1 farming and the emergence of complex societies 10,000 – 1,000 bce

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Farming and the Emergenceof Complex Societies

10,000 – 1,000 BCE.

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Join us for Join us for the world tour!the world tour!

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STOP!

I know what I know what you’re you’re

thinking!thinking!

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Farming and Farming and complex societies?complex societies?

Where did they Where did they come from?come from?

I thought I thought we were stillwe were stillhunting andhunting andgathering!gathering!

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Today10k years ago200k yrs ago

Big Era 2

……and changes and changes have always beenhave always been—and still are——and still are—part of human part of human

history.history.

Let’s look for Let’s look for a minute at a minute at the changes the changes

that took that took place in place in

before this before this time.time.

You You DODO rememberrememberPrehistory, Prehistory, don’t you?don’t you?

Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1

Farming and Farming and complex complex

societies are the societies are the result of result of

CHANGECHANGE……

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Today10k years ago200k yrs ago

Big Era 2

The era before The era before this time period is this time period is

the era that the era that covers the period covers the period from 200,000 to from 200,000 to

10,000 years ago.10,000 years ago.

Many changes Many changes happened to happened to

before this time before this time period wasperiod was

fraught fraught with change.with change.

Shall we do Shall we do aa

quick quick review?review?


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200k yrs ago

Human Origins

Today10k years ago

Big Era 2


Homo erectus doing lunch

You will You will probably recall probably recall

that life that life 200,000 years 200,000 years

ago looked ago looked something like something like

this.this.

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10k years ago200k yrs ago

Human Origins

Today

Big Era 2


Homo sapiens at home

10,000 years ago at 10,000 years ago at the close of before this the close of before this time, life looked more time, life looked more

like this:like this:

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Homo erectus – 200,000 years ago

Homo sapiens – 10,000 years ago

Notice any Notice any changes?changes?

Would you say Would you say there were:there were:

(c) Lots of changes?(c) Lots of changes?

(b) Some changes?(b) Some changes?

(a) No changes?(a) No changes?

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Complex SocietyComplex SocietyOne way of human beings living togetherOne way of human beings living together

What are some other ways?What are some other ways?

• Hunter-gatherer societiesHunter-gatherer societies

• Pastoral nomadic societiesPastoral nomadic societies

• Small-scale farming societiesSmall-scale farming societies

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If you said If you said there were there were “(c) Lots of “(c) Lots of

changes,” you changes,” you were obviously were obviously

paying paying attention.attention.

If, on the other If, on the other hand, you chose hand, you chose

“(a) No “(a) No changes” or changes” or

“(b) Some “(b) Some changes,” you changes,” you

must have been must have been out with the flu out with the flu so far this year. so far this year. (Hope you are (Hope you are feeling better!).feeling better!).

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Hints

What were those What were those changeschanges

Americas

Are these Are these going to be going to be on the test?on the test?

Any guesses?Any guesses?

Boomerang

So, it’s antelope burgers

tonight, right?

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1,000 years ago Today

Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

Changes that occurred by the end of during era of Changes that occurred by the end of during era of prehistoryprehistory

(Beginning of era where complex societies were formed)(Beginning of era where complex societies were formed)

1.1. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens appear. appear.2.2. Language develops.Language develops.3.3. Habitats expand.Habitats expand.4.4. Technology multiplies.Technology multiplies.5.5. Wall painting and Wall painting and

sculpture are created.sculpture are created.End of Big Era Two

(Beginning of Big Era 3)

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Keeping those changesKeeping those changes in mind, let’s lookin mind, let’s look

at life all the way at the at life all the way at the end of this era, that is, end of this era, that is,

about 1,000 BCE.about 1,000 BCE.

1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today

Big Era 3


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1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today

Big Era 3


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Quite a few,Quite a few,Huh?Huh?

Notice any Notice any Differences?Differences?

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Jot down some Jot down some notes on what notes on what

events you think events you think might have might have taken place taken place

between 10,000 between 10,000 and 1,000 BCE.and 1,000 BCE.

