1 forth on foum water management project page(1-10)

8/8/2019 1 Forth on Foum Water Management Project Page(1-10)

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o PC. I FOR|\,|

IIOT-]RTII ON FARM \,VA'TEIr N,TANAGBMENT PIIOJECI'(woRLD BANr( ASSTSTED)

1999-2000 To 2003-2004

DTREC'TORATB (; BN BRA [, N GRTCTILTIIIIB(w.lTBR l\,tANAGEl\,1Ii,NT), pl INJAB, I_,AlIOREDBCI'I\IIIBR I999


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- | FORI\4

FOTIRTII ON FARIVI WA'T[,Ir I\{ANAGEMBNT PROJECl'(woRtD B/t NI( ASSISTED)

1999-2000 To 2003-2A04

DIR BCT(}RATI GI N IiRA I- A(;RICTJLTTTRB(wA'I'liR MANAGEN,IEN.T), pt rN.tAB, l,AHoREDBCEN,IBIR I999


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Code Number for project(To be filled in byPlanning Commission)PARr-,1PROJECT DIGEST

2. Au thorities rpsoonsible for:i) Sponsoring

ii) Execution at Federal Leveliii) Execution at provincial [,eve l.

iv) Operation and maintenahce

Tihte required for completion (intnonths)(a) PL.AN PRoVrSroN:(i) If the project is included in thecurrent Five-year plan; specifyactual allocation.

l. . Pu4iab Agriculture Department,'Lahore (pAD)2. Purrjab tnigation and DrainageAuthority (puIDA)/Irrigation andPowet Department, pur{ab (pID)

Fedetal''tfater Management Wing,Ministty of Food, Agriculture andLivestock (M[NFAL), Islamabadlunjab Agriculture Dephrtment throughDirectorate General Agriculture (Wat"erManagetnent), Lahore (PAD-OFWM)Punjab Inigation and Drainage.Authority (pulDA/Irrigation aidPoWOr Departrhent, punj ab|almers Organizations (FOsXFederations of Water UsersAssociations (FWUAs/ Water Ur"r,Associations (WUAs)PUIDA/PID

60 tnonths(1999-2000 to 2003-04)

T:.ptgp:ryd project is in line with objecrivesof the 9'h Five years plan underuuUl*.r"oAgriculture and Water resources. An amounti ii:'ii,t'

4.


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5.

ii) lf not included in the cunentplan, how is it now propostdto be accommodated(lnter/Inha-Sectoraladjusttnent in allocation orother resources may beirrdicated).ili) If the project is proposed tobe financed out of blockprovision for a program orPSDP/ADP, indicate in pak-Rupees.(b) lf the project is not in theplan, what warrants itsinclusion in the plan?

Relation of the project with theobjectives ofthe sector. Indicate the

of Rupees 10.658 billion has been earmarkedfor Water Management in the plan. The ninthfive yearplan states that following the WaterAccord, there shall be emphasis on IntegratedManagement of Agriculture, lrrigation andDrainage lelding to efficient land and watermanagement. This shall be achieved bydeveloprnent of farmers' organizations,institutiorral re-organizations and. stafftraining as well as by improvement,tehabilitatiort, and development of watertesources.Package, interalia, include irrigationitnprovement works for Farmers Organization(FOs)/ Federations of Water UsersAssociations (FWUAs); ,precision landleveling; inigation improvement works forBarani AreaS comprising of construction ofstord$d tenks, sailaba / Rod Kohi, and waterharvestittg rtorks and irrigation agronomyextension$; ott fanrr drainage and introducticinof high effrcierrcy irrigation technologies.Not applicable.

Not Applicable.

ivdt Appticable.

The proposed project is designed to focus onpolicy improtements and institutional reforms


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contribution of project, quantifi ed, ifpossible, to the targets in five yearplan and the names of other projects(whether sanctioned or underpreparation) which would form partof an integrated program within thesector.

in the inigation system as it affects theagdcultural production. lt would deepen thereceht feforrn initiatives and build ufon theexperience ofthe pilot projects undertaken indifferent parts of the country which wereaimed at involving the beneficiaries inmanaging and maintaining the inigationsystem. The overall objectives of increasingagricultural production in a sustainablemanner, while protecting environments andcoflserving natural resources, would beachieved by inrplementing the reform'itritiatives as indicated above andrehabilitation and/or improving the inigationinfrastructure.The policy and institutional reforms include(i) enhanced role of beneficiary groups inplanning, implementation and operation andmaintenance of the inigation systems; (ii)measures to improve performance ofoperation and rnaintenance (O&M) whichfocus on mechanisms that ensure adequatefunding and recovery of O&M ", *"il ",apital costs ofthe project.The government has adopted a new approachto address the inigation system issuesihroughpdrticipatory management. Consistent withthe government sttategy, the goals ofestablishi4g an efficient, self_sustaininginigation and drainage system are to beachieved by promoting the use of marketdeterrnined incentives for improving thes-uppty and managemenl of inigatioi anddrainage services, and by giving thebeneficiaries a greater stake in thJsyst-em.

The inigatiofi services are being decentralizedby developing self sustainint Area WaterBoards (AWBs) on main canal commandlbvel, rthile the management at thedistributary/minor level woulO be transferred


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6. Capital cost of the project:(Rs. in Million).A. Governmen! Sharei) Local-ii Foreign Exchange Componenh

Total(i+ii):-B. Farmers'Share(Labor + cost of materials)

to FOs (formed by federating Water lJsersAssociations) in the Pilot Area Water Board(AWB). Federations of Water UsersAssociations (FWUAs) would. however, beorganized by federating the WUAs ondistributries/minors/canals outside the PilotAWBs. Autonomous Puniab lrrigation arrdDrainage authority (PuIDA) has treenestablished for water delivery to AWBs andfor handling off-farm drainage andregulations.The on-going National Drainage Program(NDP) and subsequent Canal Command Pilotproiects are providing support lbresthblishment of PUIDA and AWBs. Theproposed project would undertake theformation of distributary level FOs andFWUAs within AWB and outside AWB.rcspectively. The envisaged arrangementswould be supportive for the envisagedinstitutional refornrs under NDP.

4,899.290.00

4.899.29|,76t.07

6-ffiljtt is pointed out that distributaries /watercoutses would be maintained by the FOs/ FWUAs / WUAs. They will, therefore. beresponsible for any O&M expenditure aftercompletion of the project gestation period.

7.

Total(A+B):-Annual recuning expenditures aftercompletion of the project.


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8. Objectives of the project preferablein quantitative terms. The overall objectives of the scheme are to:i- Increase agricultural production andfarmers' incorneo especially of thosewho.have small holdings and are poor,through rehabilitation and improvedrnanagement of the irrigation anddrainage systems.ii- Redefine government,s role byestablishing self sustaining eflicientinigation and drainage systems throughenhanced farmers' participation at the$ecotrdary level of inigation waterdistribution systems i.e. distributaries/minors/watefcourses.

Following afe the rnajor components of thepropoSed project.l- Socld Moblllzation and SupportFtogtntn for forming effectiveFatnets' Organization (Fos) andFederatlofls of Water Users. Associations (FWUAs) within andoutside. AWB distriburaties,relpectively through federating theexisting Water Users Associations(WtJAs/ registering new WUAs andby ptoviding them haining and initialfnanagenrent support.2- lrnpruverneht of lrrigation Facilltiesthcluding rehabilitation ofdisttibutaries, tninors, andrfatercourses in the canal commandedand ron canal cotnmanded (baiani,rivetiatr) areas.3- lmprovements lt Branch CanalSystems supplying water to areasrnanaged by FOsIFWUAs.

