1 ecg signal make-up. 2 biopotential requirements n high input impedance –minimum loading of the...

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1 ECG Signal Make-up

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Page 1: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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ECG Signal Make-up

Page 2: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Biopotential Requirements High Input Impedance

– Minimum loading of the signal being measured– Minimum 10M

Input circuit must have isolation and protection circuits to protect the patient

Output Impedance must be low compared to the load impedance

Proper bandwidth range. Not too narrow and not too wide

Gain at least 1000 times For bipolar electrodes, use differential amplifier

Page 3: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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ECG Functional Blocks

1. Protection circuit

2. Lead selector

3. Calibration signal

4. Preamplifier

5. Isolation circuit

6. Driven right leg system

7. Driver amplifier

8. Memory System

9. Microcomputer

10. Recorder - Printer

Page 4: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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The Electrocardiogram

Outline The ECG Specific Requirements Functional Blocks Frequent Problems Some Solutions

Page 5: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Heart Dipole

Page 6: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Cardiac Vector

Page 7: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Eindhoven’s Triangle

Page 8: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Wilson’s Central Terminal Connection

Page 9: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Augmented Leads

Page 10: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Comparing Augmented leads to Standard Leads

Page 11: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Precordial Leads

Page 12: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Problems Frequently Encountered Frequency Distortion Saturation or Cutoff Distortion Ground Loops Open Lead Wires Artifacts from Large Electric Devices Interference From Electric Devices Electromagnetic Interference

Page 13: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Frequency Distortion

Page 14: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Saturation - cutoff Distortion

Page 15: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Ground Loops

Page 16: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Ground Loops - 2

Page 17: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Artifacts from large electric devices

Page 18: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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(a) 60 Hz Line Interference(b) EMG interference

Page 19: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Mechanism of electric-field pickup from Power line

Page 20: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Current flows from the power line into the body

Page 21: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Magnetic-field Pickup by ECG

Page 22: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Voltage protection scheme at input

Page 23: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Voltage limiting device

Page 24: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Electrostatic Shield - to eliminate electric-field interference

Page 25: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Driven-Right-Leg System

Page 26: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Equivalent Ct. of a driven right leg system

Page 27: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Bio-Signals Charachteristics

Page 28: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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ECG Amplifier

Page 29: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 30: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 31: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 32: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 33: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 34: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 35: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 36: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 37: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 38: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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Page 39: 1 ECG Signal Make-up. 2 Biopotential Requirements n High Input Impedance –Minimum loading of the signal being measured –Minimum 10M n Input circuit

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