HERE?HERE toto

So, how did we So, how did we get from…get from…

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which reflects the which reflects the DOMESTICATIONDOMESTICATION of… of…

and plantsand plantsanimalsanimals


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

One of the major changes is One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :Iraq) :

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• Plants trick animals to Plants trick animals to spread seeds they eat spread seeds they eat them and then go to them and then go to bathroom. Gives seed bathroom. Gives seed fertilizer as well. To get fertilizer as well. To get them to plants that taste them to plants that taste good are more likely to good are more likely to be eaten and therefore be eaten and therefore spread. spread.

How does Plant How does Plant Domestication come Domestication come

aboutabout

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• (scan or copy charts on pg. 99 & 100 (scan or copy charts on pg. 99 & 100 Guns Germs and Steel). Guns Germs and Steel).

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• Farmers spend more hours working Farmers spend more hours working per day than hunter gatherers P. 107 per day than hunter gatherers P. 107 – the answer is that it evolved. the answer is that it evolved.

• It started out as mixed economies and the It started out as mixed economies and the balance over time switched to more farmingbalance over time switched to more farming

Why do people move toward farming over

hunting and gathering

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• However there are 5 major contributing However there are 5 major contributing factorsfactors– Decline of availability of wild foodsDecline of availability of wild foods– Depletion of wild gameDepletion of wild game– Development of technology for food production Development of technology for food production

• such as sickles, baskets for harvesting mortars, such as sickles, baskets for harvesting mortars, pestles, or grinding slabs technique for roasting pestles, or grinding slabs technique for roasting grains so they can be stored without sprouting grains so they can be stored without sprouting

– Rising populationRising population– Denser population of farmers Denser population of farmers

• allowed them to displace or kill off hunter gatherersallowed them to displace or kill off hunter gatherers

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• Animals feed societies in four waysAnimals feed societies in four ways• Directly as meatDirectly as meat

– Major source of protein replacing wild Major source of protein replacing wild gamegame•Americans get most animal protein from Americans get most animal protein from

cows, sheep, pigs, and chickenscows, sheep, pigs, and chickens• Serve as sources of milkServe as sources of milk• Milked animals includeMilked animals include

– CowCow --Sheep--Sheep– GoatGoat --Horse--Horse– ReindeerReindeer --Water buffalo--Water buffalo– YakYak --Arabian and Bactrian camels--Arabian and Bactrian camels

How about animal domestication How

does that fit in.

Animals help to feed societies in four ways can you guess what

they are?

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• FertilizerFertilizer• Manure is still the major source of crop fertilizer Manure is still the major source of crop fertilizer

todaytoday• Work forceWork force• Pulling plows and thereby making it possible Pulling plows and thereby making it possible

for people to till the land which had for people to till the land which had previously been uneconomical for farmingpreviously been uneconomical for farming

• Plow animals Plow animals • CowCow *Horse*Horse• Water buffaloWater buffalo *Bali cattle*Bali cattle• Yak/ cow hybridsYak/ cow hybrids

WAIT THERE’”S MORE!

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• Agriculture leads to more population growth than Agriculture leads to more population growth than hunter gathering societieshunter gathering societies

• A hunter gatherer mother can carry only A hunter gatherer mother can carry only one child and her possessions while moving one child and her possessions while moving around. She can not bear another child until the around. She can not bear another child until the first child is old enough to walk fast enough to first child is old enough to walk fast enough to keep up with the tribe and not hold it back. keep up with the tribe and not hold it back. Hunter gatherers spaced their children by about 4 Hunter gatherers spaced their children by about 4 yearsyears

• Abstinence, infanticide, abortionAbstinence, infanticide, abortion• Agricultural societies can bear as many Agricultural societies can bear as many

children as they can feed children as they can feed • Birth rates for agricultural societies Birth rates for agricultural societies

are one every two yearsare one every two years

Who does better agricultural societies or hunter-gatherers and

why?