4- ProJect.supervlslon, Monitoring,Evalurtion; F'lnrnclal Accountinglrtd Audltlngl Tethnlcal AssljtanceInd Trelnlng td introduce


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technological and managementinnovations in improving waterresources management, increase water. productivity through resolrrceconservation prdctices ard safine waterrnanagement techniques.The details of targets for each of above notedcomponents are given below.l- Community Development antl SrrpportProgrnm:Through Community Development andSupport Program, FOs and FWLIAs woufd bedeveloped at the distributary/minor canal levelto make them capable of effectively managin-uthe operation and maintenance (O&M) of theirrigation system on a sustainable basis 30Fos and 60 FWUAs wor"rld be forrned atDistributary / Minor Level. T'hese FOs anclFWUAs would be involved in the irrigationmanagement, and in planning, designing, andimplernenting inigation works proposecl to beconstructed under the project.2- lmprovement of lrrigntion Facilities:This component will be inrplernented bvIrrigation and Power Departmerit / pulDA.Water Management wing of .the puniabAgriculture Departnrent, arrd WUisiFWUAsffos. lt includes:(i) Improvement of irrigation fhcilitiesincluding rehabilitation of clist ributries,minors and watercourses in the calralcommanded areas. All 90 distributariesshall be rehabilitated including minorcanals. The improvement shalt bemade with fuil involvement ofFOs/FWUAs.(ii) Improvement in branch canal/distributaries supplying water to areamanaged by FWUAsffOs.


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Remodelling / reconstruction of 4,200(3,800 in FGW and 400 in SGWareas) in canal comntancled areasinvolving complete earthen ."nou.tio,r,partial lining, and instalfation of watercontrol structures and developnrent/corstruction of 1,200 irrigationschemes in barani I no,i"oiiuicommand areas,Construction of 600 waret.storage tarrksto conserve water from the naturafstreams/other sources by increasin-Qvolumetric flow through intermitteri-releases.

(v) Designing and developnrent of 100.C)00hectares of farmers, fielcls on scientificgrounds through land lorntirrgtechniques. comprising of surveying.farm planning, farm designin.q, LASERland levefling, introduling" border/furrow etc. irrigation metiods, andresource conservation technologies toensure higher irrigation waterappfication efficiencies lwaterproductivity afongwith eflicient use ofnon_water inputs.(vi) Irrigation Agronomy;a) Promotion of improvecl farnt levelIiiil',nlii,, TiTBf o',I#Water Management TechnofogyTransfer Centres at u*iou,locations in the project area; arrd

(b) Introduction and prornotionof resource conservationtechnologies, .water t r*rriing,and irigation schedJ;ngtechniques.(vi) Training of 500 person week forfarmers WUAs/FWUAT/FO;,' in

(iii)

(iv)


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l'rcpared by:

capacily huil


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PART - B

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND FINANCING


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PART - BPROJECT DESCRIPTION AND FINANCING

9. LOCATION OF PROJECTThe proposed project will be implemented through out the Punjab excluding areas

where other OFWM projects are under execution. The project will cover such areas aftercotnpletion of on-going schemes. For an example, area under OECF/Japan assistedOFWM-lll Projects after its completion on 30 June 1999 will be added in the proposedscheme from I July 1999. Similarly, the ADB assisted Third Punjab OFWM Project(revised) and IDA financed Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development Project areconcluding on 30 June 2001 and their areas will be included under proposed OFWM-IVptoject fiom I July 2001 etc. The proposed scheme is likely to be implemented in whole ofthe Punjab. The location of project on map is depicted in Figure-l of Annexure-A.District wise details of project implementation are given as under:

EXISTTNG FACILITIEScurrently, the public sector has full responsibility for development, operation andmaintenance of irrigation iind drainage networks. WAPDA is responsible for operating andmanaging the primary level irrigation network i.e. large multi purpose reservoirs and inter-provincial irrigation canals. Intra-provincial irrigation canals, branch canals, distriburtaries,minors upto outlets of watercoutses are constructed and maintained by provincial lrrigationand Power Department under the canal and Drainage Act 1873. watercourses and fieldchannels are operated and maintained by farmers. oFwM services are u.ing providedthrough water Management wing of the Provincial Agriculture Department under thePuqiab on-Farm water Management and water users Associations Act-l9gl.

10.

Dlstricrs Within piloi AiCa watd $;il- Distrlcts Outside Pilot Area Water BoardI Shiekhupura, f'aisataUad, t:TSingtr,II Okara, Khanewal, Pakpattan, Sahiwal.I

I lrrigated: Lahore, Gujrirnval4--Rasur,I Narowal, Bhakkar, Gujrat, M.B.Din,I Sargodha, Hafizabad,, 'Jhang, Vehari,Muzzafargarh, D.G.Khan, Multan,Lodhran, Layyah, Bahawalpur, R.y.Khan,Bhhawalnagar.Berani: Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Attock,Mianwali, Sialkot, Khushab, Jhelum.Rajanpur.

l0


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The rnain activities of Water Management Wing are as follows:Organization of Water Users Associations;Renovation/Rehabilitation of Watercourses;Promotion of lrrigation Agronomy activities i.e. LASER technology,Furrow-Bed lrrigation system, Zero Tillage technology etc;Instatlation of Community Tubewells;Construction of Water Storage Tanks in Barani areas;Development of Rain water Harvesting units in rainfed tracts;tnstdllation of Micro lrrigation schemes i.e. sprinklers, Drip, Lift Irrigation;Construction of On-Farm Drainage schemes:Pilot Projecrs for Participatory lrrigation Management (prM) at distributarylevel:Training of Man Power in Water Manageinent.coordination with Research, Extension and Field wings for transfer oftechnology regarding irrigation water management.

It is proposed that existing participatory model of OFWM activities be followedunder the proposed project both for On-Farm and Off-Farm frrnctions wherein, OFWM andlrrigation Department/PulDA staff would carry out the works with active involvement ofthe farmers and assistance of Project Implementation Assistance (pIA)- consultants toensure tlat works have been completed according to the iequisite standards andspeclttcattons.11.A.

ooooooooooo

OBJECTIVESThe overall objectives of the scheme are to:Incre_ase agricultural production and farmers, income,smalf holdings and are poor, through rehabilitation andinigation and drainage systems.Redefine govemment's role by establishing. self .sustaining efficient irrigation andrainage systems through enhanced a.mer*.1 participation"i ,t" secondary level ofrrigation water distribution systems i.". Jirt.iuutaries/minors/watercourse.

especially of those who haveirnproved management of the

ll


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B.

t-

1L-

Project ComponentsFollorving are the major components of the proposed project.social Mobillzatiod "-n9 Support Program for forming effecrive Farmers,organizations (Fos) and Federations of water Users Associations (FWUAs) withinand outside AwB distributaries., respectively through rederating the existing waterusers Associations (wuAg/ registeiing new wuAJ and by providing thern trainingand initial management support.lmprovernent of Irrigation Facilitiesminors, and watercouises in the canal(barani, riverain) areas.

