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Energy Consumption, Transformation and

Sources

Lecture #3HNRT 228Energy and the Environment

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iClicker Question

• Fossil fuels are derived from biological material produced– A at the time of the industrial

revolution– B about 300 million years ago– C about 1 million years ago– D about 1 billion years ago– E at the turn of the previous century

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iClicker Question

• At the turn of this century (2000) most energy was derived from– A Coal– B Wood– C Natural Gas– D Oil– E Nuclear Power

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iClicker Question

• Oil use in the U.S. has always risen since 1960.– A True– B False

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iClicker Question

• Which of the following countries has the lowest gas taxes?– A France– B Germany– C Spain– D Japan– E USA

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Overview of Energy Production/Consumption

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iClicker Question

• The United States imports more energy than it produces?– A True– B False

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Energy Flow from Source to Use (USA 2008)

Note Changes from 2003, page 17 of textbook

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TYPES OF ENERGYand their

Transformation

Mechanical, Electromagnetic,

Electrical, Chemical and Thermal

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What is Mechanical Energy?

o Energy due to a object’s motion

(kinetic) or position (potential).

The bowling ball has mechanical energy.

When the ball strikes the pins, mechanical energy is transferred

to the pins!

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Other Examples of Mechanical Energy

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What is Electromagnetic Energy?

o “Light” energy

o Includes energy from gamma rays, xrays, ultraviolet rays, visible light,

infrared rays, microwave and

radio bands

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What is Electrical Energy?

o Energy caused by the movement

of electrons

o Easily transported through power

lines and converted into other forms of

energy

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What is Chemical Energy?

o Energy that is available for release

from chemical reactions.

The chemical bonds in a matchstick

store energy that is transformed into thermal energy

when the match is struck.

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Examples of Chemical Energy

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What is Thermal Energy?o Heat energy

o The heat energy of an object determines how active its atoms

are.

A hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and

show rapid movement.

A cooler object's molecules and atoms will show less movement.

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iClicker Time!What type of energy cooks

food in a microwave oven?A MechanicalB ElectromagneticC ElectricalD Chemical

What type of energy is the spinning plate inside of a microwave oven?

A MechanicalB ElectromagneticC ElectricalD ChemicalE Thermal

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iClicker Time!

Electrical energy is transported to your house through power lines.

When you plug an electric fan to a power outlet, electrical energy is transform into what type of energy?

A MechanicalB ElectromagneticC ElectricalD ChemicalE Thermal

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iClicker Time!

What type of energy results when you turn on an electric

lamp? [Electrical to…]

A MechanicalB ElectromagneticC ElectricalD ChemicalE Thermal

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What types of energy are shown below?

A MechanicalB ElectromagneticC ThermalD ChemicalE More than one of the above

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What type of energy is shown below?

A MechanicalB Electromagnetic C ElectricalD ChemicalE Thermal

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What types of energy are shown below?

A MechanicalB Electromagnetic C ThermalD ChemicalE More than one of

the above

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What type of energy is shown below?

• A Mechanical• B

Electromagnetic • C Electrical• D Chemical• E Thermal

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What type of energy is shown below?

• A Mechanical• B

Electromagnetic • C Electrical• D Chemical• E Thermal

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Where does our energy come from for…?

• Electric light• Mobile phones• Power for your mp3• TV• Hot Water

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Energy for these things come from Energy Resources, that are converted into energy that we can easily use. Electricity is the main form of energy that we use and can power or charge what we need energy for.

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To generate electricity…

1. You need an energy source, e.g. coal2. This is burnt to produce heat or steam3. The heat or steam then drives a turbine4. The turbine then can drive a generator5. The generator then produces electricity6. The electricity is then transported in cables

to where it is needed

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Energy Resources can be divided into 2 categories:

1. Non-Renewable ResourcesFor example – coal, oil, gas, uranium or ligniteOnce used these resources CANNOT be used again

2. Renewable ResourcesFor example – wind, water or solarThese resources can be used over and over again

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Non-Renewable Resources: COAL

What is it? • Formed underground from decaying plant materialHow much left in the world?• About 200 yearsAdvantages? • Plenty left• Mining is getting more efficientDisadvantages? • Pollution: CO2 emissions (linked to global warming),

SO2 (linked to acid rain)• Heavy & bulky to transport

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Non-Renewable Resources: OIL

What is it? • Formed underground from decaying animal and plant

materialHow much left in the world? • Estimates vary, but average about 40 yearsAdvantages? • Quite easy to transport• Efficient in producing energy• Less pollution than coalDisadvantages? • Not much left• Pollution: air and danger of water pollution through spills

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Non-Renewable Resources: NATURAL GAS

What is it? • Formed underground from decaying animal and plant

materialHow much left in the world? • Estimates vary from 60-100 yearsAdvantages? • Clean, least polluting of all non-renewables• Easy to transportDisadvantages? • Some air pollution• Danger of explosions

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Non-Renewable Resources: NUCLEAR

What is it? • Uses uranium, naturally found in some rocksHow much left in the world? • Not knownAdvantages? • Not much waste and few CO2 emissions released,

as well as, few other greenhouse gasesDisadvantages? • High cost to build and close down power stations.• Waste is radioactive. Problem with getting rid of

waste safely

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Non-Renewable Resources: LIGNITE (between peat and coal)

What is it? • Formed underground from decaying plant

materialHow much left in the world? • Estimates vary, but average ~30 yearsAdvantages? • A local resource good for generating

electricityDisadvantages? • Air pollution, scarring of landscape through

open-cast mining• High moisture content

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Why is the term, FOSSIL FUEL used for coal, oil, gas and lignite?

A Because they all contain fossils.B Because they were once food sources for things that are now fossils.C Because they are derived from living matter of a previous geological age.D Because of their energy per unit of mass.E Because Prof. Geller said so.

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Renewable Resources: WIND

What is it? It the movement of air from high to low pressure

How much left? LotsAdvantages? No pollutionDisadvantages? Winds change all the time, not predictable

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Renewable Resources: SOLAR

What is it? Energy from the sunHow much left? LotsAdvantages? No pollution, can be used

in remote areasDisadvantages? Can be expensive,

needs sunlight At night it doesn’t work

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Renewable Resources: BIO-ENERGY

What is it? Biomass and Biogas – • fermented animal or plant waste• vegetation from sustainable sourcesHow much left? LotsAdvantages? Good availabilityDisadvantages? Can be expensive to set up

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Renewable Resources: HYDRO

What is it? Movement of water drives a turbine

How much left? LotsAdvantages? No CO2 emissions, can control

flooding and provide a good water supply to an area

Disadvantages? Large areas maybe flooded. Visual and water pollution

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Renewable Resources: GEOTHERMAL

What is it? Heat from the ground – often used to heat water

How much left? LotsAdvantages? No CO2 emissions

Disadvantages? Expensive and can only be used in certain parts of the world

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Renewable Resources: WATER & TIDAL

What is it? Movement of sea drives turbines

How much left? LotsAdvantages? Can produce a lot of

electricity, no CO2 emissions

Disadvantages? Not many suitable sites

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• Draw a flow map showing the flow of energy transformations in a car from starting vehicle to driving. You should have 5 different types of energy.

Group Think

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Energy Transfer

_______

________

______

_

_______

_________

____________

_______________

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In-Class Group Question

• Compare and contrast differences and similarities (changes in time) in the two diagrams depicting energy flow from source to use in the USA, from 2003 (in textbook), and 2008 (in presentation today).– Please remember to write complete

sentences in addressing your comparisons.