horizontal or vertical mirror lines use Ortho.

Command Sequence

Command: MIRROR

Select objects: (pick object to mirror, P1)


Specify first point of mirror line: (pick P2)

Specify second point of mirror line: (pick P3)

Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: (for No to keep the original object)

3.4. The Offset Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Offset

Keyboard OFFSET or O

The Offset command creates a new object parallel to or concentric with a selected object.

The new object is drawn at a user defined distance (the offset) from the original and in a

direction chosen by the user with a pick point. You can offset lines, arcs, circles, ellipses,

2D polylines, xlines, rays and planar splines.

Command Sequence

Command: OFFSET

Specify offset distance or [Through] <1.0000>: (specify distance)


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Select object to offset or <exit>: (select object, P1)

Specify point on side to offset: (pick direction, P2)

Select object to offset or <exit>: (to end or select another object to offset)

3.5. The Array Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Array

Keyboard ARRAY

The Array command makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular matrix

(columns and rows) or a polar (circular) pattern.

- The Rectangular Array

عاد أفقية و بأب) ٣(و األعمدة) ٢(بعدد معين من الصفوف) ١(هي مصفوفة متكررة بشكل أفقي أو راسي لشكل محدد

) ٦(آما يمكن معاينة النتائج و رؤيتها علي الشكل الحقيقي) ٥(و بأبعاد رأسية محدده أيضا) ٤(محددة


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- The Polar Array

بشكل متوازي ) ٣(و بعدد معين) ٢(حول نقطه معينه) ١(هي مصفوفة متكررة بشكل متمرآز حول نقطه لشكل محدد

)٥(آما يمكن معاينة النتائج و رؤيتها علي الشكل الحقيقي) ٤(او بشكل مرآزي


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3.6. The Move Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Move

Keyboard MOVE or M

The Move command works in a similar way to the Copy command except that no copy is

made, the selected object(s) is simply moved from one location to another.

Command Sequence

Command: MOVE

Select objects: (pick object to move, P1)


Specify base point or displacement: (pick P2)

Specify second point of displacement

or <use first point as displacement>: (pick P3)

Note that as with the Copy command, the two pick points, P2 and P3 are used only to

indicate the distance and direction of movement.


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3.7. The Rotate Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Rotate

Keyboard ROTATE or RO

The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a point selected by

the user.

Command Sequence

Command: ROTATE

Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0

Select objects: (pick object to rotate, P1)


Specify base point: (pick base point, P2)

Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: (pick second point, P3 or enter angle)

3.8. The Scale Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Scale

Keyboard SCALE

The Scale command can be used to change the size of an object or group of objects.


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Command Sequence

Command: SCALE

Select objects: (pick objects to be scaled, P1)


Specify base point: (pick base point, P2)

Specify scale factor or [Reference]: (pick second point, P3 or enter scale factor)

-:تذآر

. تعطي نصف المقياس) 5٠.( يمكن أن يدخل بشكل أرقام من لوحة المفاتيح فمثال scale أن المقياس -١

٢- )scale Reference (تعطي إمكانية التحكم في مقياس الصور و األشكال آما الرسومات بدقه عالية .

-SCALING IMAGES

• Step 1 -In some cases you may need to use image to trace off information

but unfortunately you have no idea about the image scale while you need

your sketch @ 1/100 but the scale of the image is unknown AutoCAD

give you the chance to rescale the image. The only thing you need is a

known length that is easily identifiable on the plan such as The width of

a wall, the width of a road

• Step 2 - Attaching the Image

• Step 3 - Scaling the Image

• Start the Scale command, Modify Scale from the pull-down or from

the Modify toolbar.

• Command: SCALE

• Select objects: (pick the Image frame to select it)

• Select objects:


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• Specify base point:(pick any point or enter 0,0 if you want the lower left

corner of the image to remain at the drawing origin)

• Specify scale factor or [Reference]: R

• Specify reference length <1>: (zoom in and pick the first point you

know)

• Specify second point:

• (zoom out and then zoom in on the second grid intersection and

pick the second point you know )

• Specify new length: 1000 ( the real length between the two points)

• Finally, zoom extents to display the full image. The Map Image is now

correctly scaled in metres.

• You can now "trace" over the raster image using all of the usual AutoCAD

commands


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3.9. The Stretch Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Stretch

Keyboard STRETCH

The Stretch command can be used to move one or more vertices of an object whilst

leaving the rest of the object unchanged.

Command Sequence

Command: STRETCH

Select objects to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon...