including rehabilitation of distributaries,commanded and non_canal commanded3- ffiffiitr|| * Branch canal systems supptying water to areas managed by4- Project Supervision, Monitoring. Evaluallon, Financial Accounting anduditing, Technicar Assistance ;ra tii*ili|'io'inii"luce technorogicar andanagement innovautions i:lili:Iing water resdurces management, increase warerlll{ffiy through resource fonseriation p.r"ii"L, ,no' *"ri* water management

The detaits of each of the above noted component are given betow:Community Development and Support program (CDSp))

l2

Effective involvement and participation of the beneficiaries has been considered asthe most important element for successful execution of any development project. Theparticipation'of water users has' therefore, been considered essential for all aspects ofroposed project to achieve its desired goals. community Development and supportProgram component of the project will play a pivotal role to ensure effective andeaningfrrl participation of farmers in all aspects of its imprementation. It wirr be furthernsured that farmers' institutions so developed remain effective and viable after projectompletion' This witl be accomplished through input of social mobilization staff in theield Teams/Area Teams with the assistance of consurtants and ,p."irrir.i training offfice bearers and members of the farmers, institutions.community Development and Support Program component of the project will takeead role in its eiecution and all other physical activities wiu take off graduary oncerocess of formation of various Fos/FwuAs/wuAs has set its pace. The farmers wi, bencouraged to organize themselves to form water users Associations (wuAs), Federationsf water users Associations (FwuAs), and Farmers' organizations (Fos) at different tiersf irrigation conveyance system i.e. watercourr., .ui-tn"ol^,nor, and distributarv.


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Formation of Farmers' Organizations (FOs) within Pilot Area Water BoardsFarnters' Organizations (FOs) would be developed at the distributary / minor canal

level which are capable of effectively managing the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ofthe irrigation system on a sustainable basis. Thi.s model will be implemented on thedistributaries where Area Water Boards will be estabtished. A contract would be signedhetween Fos and PuIDA/AWB defining roles and responsibility of both parties. Thesecontracts would cover essential aspects of irrigation management such as; i) operation ofthe system; ii) collection of water charges; iii) maintenance of the system; and iv)rehabilitation /improvement works

For cleveloping effective FOs, the project would support a social mobilization andsttpport program through Community Development and Support Group (CDSG) recruited asconsultancy services. The CDSG woutd consists of core staff at provincial level for training,nranaging, and coordinating the community participation program. The consultants' coreteam at the headquarters office would consist of a Team Leader supported by a DeputyTeam Leader, a Social Mobilization Speciatist, a Training Specialist, Hydrologist/Irrigation.Engineer, Agricuftural Economist, Data and Monitoring Specialist and technical staff.Strong back-up support would be provided for the field staff through a training programand expert advice from the core team. The Training Specialist would help to developtraining and promotional material, an appropriate book-keeping system, and animplementation handbook.Core team would be assisted in the field by Baseline Survey Teams (BSTs), Socialorganization Teams (SoTs), and Technical Support Teams (TSTs) with some secondedstaff from provincial departments of lrrigation and Agriculture. The communitymobilization efforts would be carried out in three successive waves. A baseline survey ofthe area would be carried out by BSTs with support from soTs. This information wouklcover physical features, agriculrurat aspects, condition of the irrigation and drainagesystem, 'surface and groundwater supplies, and socio-economic factors. BSTs woulddevelop a computer database containing this information. Based on this information, soTswould prepare a suitable plan and initiate dialogue with the farmers for developing asuitable organization. The sors would make an initial visit followed by several returnvisits' It is estimated that each sor would develop one Fo on an averugeof 7 to g moths.After farmers of a distributary agree to form an Fo, the structure and membership of the ,Fo would he determined and farmers' representatives would be elected. A Technicalsupport Team OsT) would be assigned to the Fo to provide technical assistance in itsoperations. The TST would be fielded to support activities of each Fo.

30 Fos, one each at distributary rever, have been proposed to be formed under theFollowing'staff would be required for carrying out surveys, social mobilization.t3


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and providing technical assistance for investment component'

The FOs would be registered under PIDA Act-1997 and Member (Irrigation) wouldbe responsible for accomplishing this task. Once the FO is registered, management ofdistributary /minor canal would be transferred in two stages. In the first phase, theirrigation sysrem would be jointly managed by the FO and suppty agency for a period ofone year. During.this time, the FO and supply agency would jointly veriff the infra-stru'cture, understand the operation of the hydraulic structures including gates, gauges etc.,flow capacities at different points, and prepare a water account. After completing the jointInanagement period, the management of the system would be transferred to the FO inaccordance with the conditions stipulated in the contract between FO and supply agency.There will be, thus, a lag time of one year between proiect commencement and start of itsphysical component

During the second year, the TST as well as the FO would concentrate on thepreparation of improvement/rehabilitation plan of the system in the control of FO. The FOmay retain the TST staff or recruit new staff after fully taking over the management of thesvstem.

Personnel Numbers Contract Type Total Staffduring projectperiod(Staff Years)Baseline Survey Team (BST)

EngineerAgriculturist'k Surveyers I Patwari

1I2

ConsultantSecondedConsultant

66t2Total 4 24

Social Orsanization TeamSocial Coordinator.* Social OrganizersI nstitutional Specialist

12I

ConsultantConsultant'Seconded

2l422l

Total 4 84Technical Suplport Team (TST)'Iechnical Coordinator (Engg.)Water Management SpecialistAgriculturistAccounting Systefn SpecialistPatwari

IIIII

ConsultantSecondedSecondedConsultantConsultant

7070704870

Total 5 328

l4


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Organizirtg Federations of Water Users Associatlons (FWUAs) orr Distributaries /N4inors / Canals out'side Pilot Area Water Boards (AWBs)Federations. of Water Users Associations (FWUAs) would be organized at

tlistributary/minor/canals by federating the Water Users Associations (WUAs) established'at watercourse level. This task would be accomplished through OFWM staff. WaterM4nagement Coordinator would coordinate all community development and Technicalsupport to FWUAs in the field offices by taking requisite staff from pAD-OFWM andPID/PUIDA FWUAs would be registered under "on Farm Water Management & WaterUsers Associations Act-1981", after incorporating necessary amendments required for thepurpose.

It is indicated that some consultancy support will be required to provide assistance,to staff of provincial departments of Irrigation and Agriculture working for above saidactivities' In this way, permanent staff of line agencies will get adequate training in suchfields where presently expertise is lacking. It is mentioned that civil works on thedistributaries i minbrs / watercourses will be started immediately once respective FWUA isregistered.Directorate General Agricutture (water Management), punjab would have overallrespotrsibility for social mobilization, working through OFWM and plD/puIDA staff.

Development of Water Users AssociationsThere witl be one water Users Association for each canal outlet, which will beformed out of the irrigators of the respective watercourse. ln case a wuA already exists ona watercourse' it will be strengthened' It will be responsible for watching the interest of allusers of the watercourse in getting authorized discharge at head of outlet and distributing itequitably among the users through a properly prepared warabandi. other responsibilities ofwuA would include proper maintenance of the watercourse to keep the channel in goodcondition and take hotice of any damage to the outlet and watercourse as weil as contror outof turn irrigation, waste of canal water, and take steps to femove the difficulties faced bythe users on such accounts.

t5


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The Water Users Associations (WUAs) would serve as Electoral College forestablishment of Farmers' Organizations/Federation of Water Users Associations(FOs/FWUAs) in the irrigation system. The WUAs will be organized by OFWM and willbe registered under "On Farm Water Managernent & Water Users Association Ordinance[Act'f-t981". lt is indicated that said Act for the Punjab, however, does not providecoverage to allow federating the WUAs in to Farmers' Organizations/Federations whereas,similar Ordinances [ActsJ promulgated in other provinces have provisions for organizingfederation of Water Users Associations. Enabling clauses are also required to beincorporated in the existing Ordinance [Act] for the Punjab to allow registration of FWUAsin areas outside AWBs.

