1 fig. 4.1 bacterial cell structure. 2 cytoplasm dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids,...
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Fig. 4.1
Bacterial Cell Structure
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Cytoplasm
• dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, & salts
• 70-80% water
• serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions
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Chromosome
• single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell
• DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid
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DNA temperature melting DNA temperature melting Bacteria classificationBacteria classification
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A +T
G + C
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plasmids
• small circular, double-stranded DNA• free or integrated into the chromosome• duplicated and passed on to offspring• not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism• may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to
toxic metals, enzymes & toxins• used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated
& transferred from cell to cell
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Ribosomes• made of 60% ribosomal RNA & 40%
protein
• consist of 2 subunits: large & small
• procaryotic differ from eucaryotic ribosomes in size & number of proteins
• site of protein synthesis
• All cells have ribosomes.
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Inclusions, granules
• intracellular storage bodies
• vary in size, number & content
• bacterial cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted
• Examples: glycogen, poly--hydroxybutyrate, gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and polyphosphate granules
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10Fig 4.10
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Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasmic membrane ProtoplastProtoplast
SpheroplastSpheroplast L formsL forms
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4 groups based on cell wall 4 groups based on cell wall compositioncomposition
1. Gram positive cells
2. Gram negative cells
3. Bacteria without cell walls
4. Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls
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Gram positiveGram positive
Gram negativeGram negative
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Gram positive Gram negative
Fig 4.16
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipid A• Glucosamine disaccharide
• Beta hydroxy fatty acids
Core • Heptoses• Ketodeoxyoctonic acid
O-antigenHighly variablen
(Hydroxy myritic Acid)
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LPS functionLPS functionEndotoxinsEndotoxinsExotoxinsExotoxins
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Gram positive wall
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Gram negative cell wall
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Peptidoglycan
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CytoplasmCytoplasm
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Lipoteichoic acid Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid
Cytoplasmic membrane
Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane
Outer Membrane
LipopolysaccharidePorin
lipoprotein
Peri
plas
mic
spa
ce
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r r rrr
r
Gram Positive Cell EnvelopeGram Positive Cell Envelope
CytoplasmCytoplasm
rrrr
Lipoteichoic acid
Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid
Cytoplasmic membrane
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Glycocalyx
• Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins
• 2 types1. capsule - highly organized, tightly attached2. slime layer - loosely organized and attached
• Functions– attachment– inhibits killing by white blood cells– Receptor (K antigen)
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2 Types of Glycocalyx
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Biofilms
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FlagellaFlagella
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lophotrichous
Monotrichous
amphitrichous peritrichous
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27Fig 4.2b
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Fimbrae
• Adhesion to other cells and surfaces
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pili
• rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
• found only in Gram negative cells
• Functions – joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation)– adhesion
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Conjugation
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endospores
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Important components in endospore:
CalciumCalciumDipicolinic AcidDipicolinic Acid
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SporulationSporulation
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The endosporeThe endospore
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Major Taxonomic Groups of Major Taxonomic Groups of BacteriaBacteria
• Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls, thin-skinned
• Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick skinned
• Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft• Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive
procaryotes with unusual cell walls & nutritional habits
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Grwth in BacteriaGrwth in Bacteria
• Temperature
• Nutrients
• pH
• Osmotic pressure
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• Minimum temperature – lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism
• Maximum temperature – highest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism
• Optimum temperature – promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
TemperatureTemperature
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3 temperature adaptation groups
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Bacterial MetabolismBacterial Metabolism
• Phototropho Photoautotroph (Photolitotroph)o Photoheterotroph (Photoorganotroph)
• Chemotropho Chemoautotroph (Chemolitotropho Chemoheterotroph (Chemoorganotroph)
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Stages of metabolism in Stages of metabolism in chemoheterotrophic bacteriachemoheterotrophic bacteria
• Digestion
• Absorption (Passive and active transportation)
• Preparation for oxidation
• Oxidation
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Oxygen requirements
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Fermentation
• Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
• Uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors
• Yields a small amount of ATP• Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on
glucose• Formation of acid, gas & other products by the
action of various bacteria on pyruvic acid
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Fermentation
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Binary divisionBinary division
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Growth Curve
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Con
tinuo
us C
ultu
re, C
hem
osta
t
Chemostats are a means of keeping a culture in log phase indefinitely.
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Methods in bacterial identification
1. Microscopic morphology2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance3. Physiological / biochemical characteristics4. Chemical analysis5. Serological analysis6. Genetic & molecular analysis
• G + C base composition• DNA analysis using genetic probes• Nucleic acid sequencing & rRNA analysis
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Bacterial Colonies
• Standard Bacterial Count
• Colony-Forming Units
• Plaque-Forming Units
•Spread Plate
• Pour Plate
• Soft-Agar Overlay
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Solid Medium
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