Select objects: (pick first point of crossing window)

Specify opposite corner: (pick second point of window)


Specify base point or displacement: (pick base point)

Specify second point of displacement: (pick second point)

3.10. The Lengthen Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Lengthen

Keyboard LENGTHEN

The Lengthen command can often be used instead of either the Trim or Extend

commands.


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The Lengthen command can be used to lengthen or shorten Lines, Arcs, open Polylines,

elliptical Arcs and open Splines

Command Sequence

Command: LENGTHEN

Select an object or [DElta/Percent/Total/DYnamic]: DY

Select an object to change or [Undo]: (select a line or arc)

Specify new end point: (pick new end point)

Select an object to change or [Undo]: (to end)

- Total option allows you to change the total length of a line to any value that you specify.

- The Percent option allows you to change a line length using a percentage. A value of

200 will result in a line twice the length of the original.

- The Delta option can be used to extend or reduce the endpoint of a line by a given

distance.

3.11. The Trim

Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Trim

Keyboard TRIM or TR

The Trim command can be

used to trim a part of an object. In order to trim an object you must draw a second object

which forms the "cutting edge". Cutting edges can be lines, xlines, rays, polylines, circles,

arcs or ellipses. The cutting edges are selected first (there can be one or more) and then

the objects to be trimmed are selected.

Command Sequence

Command: TRIM

Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=None

Select cutting edges ...

Select objects: (select the cutting edge, P1)


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Select objects: (to end cutting edge selection)

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend

or [Project/Edge/Undo]:(pick the part of the square which you want to trim, P2)


or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (pick the circle, P3)


or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (to end)

3.12. The Extend Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Extend

Keyboard EXTEND

This command extends a line, polyline or arc to meet another drawing object (known as

the boundary edge). Lines and other objects can be extended in one of two directions.

Command Sequence

Command: EXTEND

Current settings: Projection=UCS Edge=None

Select boundary edges ...

Select objects: (select the boundary edge, P1)

Select objects: (to end boundary edge selection)

Select object to extend or shift-select to trim

or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (pick the object which you want to be extended, P2)


or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (pick another object which you want to be extended, P3)


or [Project/Edge/Undo]: (to end)


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3.13. The Break Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Break

Keyboard BREAK

The Break command enables

you to break (remove part of) an object by defining two break points.

Command Sequence

Command: BREAK

Select objects: (select the object using the first break point, P1)

Specify second break point or [First point]: (pick the second break point, P2)

To break a line into two without removing any part of it pick the first and second break

points in the same position.

3.14. The Chamfer Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Chamfer

Keyboard CHAMFER

The Chamfer command enables you

to create a chamfer between any two non-parallel lines

Command Sequence

Command: CHAMFER

(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 10.0000, Dist2 = 10.0000

Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: D (to set distances)

Specify first chamfer distance <10.0000>: 20 (enter required distance)

Specify second chamfer distance <20.0000>: (first distance value or enter a different

value)


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Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: (pick P1)

Select second line: (pick P2)

3.15. The Fillet Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Fillet

Keyboard FILLET

The Fillet command is a very useful

tool which allows you to draw an arc

between two intersecting lines or

adjacent polyline segments.

Command Sequence

Command: FILLET

Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 10.0000

Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: R

Specify fillet radius <10.000>: 25

Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: (pick P1)

Select second object : (pick P2)

The Fillet command can also be used to fillet arcs and circles. The "Polyline" option also

allows you to fillet all vertices of a polyline with a single command.

Make sure that the radius you specify will fit the objects you select, otherwise the fillet

command will not work.


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3.16. The Explode Command

Toolbar

Pull-down Modify Explode

Keyboard EXPLODE

The Explode command is used to explode single objects back to their individual

component.

4. OBJECT SELECTION

4.1. Selecting Objects by Picking

Perhaps the most obvious way to select an object in AutoCAD is simply to pick it. All

you have to do is place your cursor over an object, click the mouse button and the object

will be selected.

The Crosshairs The Pickbox Highlighted Object

4.2. Window Selection


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The Window selection box is shown

as a rectangle with a solid line

Only objects entirely within the

window will be selected

Command Sequence

Command: (start one of the Modify commands such as ERASE)

Select objects: W

First corner: (pick first corner)

Specify opposite corner: (pick second corner)

Select objects: (at this point you can either select more objects or to complete the

selection set and continue with the current command.)

4.3. Crossing Window Selection

The command sequence is exactly the same but objects are selected which lie entirely

within the window and those which cross the window border.