The Water Management Specialist (WMS)observer member of the Water Users Association.hy WUAs are as under:

of the area or his representative will beResponsibilities expected to be assumed

(a) providitrg required skilletl and unskilled labour as well as arrange advancepayment of cost of cowtruction material, if required;see tlnt quality and quantity of ntaterials supptied for warcrcourse re-construction is satisfactory ;settle matters of dispute between the water users in respect of aligrtntent ofwotercourse, fixation of nuccas, and distribution of work etc;nnke alrernate arrangements for passage of water during watercoursere const ruction pe riod;carry out works in accordance with standards ard specfficariorrs under tlresupervisiort of OFWM field staff; anflregularly wdenake O&M of instatted civit ruorlcs.

In additi'n, wuAs wourd be encouraged to assume responsibitities such as:

(tt)

(c)

(d)

(e)

0(a)(b)

(c)

undertaking oFwM works on farmers' branches and.fietd ditches;participating in the process of woter ailocations and distribution(warabandi) withirt the watercourse command;organization into Fos and FWAs within and outside the pilot AwB,respeaively for coordinating with govenrment agencies itt tak:igdecisians rerating to water iilocatioi, operation aid maintenance ofntinors and distribular:es etc. The hetp for t*piiirniiin of ,ouactivity c'an be sought from the experieice 1t! rM pilot project beingimplenrcnted on Innuana Diuriiutary, sheikhupura and FordwahEastern Sadiqia (South) Irrigation and Drainage project,Bahawalnagar;

l6


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0&M of TWs in FGW areas;in s ta I lin g s u rfa c e /s ub - s.u rfac e drc n s within chal


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(n .tvo-* rii) On Farm Water Management Pabi6*d -_on Farm Water Management (oFwM) cg*il.fm-mr-**" inctudes

watercoqrse ignryoljffi$ construction of Water StorageTanks,lFarm Designing und fJfifr,H"fr3ti*1i.r, Water Management Technotogy.TransferCentres,lrrigationAgronomyetc.Descriptionofeachoftrrese@ents+sgivert below:

-,- a) Renovation of Watercourses-

-

The results of different studies canied out on inigation systems of the Indus basin haveshown that the nrajor part of the water which is delivered at canal out (mogha) is not fullyconsumecf by the crops' The combined affects of leakage, wastage, and seepage amount toabout 407n losses of water in the watercourse system. The opportunity for increasinga$rictrltural production by reducing these losses is, thepefore, efiorrnous. Accordingly, there isa vast poterttial for continuing growth of the agricultural. sector in improved waterrrranagement.

A sigirificent percentage of inigation water losses occurs from the tertiary systemcomprising roughly constructed and poorly maintained community watercourses. The maincomponents of these losses are seepage, spillage and side leakage liom the watercourses. as aresult of:irregular profile and zigzag arignrnent of banks, with rnany points ofweakness;variable cross section of watenvay;siltation, causing restrictions in flows and overtopping;trees, shrubs and vegetation growing in watercour.r.,damage by rodents and farm animals;deliberate damage for the abstraction of watet.

The results of difrerent studies conducted for evaluating the watercourse losses aresummarized in Table-1. A considerable amount of warer *urt"!" ",r";;;-rn" ru* orapplication losses due to undufations in the fields as well as u""-aur" or;r*;;; or ourot"t.agricultural and irrigirtion practices at farm level.l8


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No.

l. lrrigation and Drainage andAgricultural Sectors Survey ReportIBRD, May 19742. Pakiitan Economic DevelopmentDataUSAtD, August t9743. The lmportance of Farm WaterManager'4ent in pakistanC:j"V and Clyma, CSU, Septemberle744. Watercourse losses as related toCornposition and Condition of Banks

K_empar et al., CSIJ/WAPDA, April19755. Watercourse Chak Farming,Measurements SurveyWAPDA/TJNDP, 1976-776. Watercourses Cornmand Survey inPakistan's punjab and Sind, Syrt"iConstraints and Farmers, n"rionr"r,

Technical Report No 45Early et a/., CSU/W AIDA,lg777. !::rr ofWater from Mogha toField,

fn the wttercodrseConveyrnce25% No specificrecommendations, buturgency of work stated

30% Based on CSU researchwork30 to 50% SCARP command area(average

40%)

so%

45% Measurements made on6l watercourses47% Results of 40 watercourse

surveys, measurementstaken over l4_monthperiod

33 to 65%(average

47%)33.2d/o Losses measured in 60

randornly selectedwatefcoufses35 to 45%

9.

Lowdermilk, l97gWatercourse losses in SahiwalTehsil, OFWM Training Institute,Ptrnjab, December lggll?".lof the Expert Committee onrrngatron problems of the punjabOctober | 9g4

l9

Tnble-l : Results of variorrs studles conducted,rvatercourses fof assessrnent 0f water losses.ln the


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ldentification of the above-mentioned probtems led to implementation of the Pilot On-Farm Water Management Development Project durihg 1976-77. Successful implementation. of the pilot project has been followed by major Ori-Fanrr Water Management (OFWM)Projects in the Punjab anil other provinces, funded by the Wortd Bank, USAID, IFAD, OECFand Asian Development Bank.

lmpletnentation of various OFWM schemes has proved to be very effective. On-FarmWater Management strategy has, th6refore, $een widely accepted by the faimers, planners,and policy ntakers at national as well as international level. So far, about 25,000watercourses involving about 119,698 kilorneters of total length have been remodeled andreconstructed according to engineering design, since inception of the OFWM program inthe ptovince. This include more than lg,969 kilometers of lining anil installation of over950,000 water control sttuctures. The main feature of the pfogram is that a1 this work hasbeen accomplished through direct involvement of the beneficiaries wherein, warer usershave contributed more than 50% of the total costs.

Different evaluation studies regarding oFwM projects have been carried out byvatiotts agencies' The findings of these impact assessments indicate significant benefitsaccruing frofir the implementdtion of oFwM activities. Measurernents have indicatedreductions in water losses up to 53Yo and ihcreases in delivery efficiency to the tune of38'5%' The resulting increases in cropping intensity has beerr reported nearly 20To, and,overall increases in crop yields have been estimated around 24%. Results of various studiesundeftake, for impact evaruation of various oFwM projects are given in Tabre_2.

20


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24/109

In addition to water savings, a nurnber of other significant benefits have been obtainedfrom watercourse improvements, in particular:- Reduction in time to fill reaches of a watercourse, leadine to increased time forfield application. This is often perceived by the iarmers-as the greatest benefit.- Reduction in tampering rvith rvatercourse turn outs (nuccas), particularly inlined sectionsReduction in land-taken clue to narrower cross sections of irnprovedilirreclwatercourse.- Reduction in rvaterlogging particularly adjacent to watercourses.