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Storing foodStoring food

Hunter-gather societies have a tough time Hunter-gather societies have a tough time storing foodstoring food

• If they kill more than they need it is of If they kill more than they need it is of little use after a few dayslittle use after a few days

• If they can not have excess food than they If they can not have excess food than they can not have specialized workerscan not have specialized workers

• Since all able bodied hunter gathers are Since all able bodied hunter gathers are needed to hunt for food so therefore they needed to hunt for food so therefore they are relatively egalitarian societiesare relatively egalitarian societies

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• Agricultural societies can store food Agricultural societies can store food – Therefore they can have specialized workersTherefore they can have specialized workers

• Specialized workers includeSpecialized workers include– KingsKings– BureaucratsBureaucrats

• Once food can be stockpiled Once food can be stockpiled – It can be controlled by the political eliteIt can be controlled by the political elite– Who can assert the authority for taxation, Who can assert the authority for taxation,

escape need to grow food, and spend full time escape need to grow food, and spend full time on political activitieson political activities

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Other uses for animals and Other uses for animals and plantsplants

• Animals as clothing / toolsAnimals as clothing / tools• Agriculture and animals can also Agriculture and animals can also

provide fiber for clothing, blankets, provide fiber for clothing, blankets, nets and rope, bones can be used to nets and rope, bones can be used to make toolsmake tools

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Animals as TransportationAnimals as Transportation

• Before animal domestication the Before animal domestication the major means of transport was on the major means of transport was on the backs of menbacks of men– Animals Used for transportationAnimals Used for transportation

• HorsesHorses *Donkey*Donkey• YakYak *Reindeer*Reindeer• CamelCamel *Llama*Llama

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Animals in warsAnimals in wars

Horses have been very importantHorses have been very important

Elephants have been used on occasionElephants have been used on occasion

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So why did they not domesticate more So why did they not domesticate more animalsanimals

• Animal Domestication ( copy pg. 160 Guns Germs and Steel).Animal Domestication ( copy pg. 160 Guns Germs and Steel). • Reasons for failed domestication of Reasons for failed domestication of

animalsanimals– Diet- carnivores too expensiveDiet- carnivores too expensive– Growth rate- they must grow quicklyGrowth rate- they must grow quickly– Problems with captive breedingProblems with captive breeding– Personality- if animal has nasty dispositionPersonality- if animal has nasty disposition– Tendency to Panic- nervous animals are Tendency to Panic- nervous animals are

difficult to keep in captivitydifficult to keep in captivity– Social Structure- live in herds, maintain a well-Social Structure- live in herds, maintain a well-

developed dominance hierarchy and occupy developed dominance hierarchy and occupy overlapping home ranges rather than mutually overlapping home ranges rather than mutually exclusive territoriesexclusive territories

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GermsGerms

• Advantages of Farmers- live in denser Advantages of Farmers- live in denser populations than hunter gatherers. And populations than hunter gatherers. And therefore breathe out nastier germs. Also therefore breathe out nastier germs. Also live in and around own sewage, rodents live in and around own sewage, rodents are also attracted to stored food, are also attracted to stored food,

• Many germs come from animals in Many germs come from animals in fact most of the worst epidemic diseases fact most of the worst epidemic diseases evolved from diseases of animalsevolved from diseases of animals

• Until WWII most people who died did Until WWII most people who died did so from germs then battle wounds wars so from germs then battle wounds wars were won by those with the nastiest germswere won by those with the nastiest germs

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How diseases- germs evolve How diseases- germs evolve • Evolve like other speciesEvolve like other species

– Evolution suggests those individuals most Evolution suggests those individuals most productive in producing babies. For a microbe productive in producing babies. For a microbe that means infecting more patients. Many that means infecting more patients. Many symptoms are ways the germ uses our body to symptoms are ways the germ uses our body to spread itself. spread itself.

• StrategiesStrategies– Wait to be eaten by next host- example Wait to be eaten by next host- example

salmonella bacteriassalmonella bacterias– Hitchhike in the saliva-example diseases from Hitchhike in the saliva-example diseases from

mosquitoes, or fleas, etc.mosquitoes, or fleas, etc.– Change anatomy to allow transmission- Change anatomy to allow transmission-

creating sorescreating sores– Inducing coughing and/or sneezingInducing coughing and/or sneezing

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Have you ‘herd’ Have you ‘herd’ about pastoralism?about pastoralism?

Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change.

