1 final exam review part 1 9 th grade global history and geography ms. marten
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Final Exam ReviewPart 1
9th GradeGlobal History and Geography
Ms. Marten
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CultureCulture• Culture—a way of life• Cultural diffusion—sharing and spread of
ideas, goods and inventions between groups• Result of people having contact with each other ♦trade, warfare, diaspora
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GeographyGeography• Geography effects culture• Rivers = highways for contact (trade)• Barriers = mountains, oceans, rainforest, deserts
♦prevents cultural diffusion and causes isolation
♦protection from invasion
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Geography of JapanGeography of Japan
• Geography of Japan:1. Archipelago—chain of islands2. Mountainous—farmers rely
on terrace farming
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Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C)
Paleolithic Age (2,000,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C)
• Nomads—men and women were hunters and gathers with no permanent settlements
• Population was small♦Usually 2-3 dozen
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Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)Neolithic Revolution (10,000 B.C.)
• Discovery of agriculture• Domestication of animals• Permanent settlements• Start of civilizations and more complex
societies
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Early River Valley Civilizations4000 BC - 500
N ile /E g yp t T ig ris & E u p h ra tesM esop o tam ia
In d u sIn d ia
H u an g H eC h in a
C on trib u tion s
A n c ien t R ive r V a lleys
aka Sumerians aka Yellow
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I. All of theses civilizations were:
1. Located in river valleys
2. Dependent of fertile soil (silt)
3. Irrigated water from river (s)
4. Transportation and Trade
N ile /E g yp t T ig ris & E u p h ra tesM esop otam ia
In d u sIn d ia
H u an g H eC h in a
C on trib u tion s
A n c ien t R iver V a lleys
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Tigris & EuphratesMesopotamia/Sumerians
• Code of Hammurabi—firstwritten laws (eye for an eye)
• Cuneiform—first writing• Invented wheel, sail and plow • Ziggurats
I. Contributions:
• Irrigation
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Egyptians/Nile
• Irrigation System
• Pyramids• Pharaoh—Theocracy
• Hieroglyphics• Polytheistic religion
I. Contributions:
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IndusIndia
• Planned cities
• Hinduism-caste system
• Sanskrit writing
● Indoor plumbing
I. Contributions:
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Huang He/YellowChina
• Walled cities• Calligraphy – writing• Rice cultivation• Dynasties—ruling families
I. Contributions:
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A. Skilled sailors used
the seas as highways
B. Trade was important to Greece because region lacked many resources
ex., wood and precious metals
Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece
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2. Rugged land-mountains make up ¾ of the land
A. Mountains
separated
people
politically
—no unity
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• Philosophy— “Fathers of Philosophy”1. Socrates2. Plato3. Aristotle
• Government—DEMOCRACY—Athens
● Science and math
Greek ContributionsGreek Contributions
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Greek ContributionsGreek Contributions• Architecture—columns
1. Doric2. Ionic3. Corinthian
* Parthenon—temple to goddess Athena• Art—realistic sculpture
which valued balance,
order and proportion
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• Hellenistic Culture: Greek culture mixed with Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences
Alexander the Great Alexander the Great
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Roman Contributions
• Pax Romana—Golden Age
• Law—Twelve Tables—written set of laws to unify them throughout the empire
• Centralized government
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Roman Contributions
• Christianity—became official religion of Roman Empire
• Latin—official language of the Empire
• Architecture—arches and domes
• Engineering—roads, bridges and aqueducts
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Decline and Fall of Roman Empire
• The empire was TOO BIG!• Political—corruption and instability of government• Economic—inflation, employment, cost of empire • Social—Loss of morale • Military—mercenaries and barbarian invasions
♦Huns
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Decline and Fall of Roman Empire● Military—mercenaries and barbarian invasions, including the Huns