1 electricity use in california: past trends and present usage patterns rich brown may 2002
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Electricity Use in California: Past Trends and Present Usage
Patterns
Rich Brown
http://enduse.lbl.gov/Projects/CAdata.html
May 2002
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Overview Background Was CA’s demand growth unprecedented? Was CA’s demand growth unforeseen? How many houses can 1 MW supply? Which end uses contribute most to peak? How do we know all this? Looking forward
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Background Origins in EET demand-response white paper Mainly based on CEC and FERC data Electricity use values cited here exclude T&D
losses, but include loads served by self-generation
Further data in Brown & Koomey (2002), forthcoming in Energy Policy
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Was demand growth unprecedented or unforeseen?
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CA Electricity Consumption
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Other
Agricultural
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
TWh
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CA Peak Load
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Other
Agricultural
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
GW
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Was Demand Growth Unprecedented?
Growth slowed in the 90s Growth rates in 90s were lower than any time
except Depression and early 70s Absolute growth in consumption in 80s was
similar to 50s and 60s
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Was Demand Growth Unforeseen?
As early as 1988, CEC overpredicted 2000 demand
Early 90s recession led to lower growth Root cause of power crisis was little new
generation added 1994-1997 in Western U.S. How accurate was the CEC forecast?
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1987-2000 Electricity Consumption Growth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990 Forecast Actual
Growth (TWh)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Other
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1987-2000 Electricity Peak Load Growth
0
5
10
15
20
1990 Forecast Actual
Growth (GW)
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
AgriculturalOther
Peak load in Ag sector declined by 300 MW.
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How Many Houses Can 1 MW Supply?
Conventional wisdom says 1000 houses On peak: 600 houses On average: 1,200 houses Rule of thumb can be misleading CA ISO now uses 750 houses Only relevant for dispatchable resources
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CA Households per MW of Capacity
0
500
1000
1500
LADWP PG&E SCE SDG&E SMUD StatewideTotal
Number of households per average MW
Number of households per peak MW
households/MW
Source: CEC; 1999 data
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Which End Uses Contribute Most to Peak?
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1999 CA Building Sector Consumption and Peak Demand - Top 10 Highest-Peak End Uses
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Res. - AirConditioning
Com'l. - AirConditioning
Com'l. -Interior
Lighting
Com'l. - Other Res. -Miscellaneous
Res. -Refrigerator
Com'l. -Ventilation
Res. -Cooking
Res. - Dryer Com'l. -Refrigeration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Peak Demand
Annual Consumption
Source: CEC Demand Analysis Office
Peak Demand (GW) Consumption (TWh)
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California 1999 Summer Peak-day Load
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Residual ("Other" Area)
Res. - Air Conditioning
Com'l. - Air Conditioning
Com'l. - Interior Lighting
Res. - Miscellaneous
Com'l. - Other
Res. - Refrigerator
Com'l. - Ventilation
Res. - Cooking
Res. - Clothes Dryer
Com'l. - Refrigeration
Remainder of BuildingssectorIndustrial Sector
Agriculture & OtherSector
Time of Day (hour starting)
System Peak
Demand (GW)
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1999 Residential Summer Peak-day Load
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Air Conditioning
Miscellaneous
Refrigerator
Cooking
Clothes Dryer
Domestic Hot Water
Television
Freezer
Dishwasher
Washer
Time of Day (hour starting)System Peak
Demand (GW)
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1999 Summer Peak-day Commercial Building Load
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Air Conditioning
Interior Lighting
Other
Ventilation
Refrigeration
Office Equipment
Domestic HotWaterExterior Lighting
Cooking
Time of Day (hour starting)
System Peak
Demand (GW)
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1999 Summer Peak-day Industry & Other Load
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Assembly Industry
Agriculture
Process Industry
Transportation
Water Pumping(DWR)
Other Industry
Street Lighting
Time of Day (hour ending)
System Peak
Demand (GW)
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How have end use shares changed over time?
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CA Residential Electricity Consumption (and Annual Growth Rate)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Miscellaneous
Refrigerator
Dryer
Air Conditioning
Domestic Hot Water
Space Heating
Cooking
Television
Freezer
Dishwasher
Washer
TWh
19751999
Total Residential Consumption:
1975: 44 TWh1999: 75 TWh
4.9%
1.2%
4.3%
0.4%
1.2%
0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
4.6%
3.3%
(2.3% annual growth rate)
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A Note About the Data Empirical data sources
– Monthly consumption at customers’ meters– Hourly loads at various points in transmission grid– Hourly use and annual consumption by end use for
small samples of customers– Equipment ownership and usage
Aggregate use derived analytically Key uncertainties: end use load shapes,
diversity factors, building/equipment operation
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Looking Forward Improve baseline estimates
– Update/improve load shape data– Incorporate data from interval meters
Reduce peak & make it more price-responsive– Which end uses/building components to target?
Big challenge: population and economic growth swamp efficiency improvements
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For further information see:
http://enduse.lbl.gov/Projects/CAdata.html
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Backup Slides
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Electricity Supply Profile for Typical Hot Summer Day
Source: CEC
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Source: CEC
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CEC Power Plant Permit Filings11,350 MW