Keeping in view the above mentioned positive impact of watercourses improvernent, thecolxponent of rettovation of 5,400 watercourses cornprising of 4,0fi) krn lining, installation off 88,000 nakkas and 22,ffn culverts at a cost of Rs. 2,744.22 million has been includecl in theproposed project. The watercourse renovation wou*d consist of complete dernolishing of.*[lus. el-cqgmlnitr watercourse g9" jJl..l9q,i.lg!ngt.g:]$"dtr"g. .u{sntF *--i.""-r-according ro theengineering design with clean compacted,soil Parts of reconstructed watercours.s #ffiu lin.dand necessary water controf structures wi+Fbe installed to improve conveyance of the canal aswell as tubewelf water.

The standard "Pucca" lining carried out under previous and ongoing OFWM prograrnsiprojects is a rectangular design using double-brick Inasonry walls (23 cm) and a brick masonrybed (7 cm) plasterecl inside ancl on top of-the walls. This design has proven to be durable andeasy to install. btrt is relatively costly. Research at wAPDA's Mona Recfamation ExperimentStation and trials by the Provincial oFWM Directorare indicate that other techr.rologies mayalso perform satisfactorily under certain ioncfitions. Different lining alternatives can, therefore.be foflowed uncier the proposed project, keeping in view the specific soil, topographic,groundwater conditions, and availabifity of construction materiaf . These may inclucfe:

AA.T-

a)

b)

single-brick lilting with masonry wail(l I cm), bed (7 cnt), recnrtgular attdtrapezoidal designs, b^e.ins satisfactory for woturcottrses constructed on or belowgrade and in areas of lotu trqffic; soii,ig, are about 40% of nnterial costs.Portland cement conffete vnu (r:2:4 nd.r.7 -cm thick) trapezoidnr design v+rtichis more dfficurr n iy1tail, but is a gootr artemativi "i;;; acceptabre quarit.vbricl


25/109

c) Precast co,tcrete lining, costing about the sanu as double-brtck masonry, isretativety easy to tnstitt and alpears to be a ;;r;;;;;;;irl'rrprriory wheregood Etality bricks are dfficult tofind.d) PVC pipe and Bu.tyt rubleyare cost competitive mnteriatfor lowflows (10 Lpsor less). These are relatively easy to insilt and have low water losses.e) Installation of pre-casted reqtcled tow densi$ potyethylene watercourses may betried on pilot basis as another arternative tinit$ ,i"niiirii *"' ,under previously completed and presently on-going oFwM projects/prorrurrj'tinine \' q{:glllglgt ryqtqrsq$xuiLl*t_gr* l(FGw) zones and 3o% in saline ctgy.n9y1rr (sGw) areas and reaches ;ili; "r*; Il,*jtu!q:*sg,F_*,B!i.nTheseupperrimiiswiltbefol|oweo""a.'iil-H;il}-lproject as well' It is, however, indicated that a minimum of |vo of the totar Iengttr or Jwatercourses in sweet groundwater zones and 14 % of the length in saline areas will be lined toensure intended objectives of watercourse improvement componeht of the project. The lowerlimit of lining for barani tracts will be same as that for sallme zones i.e. l4vo. The higherpercentage of pucca lining in sGW zones recognizes that deep percblated water in these areasis irrecoverable toss since it becomes part of brackish groundwater. priority is, therefore,given to the wat'ercourses in the sGW zones. Deep percorated water in FGw zones, however,hecomes part of terminal groundwater storage and is avairable for subsequent pumping fortimely appiication' Together with improu"r.nr, ,o ,l* i*r,.nr,, (eatthen) section of thecomtnunal watercourse, this technology results in an overarr teduction ih conveyance rosseswithin chaks by upto one-half' Appropriate renovation of 'the 'i**"i"" 'rrction of theconlftunal watercourse is essential because, with propef o&M, about 40% of the watersavings occuf in these reaches.

6

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p

Precast "Naccas' urenl&be igallgd at all junctions and authorized outlets to reduce \ht-n.!.gJ-!s!glfglrli,9l, seepage ross of *rrgq_, ano-[o irprourt*il''.',.o'.; ffi;;f# Ionditions where the tand i' r"i.ry levelled and berongs to one or two farmers onrv ,{starrdard practice or providins one *"".;";*;JHT-",T:il tffiJY;Jllsatisfactoty. An extra provision of Naccas would, however, be rnade where the land has beeniloj:ffl":: ::::T:Y-oj:i:" or.its uneven toposraphv or due to-its repeated division ortwnetship's or anv bther sociar probrems. t1.3.gglrg-r,, "ui".r,, *ffi#[ffi;t;;H;jtgjgqgt ; and a I imi!.ej -numher-.of. eheck/dr;;;;;il,o1 ----,*^, .-._,,r v'!\'.,rr'ri' rn aoortroJl, curverts *oue6instated at majorJ:Jff ff#.;e;*;*e*"'n'T"yl1?,.v-"-o:{tlgu,rtF,--J23/


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It is rnade essential that the watercourse seeking improvements must have its ownWater Users Association, which is member of the concerned Farmers Organization (FO) of thetlistrihutaries. rvithin AWBs. For watercourse improvement FOs would provide unskilled andskilled labour besides contributing atleast 30 percent of tnaterial costs in cash/kind/both(upfront). Wittrin above mentioned criteria, attetnpt would, however, be made to choose areasrvhere groups of five to ten watercourses could be improved at one time to increase efficiencyof the Field Teams and to reduce transportation costs. Following guidelines would be used intletetmining the lining percentage and selecting teaches of communal watercourses to be lined:

n) FGW wouttl be rlefined as grourtdwater with less tharl 1,0O0 ppm TDS antl SGWwith more than I ,000 ppm TDS irt the upper 40 m of the soil profile;h) Sandy s;oils woutd be deftned as soils with 70% grain size greater tlntr 0.2 mntin the top 2 m of the soil profile. Test results certifling the existence of such soilcortditions would be mnintained in the deSign file for eligible watercourses; andc) Generally, the head reaches of walercourses, having mnximum usage andflows,and higher hydraulic head, would be puccd lined. Aher reaches eligibte forpttccd lining would, however, include portiotx having excessive water lossesbecause of elevation or soil cortditions; lnving chronic sedimentation problems,and high traffic areas around villnges and dloilg roads.Iilstallation of lrrigation schernes in Barani / Nort-canal commanded Areas-'_ -_ :_ _""In Barani areas efrffib, the farmerS depend upon very scarce irrigation watert".l!!l:_ryin!f thrgqgh precipitation and in certain areas through naturS---------------'! {43,nq, smalt andmini Dary$, -an-d limited pockets of groundwatq. In all types of such water resources, the only

way of fetching irrigation water to the farms having peculiar topogtaphy is to install irrigationschernes thtough which multifarious steps are taken to provide the water to the crops. These

\,/ i) Lirting_of the irrigation water from the natural nallahs and low lying waterponds through multi-stdge pumps.irtigatiort Schemes would, indic include:


