1. energy use and potential in urban systems · energy use in urban systems is relevant...
TRANSCRIPT
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Energy use and potential in urban systems
IEA #energyefficientworld
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Training Overview
1. Energy use and potential in urban systems
Scenario: Your mayor/governor is under pressure to reduce energy consumption
Question: How do you help the mayor/governor understand the drivers of energy consumption in the
city?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Training Overview
1. Why is urban energy use important?
• Urbanisation and energy use
• Impacts of energy use in urban areas
2. What’s the potential for energy efficiency in cities?
• Technologies and solutions that allow higher efficiency
3. Activity: mapping of urban authority influence
10 mins
5 mins
30 mins
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Training Overview
• This session gives a broad overview of why
energy use in urban systems is relevant
(concentration of energy-consuming economic
activities, and the increasing urbanisation)
• The impacts of these activities are laid out as
well (energy use, emissions, urban heat island).
We do this to call attention to the scale of the
impacts and the need to act.
• Then we elaborate the drivers responsible for
these changes. We do this to highlight the
aspects that can be controlled / regulated by
policy.
• The aim of the activity towards the end is to:
- Get a sense of the level of authority and
influence of participants over the energy-
consumption
- To allow the participants to understand their
sphere of influence and which stakeholders
to contact in areas where influence is
insufficienct
• The following sessions will then cover the
specifics of how each subsystem of the
city/municipality consumes energy, analysing the
drivers, and the recommendations to control
them.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
1. Why is urban energy use important?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important?
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
Urban areas account for the greatest shares of both global population and
world economic activity, two key drivers of energy use.
As such, the world’s urban areas have substantial influence over global energy
demand and energy-related emissions
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important?
Urban areas are growing, especially in emerging economies
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
0
20
40
60
80
100
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Projected percentage of
global urban population
1950-2050
0 20 40 60 80 100
Africa
Asia
Europe
South America
North America
Oceania
Percentage of urban
dwellers per region, 2018
Source UN Population Division, The Atlas
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important?
Role of urban authorities: A few of the main responsibilities of cities/municipalities are…
Planning
• Land use
• Urban planning
• Building regulations
• Transport planning
• Municipal infrastructure
Basic Necessities
•Air quality
•Water supply
•Solid waste disposal
•Sanitation
•Public health
•Education
Other Services
•Street lighting
•Social housing
•Traffic and parking
•Public safety
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important?
… and they involve energy-consuming sectors below in one way or another
Public
administration
buildings, retail and
residential buildings,
schools, hospitals,
museums, social
housing
Buildings
Public transport,
street design, traffic
signals and signage
Transport
Lighting, water,
sewerage, local
energy and
communication
networks
Utilities
Landfilling, waste
management
Waste
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important?
What happens in urban areas: Majority of global energy use and greenhouse emissions comes from cities
Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Impacts
What happens in urban areas: Urban structures produce heat island effect, which exacerbates need for
cooling
Source: LBNL (2013), Heat Island Group, http://heatisland.lbl.gov/
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Impacts
What happens in urban areas: Local air quality is also worse in urban areas, exceeding WHO guidelines
of 20 µg/m3, due to externalities of energy use
273 286
0
50
100
150
200
Po
rt L
ou
is
Ca
pe
To
wn
Pre
tori
a
Acc
ra
Dak
ar
Van
cou
ver
Was
hing
ton
Mo
ntev
ideo
San
Jose
Bue
nos
Air
es
Cara
cas
Puen
te A
lto
Rio
de
Jane
iro
San
tiago
Mex
ico
cit
y
Bei
rut
Mu
scat
Jedd
ah
Teh
ran
Am
man
Cair
o
Do
ha
Ab
u D
ha
bi
Kara
chi
Cope
nhag
en
Pari
s
Lisb
on
Rom
e
Mo
sco
w
War
saw
Buc
hare
st
Bel
grad
e
Ank
ara
So
fia
Auc
klan
d
Mel
bo
urn
e
Hir
osh
ima
Sin
gapo
re
Ban
gko
k
Man
ila
Seo
ul
Colo
mb
o
Shan
ghai
Hà
Noi
Ka
thm
an
du
Bei
jing
Ula
anb
aata
r
Dh
aka
Del
hi
Africa Americas Middle East Europe Asia and Oceania
WH
O a
ir q
ua
lity
gu
idel
ines
: PM
10
= 2
0 µ
g/m
3
Source Energy Technology Perspectives 2016
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important?