The Crossing selection box is shown

as a rectangle with a broken line

Objects within and crossing the

window will be selected

4.4. Fence Selection

The Fence option allows you to draw like a Polyline.

All objects which cross the fence will be selected.

The Fence option is invoked by typing F at the

"Select objects" prompts.

Command Sequence

Select objects: F


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First fence point: (pick first point)

Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick second point)

Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick another point or to end fence selection)

Select objects: ( to complete the selection set or add more objects)

4.5. Using a Previous Selection

AutoCAD always remembers the last selection set you defined. In order to re-select the

last selection set you can use the previous option. The previous option is invoked by

typing P at the "Select objects" prompt.

Object Cycling

When drawings become complicated it is sometimes difficult to select the particular

object you want because it is either very close to or overlies another object. In such a case

it may happen that the other object is selected and not the one you want. If you make a

pick whilst holding the Control (Ctrl) key down, AutoCAD will respond with "<Cycle

on>". If you continue to pick, each object near the pick point is highlighted in rotation.

Just keep picking until the object you want is highlighted, then right-click or .

Advanced Selection

4.6. Quick Select

Toolbar not available

Pull-down Tools Quick Select…

Keyboard QSELECT


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If you needed to select all circles

on a layer called Water Quick

Select can help you do this. To

select all circles on the Water layer,

you would make the settings

shown in the dialogue box.

• The "Apply to" can be

used to cause the selection

to be made from the entire

drawing or from a selected

part of the drawing. Use

the Select objects button to

create a selection set from

which your more detailed

selection will be made.

• The "Object type" allows

you to select objects such

as circles, lines etc. If your

selection is to be made from more that one object type, select "Multiple".

• The "Properties" allow you to specify which particular property of an

object type to apply to the selection. So you could select all circles with a

particular radius or all circles on a particular layer.

• The "Operator" determines how the value is applied to the selection. For

example, using the equals option with a circle radius and a value set to 24

would mean all circles with a radius of 24 are selected. Or even all circles

except those with a radius of 24.

• The "Value" is used to specify the value of the property you have already

chosen. For example, if you had specified Circle and Radius as your object

type and property, you might enter "24" as a value. All circles with a

radius of 24 would be selected.


38

You have the option to have the selected objects either included or excluded from the

new selection set. In addition, you can also have this selection appended to the current

selection set. The "Append to current selection set" option is particularly useful because it

means that you can use Quick Select repeatedly to build up compound selections. For

example, you could use Quick Select to select all blue circles and then use it again to

select all blue lines. Appending the blue lines selection to the blue circles selection would

mean that you end up with a selection of all blue lines and circles.

4.7. Object Selection Filters

Toolbar Not available

Pull-down Not available

Keyboard FILTER or FI

To create a filter, click the arrow on the drop-down list in the Select Filter area and select

the object type or property you would like to add to the filter list

Click on the "Add to List" button. You can add as many object types or properties to the

list as you like.

If you have a filter list you can either use it as a one-off or you can save it as a named

filter by typing a name in the Save As edit box and then clicking the "Save As" button.

Your named filter will then be added to the Named Filters drop-down list and you can use

it again at any time.

Example


39

Start a new drawing, click on and select "Start from Scratch" from the Create New

Drawing dialogue box.

Use the Layer command, from the toolbar or Format Layer… from the pull-down

menu to create two new layers called "Construct" and "Boundary". Set the Construct

layer colour to Green and the Boundary layer colour to Red. Set the current layer to

"Construct".

Draw a selection of objects, lines, polylines, ellipses etc. including several circles.

Set the current layer to "Boundary" using the Object Properties toolbar.

Draw some more circles.

Now you are going to erase just the circles on the Construct layer, so start the ERASE

command, from the Modify toolbar or Modify Erase from the pull-down

At the "Select objects" prompt enter 'filter. The apostrophe is very important, it tells

AutoCAD that you want to use a command transparently.

When the Object Selection Filter dialogue box appears, select "Layer" from the drop-

down list. Select "Construct" from the list and click the "OK" button. You are now

returned to the Object Selection Filter dialogue box, click the "Add to List" button, your

layer selection is added to the list which now displays "Layer = Construct".

Next, select Circle from the drop-down list and click the "Add to List" button. "Object =

Circle" is added to the list below the Layer entry. You have now completed the filter list.

Click on the Apply button. The dialogue box disappears and you are returned to the

"Select objects" Enter all at the prompt. All objects are selected but the filter ensures that

all objects except the circles on the Construct layer are filtered out. All the circles on the

Construct layer are highlighted to indicate that they are selected. And you are returned to

the "Select objects" prompt.