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'./ iil Conv.eying the water thelevationsl ----' '"rough Gl and PVc pipes to the fields situatecl at hig'er' iii) supplying water to the fields of lower or equar erevation through open channersz'iv) connecting different fielcls having in between depressions through RCC pipes.vv) The areas where discharge of 'water is extrernery row i,e. to the tune of berow orffi::i:11' fi,,q-6:'l*_;.Jffi ,T''f Jilffi j:ir"ll.:T101 "ater through which successful irriiuiiori oia neto is managed -ient arnoutrt of'All these works fficarrieclflltl,:yHh organization of water users Association,at each schetne hav-ing t"pt"ttntii;oi'no,n s-ro r"rin"rs.ramilies on'.Jri-'rl,arirg basiswrrercin, ranners *{ nly :,;";;;;;'r:h:,1: io;;'i;".*l,lkind or uotrr.-ii.y wi' arso he,-*::li:il::' :"tJ il;f tilln: ru*ff# ffi J./ilil,'i,, * i,.,'i eu ti,,'," n.,,,., h ave bee nsmail discharges ancf direcr apprication of these lo* no*r-rr,.,,r'_ ,'i*]|]ojfir"Jl:j||::water storage ttnt' ulth constructecl in these areas to conserve water by irrcreasing theolumetric flow throtrgh its interrnittent ancf ;t;;;.ases. water from these storage ..nkste contie-ved to the point of use either through rhe rined watercourses or trrrcugh srnallianeter pipes'fNew barren lands can also be brought under curtivation due to increasecfvaifahility of water' The storage tank's thus help in improving the econornic concritiorr of theI -. j;J:; " *nt there is a sreat demand for rhe same in. the non canaf commanded tracts

(7' The dirnensions of the water storage rK#;t bc fixecf as rhese are cha'geabreepend.ing upon the geographical conditions, sizr of the inflow, and water requirernents of theommancl a"as')6nty the heiglrt of the tank lnaybe fixecf and it shourd not be"more than r.2 to'5 rneters' th'6 greater height wifl need "';;; ,;:.r*n'", rhe srructure ancf u,i, atso be:ilt:::l',,l",i.,,1'j,.T:H::l,",,j:lj':"' resi


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'f'he tanks wottld be constructed with brick masonry walls (23 cm wide), maximum height (1.2nt), pfastered and a bed made of concrete (l:2:4\ or plastic sheets on a compacted soil base., ,fhis will help protect the damage to the bed by the butrowing animals. The unit cost of the/water storage tank is based on the size of 40' x 40' x 4i.

A formal WUA having not less than five members would be organized for thecommand dtea of each storage tank and a watercourse would be installed in its commandedared. The watercourse would be constructed in consistettt with the provisions given under thewatercourse improvement component above.

Ferrn Designing and Precision Land LevellingPrecisiorr Land Levelting eLL) is an integral component of OFWM technology. It iscarried out to control inigation application losses at the farmers' fields besides other benefits.PLL is a meclranical process of grading and smoothing the land to a precise and uniform planesurface at grade or no gracle (zero srope) with variation of less than * 2omm (2cm).p'.ISLJISLo:gFgJlS :l Pl:..-"i:l !*d. !,,'._u.:1lj:g (by using bucket type soilscrapers) t1:-,':gjjj*'1-yg**r"::{-jo-.u:y:"u.*Bggri-ogr*r4*g9g*g:p_ap^si:.g*t-q_[*x]J*$_*t:: tgjgl"g:{.; use olt AsR technstssy,jn r[e.p_r,p,piqip.g !..?,4_teJr[i"g.iq._SeJ*Sjl:W#r:lrx*- $l*3.*:.:4"f$ lhs-*{nt JirgjBp#stsr. glrits*l1gJ._*:sss}_g,r-FitT YS:i4gtru-esept Program^ lnitially, two LASER rand leveltin* ".ir-*"rTil;;;;,hich wete got modified according\ local cohditions and were got standardized throughDepartmental startdardization committe\The LAsER technology has been tested to be 1,heneficial because it. qinimiT.gs the co-s1 of operation, .nruln, b-i"* ;;n;;fffi; ; I .'----. --' -"". -o-.:- .I Inuch lesser time, saves irrigation water, l"sceftains unifotm seed gerfiination, increases Ifertilizerur".rn"irn.y uio ,rrur*ntty entrances'..0 ni"rar. ' ' ''"'"-""':'--:"='1::'--:*' i

Presently, there are 140 LASER tand levelling urtits aVhiiable with OFWM. Out ofthese 64' 49 and 27 have treen procured through Federal Government, MpA g?ant (BlockAllocation) and donor dssisted projects, respectively. 100 units ate equipped with tractorsrvhereas' 40 units are without tractors. These machines have so far been precisely levellingetbciut 10'000 acres (4,0ffi hectares) of land annually against yearly potential of 50,000 acres

,4,


29/109

(20,000 hectares). The major operational constraint encountered to tnake adequate use of thisequipment was insufficient allocation for O&M funds.

In order to achieve full potential of LASER technology, the proposed project envisagesrhe procufement of additional 60 LASER land levelling units to make overall strength of 200|-ASER units in the Punjab. Moreovr, it has been ptoposed to procure 100 tractors to equipthe existing 40 LASER units (without tractor) and 60 units proposed to be procured under theptoject. These arrangements would help to achieve a target of LASER land levelling of100,000 hectares of land over the project life (20,000 hectares per year).

It is indicated that lay out of most of the farms is based on traditional flood basins (IftalKiari System) comprising of a number of unwanted dikes and ditches covering a length of overtwo kilometers in each square. The fields being not properly levelled, cause wastage of land,result in low itrigation efficiencies, and ultimately lesser yields are obtained than the potential.

The expefience of implementation of vafious OFWM ptojects has further revealed thatmere prebision land leveliing does not bring desited resuli$ unless the other aspects of landtotliring dfe also not cartied out simultaneously. Farm Desigdng and lmprovement componenthas, thereftire, been included in the project to providb apptopriate lartd forming services to theldrlners i.e. surveying, farm pfanning, fatm deslgnlng/layout, LASER land, levelling,introducirtg improved irrlgation methodsbeen observed that such a package can:

borders/furfows, Witer scheduling etc. It has(i) reduce the time of irrigation and amount of water required by upto sTVo, resultsin ilniform seed germinafion, and eren diittibutiotr of soil moisture and fertilizerto the'crops;(ii) reduce the number and length of fietd borders dnd ditches and can,increase tlu irrigated area by about 2% dnd fqdilce wateFcourse60Vo: and

accordingly,length upto(iit) can increase yields as much as 25%.The project will provide specialized training for Field Teams to ihcrease their technicalcapabilitibs in carrying out this important practice. The proJect would provide dssistance,equipment, and o&M budget for levelling @ Rs.l75lhour, LASER land levelling services will


30/109

he provided by the oEwM to the farmers on the recommendations of their respectivewUAs/ccs/Fos' ltt case of greater number of farntefs seeking pLI-, the farm wise prioriryrvill he assigned by the concerned wuA and LASER levelling work will, accordingl', beperformed by the OFWM Fietd Team;,,- e) lrrigailon Agronomy

The component of irrigation agrofiomy is lncluded to train and educate thefarmers/water users in adopting modern irrigation and resource conservation technologirr. rn":*"-1!"tg+":j.:t:*:l-ss.elgry-il*r*sg[le":,ursler,lr,r"rl"iil;;;ffi;"ffiefficiency and water p1gluctiyity. Tr4: component is df great irnpottance ,";;;;;;-fin!ted-.1?nd ,g,l"ty*gila"U'!e ,irdeqtigq*y?tqr .r-qsources, thq onty .qlear !p a.c..[_[e1_e -hieherPlllugtiotr ! $to3g-[,!k ggliglr ,uqe pf lqxd 3.4d water resources to ,nsur. potentiat yietds.water is the most crucial input as it allows cultivaiion of lligh yielding v"ri"ti., ;;;r;. Ireqtiirirtg higher fertilizer' pesticides/ herbicides doses, *hicli in mrn ;;;;r#; '\,'#*grruantities of water' w+The details of various activities included under irrlgatidn agronomic practices are given iX*helow: *t\') water Managemeilt Technorogy Trahsfer centres (wMTTc)