It resulted in the new way of It resulted in the new way of living we know as living we know as

FARMINGFARMING(AGRICULTURE)…(AGRICULTURE)…


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

……which included both which included both PASTORALISMPASTORALISM

(herding sheep, goats, cattle, (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels),horses, and camels),

and…and…

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Crop-growingCrop-growing(cultivating domesticated (cultivating domesticated

plants),plants),

and…and…


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

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the development of…the development of…

FARMING FARMING COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

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MesoamericaMesoamerica

AndesAndes AmazoniaAmazonia

Eastern North AmericaEastern North America

New GuineaNew Guinea

ChinaChina

EthiopiaEthiopia

WestWestAfricaAfrica

Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farmingBetween about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farmingappeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,

possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

Nile valleyNile valley

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Prior to farming, Prior to farming, population size in any population size in any one area was limitedone area was limitedby the availability of wild by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts.seeds, and nuts.

Farming and the large, Farming and the large, relatively dependable relatively dependable crops it provides crops it provides allowed for…allowed for…

POPULATION POPULATION INTENSIFICATIONINTENSIFICATION

That means That means population population

increases in certain increases in certain areas. Population in areas. Population in those areas became those areas became

both larger and both larger and denser.denser.

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At the same time, At the same time, farmers in some farmers in some

places were, in spite places were, in spite of population growth,of population growth,

able to produceable to produce SURPLUS food.SURPLUS food.

What does What does SURPLUS SURPLUS

FOOD FOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

mean for a mean for a society?society?

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SURPLUS FOOD SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION……

……means that not means that not everyone has to grow everyone has to grow food or tend animals. food or tend animals. They can take on other They can take on other tasks. They can tasks. They can specialize in some non-specialize in some non-farming task. farming task.

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Complex Division of LaborComplex Division of LaborMeansMeans

Specialization of OccupationsSpecialization of Occupations

Surplus production means that some people do not have to grow food or raise animals. They can take on other tasks.

This allows social and cultural relations to become much

more complex.

How many of youhave parents who are

farmers?Who has a parent

with a highly specialized occupation?

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This is called…This is called…

Job Specialization.Job Specialization.Men and women may Men and women may

become:become:

• WeaversWeavers• Stone MasonsStone Masons• PottersPotters• PriestsPriests• Scribes Scribes • TradersTraders• Army officersArmy officers

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So, let’s have a So, let’s have a quick review of that quick review of that

last sequence of last sequence of events.events.

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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals

FarmingFarming

Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation

IntensificationIntensification

Complex Society,Complex Society,also known asalso known asCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

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Hint, hint!Hint, hint!

You might want You might want to make a note to make a note of these as we of these as we

go along.go along.

Civilizations have a number Civilizations have a number of elements in common.of elements in common.

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CivilizationCivilization

Remember it.Remember it.Write it down.Write it down.

Did you catchDid you catchthat term?that term?

Can you Can you define define

it?it?

Answer: A civilization is a complex society. Answer: A civilization is a complex society.

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Elements of civilization include:Elements of civilization include:

Mohenjo Daro

Hammurabi’sLaw Code

It’s thelaw

Pharaohs

1)1) CitiesCities

2) Central governments 2) Central governments And Law codesAnd Law codes

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1)1) CitiesCities

2) Central governments 2) Central governments and law codesand law codes

Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:

Can you identifyCan you identify the societythe societyrepresentedrepresented

by each of these two by each of these two writing samples?writing samples?

3) Writing and 3) Writing and record keepingrecord keeping

4) Highly organized religions4) Highly organized religions

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4) Highly organized 4) Highly organized religionreligion

5) Specialized Jobs5) Specialized Jobs

Full-time monk

Assyrian slavesIn Egypt

6) Social Classes6) Social Classes

1)1) CitiesCities

2) Central Governments 2) Central Governments and law codesand law codes


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7) Complex 7) Complex TechnologiesTechnologies

Chariot5) Specialized jobs5) Specialized jobs

6) Social classes6) Social classes

Bronze Sword


4) Highly organized 4) Highly organized religionreligion

1)1) CitiesCities

2) Central governments 2) Central governments and law codesand law codes


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So, have you So, have you been paying been paying

attentionattentionor doing a bit of or doing a bit of day dreaming?day dreaming?