Enter at the prompt, AutoCAD responds:

You now see the "Select objects" prompt again because you can add objects to the

selection set without them being filtered. Enter again to complete the command.

5. DIMENTIONS


40

6. AUTOCAD 3DIMENTION

6.1. create your model

Discuss step by step how to create 3-D

objects in AutoCAD, and also how to

add textures and lighting to that object.

STEP ONE: In AutoCAD, start off with

your plan of whatever you are creating.

STEP TWO: Create new layers; give it

a distinctive name and colour for every

element in the object like glass, external

walls, internal walls, doors…etc

Example: Layer: Extruded Exterior Walls see the window down

STEP THREE:

• Check if the plan made from polylines if not “as usual” you need to

change it.

• Set first “extruded external walls” layer current.


41

• Select the Boundary tool then click inside every wall piece

individually to create one polyline for every continues wall “see the 3

figures down”.

• Be sure that all the walls are closed.

STEP FOUR:

Repeat steps two and three with the rest…

door jambsعضادة الباب أو الشباك, window

sills ،حافة الشباك doors, floors, ceilings, etc.

For this tutorial keep it simple only draw

external walls, internal walls doors, glass,

windows, ground, and roof.


42

STEP FIVE: Turn off all layers except the new ones that we created for the polylines.

STEP SIX: Change the view from plan view to an isometric view (VIEW-->3DVIEWS--

>SW ISOMETRIC) when we add the third dimensions.

STEP SEVEN:

• put the layer “extrude external walls” current

• Click or type EXTRUDE in the command line.

• Press ENTER.

• Select all of your exterior walls

• Press ENTER.


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• The command line now says "Specify height of extrusion or [path]”……

tell the computer what the height of your walls.

• Type 4.5 and then press ENTER.

• The command line will say "Specify angle of taper for extrusion". This

asking if the walls will be extruded up at any angle other than 0 degrees.

Just press the ENTER button to accept. Your walls will now be extruded

up.

• Go to VIEW-->SHADE-->GOURAUD SHADED you will see that the

walls that you just extruded up are now solids. To change back to

wireframe go VIEW-->SHADE-->3D WIREFRAME


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STEP EIGHT: Repeat step seven with your interior walls and doors. Remember, your

doors are not 4.5 meter tall so make sure when you extruded them up you type in 3.5

All polylines are now extruded but we aren't finished. The areas above and below the

doors and windows need to be filled with walls and we also need a floor and a ceiling.


45

STEP NINE: Change the isometric view from Southwest to Southeast (VIEW--

>3DVIEWS-->SE ISOMETRIC) so you can see the area above the doors better.

STEP TEN: Now we need to add an area of wall to the top of the windows and an area

of wall under the window. Make the bottom piece first

• Draw a rectangle at the bottom of the window as in (1) then

• EXTRUDE the rectangle {1.2} meter as in (2).

• Do the same over the window and EXTRUDE {-1.2} to extrude the

rectangle down. Note some times you can not draw so you need to change

the UCS. write UCS in the command line then press Enter then select TOP

or by using tools-->orthographic UCS--> top

• Drew the window glass and extrude (2.1)

• Move the window glass up (1.2)


46

STEP ELEVEN: We now need to extrude wall over the door {-1} and as the same as we

did over the windows.

STEP TWELVE: note if we have many windows and one window finished we may do

the others by copy and paste them.

• Select the copy button then

• Select the glass, top and bottom part of the window.

• Press ENTER

• Click on one of the top corners; make sure your OSNAPS are turned on.

• Move a copy of these objects to a new location.

• Copy these objects to the other wall the same way but you'll just have to

rotate them 90 degrees.


47

STEP THIRTEEN: Now we need to create floor, roof and land surround the building.

• Put the floor layer current with its distinctive color.

• Draw the floor by the polyline on the outline the house plan or use

boundary to draw the out line.

• Make sure you close the polyline and the beginning of the polyline meets

the end.

• Extrude this polyline down a small amount (-0.1).

STEP FOURTEEN: Repeat step thirteen with the surround land.

STEP FIFTEEN:

• Drew the roof as the floor with different layer and colour.

• make the roof bigger by offset (0.5) and erase the original roof

• Note some times you can not draw so you need to change the UCS. write

UCS in the command line then press Enter then select TOP or by pull

down menus Tools-->orthographic UCS--> Top

• Extrude this roof polyline(2) meter with angle (60)


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STEP SIXTEEN: as we can see above the building is ready as 3dimention object now

we need to add materials to make the building more realistic

• Go to materials by view render materials or click

• You will see this window click on (1) materials library.