It is irnperative to disseminate ways and medns to tiansrate water savings accrupd fromimprovement in on farm irrigation delivery and applicatiort into in.r..L agriculturarproductiort' A new approach has, therefore, been designed ro, pro,nor* *" improvedirtigation practices amongst the farmers whereby, one wMTTc will be established for evefy6-8 renovated watercourses in canal command'areas, and od other unconventional oFwMinterventiohs like water storage Tanks etc. as per requirernen$. The serection of wMTTC incahal commanct areas witl be finalized with the herp of rocar staff of Extension wing ofAgriculture Department and concerned farmersi institrrtiorr (wuAs/FWUAs/Fos). Thesefarms wilt be located at easily accessible locations anct wiil be op*ated throughout,r;r;;;gestatiotr period' These centres will operate for two years dftet which they will be transferredto FosrFWuAs to continue these activities in the post-project peri'd.


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A complete data base of the WM'l"ICs wilt tre maintained ancf published fbr assessmentof their intended objectives. lmpact of wMTTCs will not only be measurecl on productionenhancement and water savings at respective centres, trut their real success will be juclgecl interms of adoption of the demonstration activities by tlre fanners of the area.

Each center upto2 to 5 hectares in size will dernonstrate a full range of irrigation watermanagement practices and irrigation agronc)my techniques. Fanners with lands adjacent to eachother will be organized into grottp to demonstrate different on-farm watelnanr*",n",r,practices' The pro.iect will provide technical assistance for tlre planning and design of the watermanagelnent intprovetnents, precision land levelling with LAsER technology. sulfurus AcidGenerator l'or saline-sodic soils/water, adoption of conservation tillage techniques, ancf plantingof rice with Mechanical Rice Transplanter. Technical assistance would be sought from theMona Research Experimental Project (MREP) and ilMl, pakistan, where neederl. Moreover.local staff of Extensiort wing of Agriculture Department wilt be fulfy involved forestablishrnent of these centres.As an incentive, the pr:oject will provide agriculturar inputs and pipe nuccas/syphon. tubes as reqtrired to demonstrate the value of good water management and irrigation agronomypractices on cost sharing hrrangements to be fo[owed for'watercourses improven]ent. Farmers,field days witt be organized on the wMl'TCs in a we, structured manner during each cropseason' Proper records df the farmers visiting wMTTCs will be maintained. Local staff of

Extension wing of Agriculture Department will be involvecl at all stages of devefopment ancloperation of wMTTCs' 600 demonstration centres have been envisaged-to be estabrished underthe project.li) Resource Conservation Technologies

tl l:|'-T"i tttlt' about 90 percent of wheat is cufrivated after harvesr of rice ancfL vt I tUC aJlOlllll'.Ir::'l::'l' there is short wi.rrow of tirne avairabre for fand prepar.,,";; ;;:,rrrrr.rrr;;.:ffi;lv lpn^rk an; ^..--.-:, .

',rr.rrw ur ume available for fand preparati::::::t:::i*:

due to tate maturi'g tong grain rice varieries. rt norma'y takes 2_.3 weeksLure. xeOUCed:r,,|;::::::::::y:., soir ancr arnbient remperature ar rhe time which.r,o o,r,yllanting of wheat in partdy trac$.


32/109

t has heea established that delay in ptanting of wheat-after 20th November results inreduction of its iiotendal yield by about l% per day. Moreover, farrners cultivate land oftenwithout achieving suitable seed-bed conditions for planting wheat, which results in poor cropyields' Anothet factor hindering achieving optimum wheat yield in paddy areas is that wheatseed is generally broadcasted into soil clods due to poot land preparations. This leavesunevenly distributed seed in the soil profile teading to much reduced plant emergence.similarly, cuttivation of cotton in cotton belt is facing a humber of major problems like:irrigation water quality and quantity, uneven fields, improper drainage facilities, higher tillagecosts, and delayed time of sowing etc.A technological breakthrough is, therefore, imperative to address all these problems inwlieat ahd cotton production to meet requirements of ever increasing population. In order to:rddress the said issues, resource conservation technologies i.e, conservation tillage (zero tillage)irnd furrow-becttinigation technologies are proposed tb be introduced in rice country to promotervheat cultivation through zero-tillage-seed drill and cotton curtivation in cotton belt with furrow-bed-irrigation method.

zero tillFe 11!11-:: a speciat technique g_. ::-,tf*ilg :,:gr__yi!!out tiltage andseed bed pteparation. The|-/.*+@_*(s \-t-. __ - _ -----a--r% vutsv'Dtuutsurrrtsy-L:lour"Ill_"tlgg_l-!"9{iett.TC imtGmenrrs:imurthg p"rp"Ji, "J;d2il. lage-.Drill as it iscapable of seeding through the residue fou"r. The technotogf is especially useful for raising rabi:::::,l]jt:: ^'-.:'*d fierds' rhe Zero-rilrage technorogv: auows timerv sowing of wheat,saves land preparation costs amounting to Rs.800-1000 per acre, saves zo-25 vo waterfor wheat,permits unifornr drilting of seed instead of uneven broadcasting etc.Resedrch finiings indicate that if farmefs' fields are pricisely levelled by LAsERtechitology ahcl level border irrigation is made according to the dctual tequirements of thecrops' a lot of valuable irrigation water can be saved for irrigdting additiona ll^ru .Technology.f raising row crops on beds and furrows is gaining popurarity amongst the progressive-farmers' tnainty because the cost of crop production is consideiably teduced as a result oftttinimum tillage' water saving aird planting following wheat cfop we1 in iirne $vithout seed bed


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preparations after the harvest of preceding crop. Bed shapers are used behind the tractors toforth furrow-beds to sow row crops. Some of the advantages associated with furrow-bed-irrigation technology of crop production are: (i) minimum tillage/seed bed preparation reducesttver all energy reqdirements; (ii) savings of about 40 petcent irrigation water; (iii) reducedchances of plant subtnergence due to excessive rain or over irrigation; (iv) tesser crusting ofsoil around plants and, therefore,'tnore suitable for saline and sodic soils; (v) adoptable forvarious crops without changing basic design/layout of farm; and (vi) enhanced fertilizer useefficiency due to local application

keeping in view the positive impact of both the technologies, it is proposed that 1,500zero-tillage-drills and 1,000 furrow-bed-shapers would be provided to the wUAs/FWUAs/Foson subsidized rates for onward provision to their members. Terms and conditions for operationand maintenanie of such equipment by these institutions wilt be finalized by the project policycomrnittee' The project would, dccordingly, help to cultivate 150,0m acres of wheat throughzero-tillage-wheat-drills and 50,000 aoes of cotton using furrow-bed-irrigation technology.f D Trainlng

on thej-9,b a1d foltow up.training is egq"grti{ gr c9g!ip_g1t"r.g p*'.$g.q"sjgnat devplqpnpnt ofp rgggt'*qffl_g-{3 Sgn. Traini n g of fann ers under_+he .hp: e g=,qpss,!e!-='--__-----_=::=:J':5-loctts as ittstittrtional reforms being introduced in the inigation management.are iri;;fancy. The;tioject would strpport training of the wuAslFwuAslFos and project personnel ro support thereform program of the water sector.