Let’s Let’s check!check!

Can you list Can you list some of thesome of the

elements of a elements of a civilization?civilization?

Clue: Clue: There were There were

7!7!

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Good job, Good job, huh?huh?

Check your answers below:

Good job if your list includes:

1.1. CitiesCities 2.2. Central governments and law codesCentral governments and law codes3.3. Writing and record-keepingWriting and record-keeping4.4. Specialized jobsSpecialized jobs5.5. Social classesSocial classes6.6. Complex technologiesComplex technologies7.7. Highly organized religionsHighly organized religions

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3,000 years ago

By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies.

Are we Are we supposedsupposed

to be takingto be takingnotes on this?notes on this?


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

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By the end of Big By the end of Big Era Three, about Era Three, about 1000 BCE, there 1000 BCE, there

were several well-were several well-established established

civilizations in civilizations in Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.

There were There were also two new also two new ones in the ones in the Americas. Americas.

At least two civilizations in At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Mediterranean region and the

Harappan in the Indus River valley Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.had already come and gone.

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Now, looking back over Big Era Three,

let’s review the major changes.


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals

FarmingFarming

Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation

IntensificationIntensification

Complex Society,Complex Society,also known asalso known asCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION


Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

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That translates into:That translates into:

FarmersFarmersHerdersHerdersCitiesCities

Central governmentsCentral governmentsArmiesArmies

Monumental buildingsMonumental buildingsWritten languageWritten languageSocial hierarchiesSocial hierarchies

Complex belief systemsComplex belief systems

In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.

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.

Not only has life changed Not only has life changed culturally and culturally and

technologically, but also technologically, but also the rate of change has the rate of change has

accelerated.accelerated.

10k years ago

Art

200k yrs ago

Language

Big Era 2

Big Era 1

Today

BigEras4-9

1k years ago

Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, chiles, potatoes—all domesticatedchiles, potatoes—all domesticated

Plow farmingPlow farming

Law CodesLaw Codes

ChariotsChariots

Temple buildingTemple building

Sailing technologySailing technology

CopperCoppersmeltingsmelting

AlphabetAlphabet

WheelWheel

WritingWriting

IrrigationIrrigation

Regular trade routesRegular trade routes

CalendarsCalendars

PotteryPottery

Bow & arrowBow & arrow

PyramidsPyramids

Walled citiesWalled cities

Letters andLetters andenvelopesenvelopes

360-degree circle360-degree circle

BE3

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Make a few Make a few notes and notes and

discuss this discuss this question with question with your teacher your teacher and fellow and fellow students.students.

What factors What factors do you think do you think

might account might account for this for this

increasing rate increasing rate of change?of change?

You may have noticed You may have noticed that the difference that the difference

between the rate of between the rate of change in Big Era Two change in Big Era Two and in Big Era Three is and in Big Era Three is

enormous.enormous.

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Come to think of it, things Come to think of it, things changed REALLY fast In changed REALLY fast In

the 20th century. I wonder the 20th century. I wonder what the rate of change is what the rate of change is going to be like in the 21st going to be like in the 21st

century?century?

As you move on to As you move on to Big Era Four (1,200 Big Era Four (1,200

BCE to 500 AD), BCE to 500 AD), keep your eye on the keep your eye on the rate of change. Does rate of change. Does it keep increasing? it keep increasing?

Level off? Slow Level off? Slow down?down?

Do the factors you Do the factors you have identified as have identified as

affecting the rate of affecting the rate of change in Big Era change in Big Era Two and Big Era Two and Big Era Three still apply?Three still apply?

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Well, that’s all for Well, that’s all for Big Era Three, but Big Era Three, but

don’t go away.don’t go away.

Hang on to Hang on to your notes and your notes and

stay tuned stay tuned for…for…

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Big Era Four!Big Era Four!Coming SOON Coming SOON to a classroom to a classroom

near you.near you.

1 farming and the emergence of complex societies 10,000 – 1,000 bce

Documents

end of big era

beginning of big era

years agotoday big eras

era of prehistory

major changes

changes americas

result of change slide

human origins today10k