49

• So you will see

the materials

library window

and you will

find in the right

side all the

materials(2) and

press preview(3)

to see the

material and if

you like this

material you can

Import (4) it to the left box (5) to use it in the drawing object then ok.

• When we finish we will return to the first material window and we will

find all the picked materials in the materials window and we can notice in

the right side all the ways to add the materials to the object elements. By

Attach directly to the element or by ACI which use the colors or by the

layers and it is the best way.


50

• if you click on (by layer) so you will find this window and then you can

click and preview to see the material (6) then click on the layer (7) and

attach (8) then do the same with all layers then ok.

STEP SEVENTEEN: Now we add all the materials but we will notice if we do render

the object

• The scale of the materials is big or small like in this roof this mean we

need to click the material we need to edit then go modify in the materials

window so we find this window down.

And you can see the material from (9)

and change the scale from (10) click

(adjust bitmap) to modify the material

scale. The brightness and the strength or

contrast of the material can be adjusted

using a combination of two parameters, "Bitmap Blend" and "Value".


51

• And we may find we need to adjust the coordinates…and rotate the

material as in this object. So we need to click then we can adjust the

material coordinates.

• If we want to make the material on every face in the main object different

than the other faces. Because if we add the material as the normal way we

will get figure (2) and if we need every face 1, 2,3,4,5 as in figure (3) so

we need to do

- Explode all the main object then attach any material you like for any face you like so

you will notice every face become one unit and you can deal with it indusial as in figure

(3) you can change the material or change the coordinates by changing the lower left &

lower right & upper left pointes of the every face

- You can control which face {(1) or (2)} you select by pressing ctrl + click on the line

between the two faces.


52

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 4 If you apply the material then explode the object

FIGURE 5

If you explode the object then

attaches for every face any

material you like and you can

select the face by pressing ctrl +


53

click on the line between the two faces.

STEP EIGHTEEN: it is much faster if you deal with every layer material and make

render separate you can switch off other layers and just keep the layer you work in the

current layer and on. Or you can use render window in the render box and change more

options to minimal quality inside render box.

STEP NINETEEN: - lights are very important in modeling so click to see the lights

box down then (1) to decide the kind of the three lights you want and press new(2) to put

the name(3) and the shadows and the intensity of the light then ok and you can modify

the light (4)

Spot light Point light


54

AMBIENT LIGHT

Light that provides a

constant illumination to

every surface in a model

is ambient light; it comes

from no particular source

and has no direction.

DISTANT LIGHT

A distant light emits

uniform parallel light rays

in one direction only.

Light rays extend

infinitely on either side of

the point you specify as

the light source

POINT LIGHTS

A point light radiates

light in all directions from

its location

SPOTLIGHTS

A spotlight emits a

directional cone of light.

You can specify the

direction of the light and

the size of the cone


55

6.2. Solids Editing

This submenu can be found in modify menu. It gives the ability to modify the 3-D objects

as follow:-

6.2.1. Union

Command line: union

UNION: - Combines two or more solids into a single object

Command: union

Select objects: 1 found


Select objects: (ENTER)

6.2.2. Subtract

SUBTRACT: - command used to remove the volume of one object from another.

Command: subtract

Select solids and regions to subtract from...

Select objects: 1 found (PRESS ENTER)

Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract...

Select objects: 1 found (PRESS ENTER)

Select objects: (PRESS ENTER)


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6.2.3. Intersect

INTERSECT: - Creates a new solid from the intersecting area of two or more solids or

regions

Command: intersect



Select objects: (PRESS

ENTER)

6.2.4. Extrude face

Extrude face can extrude (face) in 3-D object and you can select just faces and if you like

to select more than one face you have to (press) CTRL, then inter the extrude height

although you can use path

The rest of the commands give you the opportunity to copy, move, rotate and delete faces

in 3-D models.


57

6.3. SURFACES

It is group of commands mainly used to draw surfaces and here we will discuss the

complicated commands

Draw Surfaces

6.3.1. Edge

6.3.2. 3-D mesh

6.3.3. Revolved surface

6.3.4. Tabulated surface

6.3.5. Ruled surface

6.3.6. Edge surface

6.4. SOLIDS

It is group of commands mainly used to draw solids

Draw Solids

6.4.1. revolve

1. drawing objectssite.iugaza.edu.ps/oqarmout/files/2010/12/autocad.pdf · 2010-12-15 · view...

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