What drives energy use in urban areas?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Drivers of Energy use
Geophysical Structural Socio-economic
Sources: https://www.popsci.com/city-shape-grid-heat-island-temperature#page-4;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island#/media/File:20080708_Chicago_City_Hall_Green_Roof.JPG
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Drivers of Energy use
Geophysical
• The hotter/more humid the
climate, the higher the demand for
cooling like air-conditioning
Source https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/
• More water-strained, more
energy-intensive and costly to
deliver water
8.5
2.5
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.0 5.0 10.0
Desalination
Waste-W reuse
Waste-W treatment
Groundwater
Lake or river
Energy intensity (kWh per m³)
EPRI Water and Sustainability Volume 4
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1006787/
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
• Topography strongly influences
solar irradiation and wind flows
even before the built form
City University of New York
https://nysolarmap.com
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Drivers of Energy use
• More sprawled cities use more
energy than dense ones (transport
use, water pumping costs)
1020
9080
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Small Cities Large Cities
Street Lighting Other Costs
• Bigger cities need more lighting,
hence consume more energy
Source http://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-lighting-unburdening-our-
cities
• The more grid-like, the more it
traps heat
Source
http://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/CityTextureUHI_Feb2018.pdf
Structural
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Drivers of Energy use
Socio-economic
• Higher income urban population
tends to consume more energy per
capita
Source IEA ETP 2016
• More dense population consumes
less energy per capita
Source IEA ETP 2016
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Why is urban energy use important? Opportunity
Fortunately, the majority of opportunities to reduce energy use and emissions are also in urban areas
0
10
20
30
40
50
4DS Urbanreductions
Non-urbanreductions
2DS
2014 2050
Gt
CO
2
Power & heat Industry Transport Buildings
UrbanUrban
Non urban
Non urban
Urban
Non urban
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2013 2020 2030 2040 2050
GtC
O2
Non-urban 31% Urban 69%
Non-urban
Urban
6DS
2DS
Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2016
Where to start? Tools What are the steps?
pppppp
pppppp
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
2. What is the potential for energy efficiency in
urban systems?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?
• URBAN PLANNING and TRANSPORT: Potential for obtaining lower emissions and energy use
based on planning design, influencing transportCarbon footprints (residential emissions) in different neighbourhoods in Toronto, Canada
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?
Improving land use and transport could reduce 50% of global CO2 emissions.
In Southeast Asia, reduction could be between 58% to 93%
Total CO₂ emissions in Southeast Asian cities in Business-as-Usual (BAU) and Improved Land Use and Transport (LUT) scenarios
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2015 BAU 2050 LUT 2050
millio
n t
on
nes
CO
₂
em
issi
on
s
Kuala Lumpur Manila Jakarta Phnom Penh Hanoi
Source: http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/itf-transport-outlook-2017-9789282108000-en.htm;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933442845
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?
Savings based on the sizes of the motors and hours of operation could go up to 1500 GWhr/yr
Electricity savings from higher efficiency motors in different sizes and motor-driven applications
Source https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?
Average energy savings from replacing existing stock of public lighting technologies in India could
reach as high as 1600 GW, and 82% in terms of percentage savings
Energy savings from replacement of the different existing lighting technology stock in India
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Incandescent Tungsten
Halo
CFL Hg vapor HPS metal halide linear fluor.
% s
avin
g t
o B
ase
case
En
erg
y s
avin
gs
in G
Wh
by 2
020
Energy saved from replaced stock % savings
Source https://ies.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl6576e.pdf
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?
Municipalities in India implementing building codes can expect to gain high savings from private
buildings, as well as high percentage savings from their own municipal buildings
Energy savings achievable upon implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code in the city of Jaipur
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Retail mall Private office Hospital Hotel Government
Office
Institute Others
Perc
en
tag
esa
vin
gs
En
erg
ysa
vin
gs
(MW
h)
5-YEAR ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL DUE TO ECBC (JAIPUR)
Actual savings in 5 years (MWh) Percentage savings
Source https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015 ;
https://www.wri.org/blog/2017/11/indias-move-make-buildings-efficient
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
What is the potential for energy efficiency in urban systems?
There are significant EE opportunities at the urban level in South Africa with significant and multiple benefits
City carbon future modelling (Cape Town) showing
the impact of different policies on carbon emissions
Source: Sustainable Energy Africa (2013) Energy and urbanisation in South Africa
http://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_262.pdf
Source: South African Cities Network (2014) http://sacitiesnetwork.co.za/wp-
content/uploads/2014/07/Modelling-Energy-Efficiency-Potential-in-SACN-Cities-
full-report.pdf
Potential energy savings per Sector (GJ/a) in 9
cities of the South African Cities Network
(SACN)
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
3. Activity: Mapping of urban authority
influence
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Activity: Mapping of urban authority influence
Break into groups of 6
Scenario: Your municipal commissioner is under pressure to reduce energy consumption
Question: How do you help the commissioner understand the drivers of energy consumption in the
municipality?
What level of influence do you have on the
energy consuming aspects of your municipality?
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Activity: Mapping of urban authority influence
Source Adapted from ESMAP 2012 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5
Land-use
planning
Energy
budget
Public
buildings
Water tariffs
Mass transit
operation
Electricity
tariffs
Building
codes
Public
lighting
Water supply
Solid waste
0
1
2
3
4
5
Land-use
planning
Energy budget
Public buildings
Water tariffs
Mass transit
operation
Electricity tariffs
Building codes
Public lighting
Water supply
Solid waste
What level of influence do you have on the energy consuming aspects of your municipality?
1 = no influence 3 = some level of influence
(consulted, involved as stakeholder)
5 = complete authority and direction
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.