:::i Y*"r^"r:"t Training rnstitute, Lahore would ananse training of trainers:l:::::^:,:i::.::ton"l,_ln - conducring baseri,e surveys or tn" distributary and,::::i:::,:::*r:.'r".,r".:.:r FosrFWuAs/wuAs, atrd technicat tmining for carrying out therJI|lE (,u[ Ine:::i"::,-:,::::::::rl,rl": rrainings wourd be irrrpacted ro the water useri regarding new::::r::::,.:.0:,'"'ltl.irrisation rhanasement. Fdrrirers, rrainin;;il ",ffi;"J;Draunsneq al:::':l1l1,Il,:l_i__o;In""lBahawarnagar, Rawatpindi, Layyah and Bahawarpur wourd prayrr pivotdl rore in ttaining the water usets/farmets of fespective areas.3t


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3. lrnprovement in Braneh Canal SystenisDue to over use and inadequate o&M finding availabitity, canals have deteriorated overtitne and dre carrying discharge beyond the limits of safe operation. Many canals are operatingwith inadequate freeboard, eroded berms, inspection roads of inadequate width, deterioratedotttside embankments, severely reduced capacity due to sedimentation, and many hydraulicstructures heeding repair. ln order to improve water distributlon, control and safe operation ofthe canal and to ensure that the supply agency could provide the agteed emount of water toFos/FWUAs, the ptoject would provide for rehabilitation / itnprovements in the canals leadingto the Fo/FwuA areas. This woutd include necessary works at branch canals, largertlistributaries' cross regulators, falls, rehafrlitation of ernbankments, formations of berms,protection of structtltes' provision of the gates at the cfoss fegulators and motorization ofregulatot gates which ever needed. These works would be carried out by the suppty agency on

rhe line of the rehab'itation project wrth technical assistancb froft the consurtants. The "ort orsttch works would be below Rs.400 /hectare of comrnand atea. Schemes above this per hectarecost would be rehabilitated / improved only after deiermining souhd technical and economicviability in consurtation with the supervisory consurtahts. Thisirnplemented by Irrigation & power Department / punjab lrtigation(PulDA).component would be

and Drainage Authoritv

4' Pfoject supervlsion, Monitoring, Evaluation and techiilcal AssistanceThis has been divided in to following fout categoribs.

i) Supervision Support:The lovernrnent ilf the Pur{ab through tine agencies,would be responsible for bulk oftctivities in social mobilization and construction of clvil works. The Federar coordination unitwould, however, be resportsible for over all project coofdinatloni Froject launch workshops,

tnid-term review; assistance in financiat ,*nrgr,n."; ;; auditing, tbchnicat assistanse/training; artd preparation of future projects.


35/109

ii) Moriltoring and Evaluation:Physical and financial rnonitoring of the project progress would be the responsibility ofthe Provincial lmplementation Agencies. Data on key project indicators would be collecte


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auditing, and modern construction and contract administratiotr techniques. The project would,therefore, provide for technical assistance in the following afeas:i' comrnunity Development/Social organization and supporting technibal services:ii. project Management Support;iii' Engineering services for surveys, design, dnd constructioi supervision of civil works,including the rore of the Engineer in coitiact marragenrerrtliv' Financial accounting, auditing, reporting and development of a managementinfoftnation system;v. support for project supervision and mid-term review:vl. lmpact evaluation studies; andvii' services for detailed supervision of the project on behalf of the goverrunent.

This component wouid support additional TA needed in developing communityrnobilizatiofi rnethodology, review of design criteria and specifications for the civil works,preparation of bidding documents, financial management, shoit-term training includingoverseas ttaitririg for the project staff and preparation of foilow up projects. The TA wouldalso support pilot projects to enhance agricrrltural productivity by improving water useefficietrcy at the farm leve.l, water management, fafmers' tralning, farmers, participation indrainage' and developing tnethods of'chnal level construction and contracting arrangemen$with fult perticipatidn by the farmers. Budgetary provisions under this component,wourd bemade by the Fcu fot pilot projects to introduce technological and institutional improvementsi'i tr""' mahagement to ensure sustainable agriculturar -.levelopm"nttowards tooo securitythrough crop productivity enhancement. v v'srs' r,,(r(l

In addition' a strtdy would be caried out on feasibility of Fos taising resources throughpublic bottowing' The objective is to assess how Fos can aughent their internar cashgeneratiotl tvithout public borrowing in order to finance a grcater pottion of future investmentwith non_governmental frrnds.Project Managemeht

The project activities will be carriedAgriculture and ltrigation Departments/punjab34

otrt through line egencies of the provincialIrrigatlon atrd Drainage Authority (puIDA),


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(lonsultants, and Farmers'organiZations / Federation of Water Users Associations. Thecoordination and implementation within the project wilt be achieved ,r,r""gr,,r-*;;r",;;.) A Provincial Policy committee (PPc), and b) A Provincial project coordination committee(PPcc)' At the federal level a Federal steeting cornmittee wourd be responsible for overallpolicy guidance and coordination. The Federal coordination unit in the Ministry of Food,Agrictrlture' and Livestock, lslamabad would be tesporrsibre for project coordination. The.rganizational set-up proposed under oFwM-Iv Projeot ls shown in Flgure-l of Annexure-3.

lrnplenientation of the oFwM-lv Project through the effective coordination of the line.gencies and the Farmers' organizations / Fedetation of water users Associations isanticipated to fdcilitate achievement of its envisaged objectives. The role/responsibitities of thePPC' PPcc' and on Farrn water Management Directorate o.f punjab Agriculture Department(PAD-OFWM), are briefly described as follows:_(a) Provincial policy Cotnmittee

The Provincial Policy committee (PPC) would provlde policy guidance and steerproject itrtplementation by providing inter-agency coofdindtion at the rrigrrest level. The ppcwoufd be chaired by the chairman p&D Board and the secretaries of lrrigation, Agricurture,Finance' and Managing Director, Punjab lrrigation and Drainag, luffi'*o],o ,.-,;nembers. The ppC would meet at least evbry six tnonthsr or whenever issues requiringresolution are subrnitted for its consideration.The rnajor fqnctions to

include:be performed by the project policy Committee (ppc) would

ii)Resolve issues not settled by proiect coordination comilittee.Formulate policies aimed to realize fi)tl project beneftts in the shorrest possible

iit) coordinate i77u11fron the participating agencies at the provrnciar rever and athe level of distribwary "oritr. -Review, revise as appfopriate, and adopt the annaar work pran of the projea.si


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v). Program the concerned line agencies resources in line with adopted annualwork plans.vi) Periodically -review the project imprementafion stutus, progress, as wert asneeds and take necessary actiorts to overcome deftciencies.The Pro.iect Policy committee wilr arso handle fofiowitrg issues:i) Irtentify and take measures required tu convince and induce the linedepanments, civil administation, farmers' institutions, and imponant ruralleaders regarding soundness and neid to accept the project concept.ii) Devise and inple:ment strategies tq attain effecttve collaboration. within linedepartments and farmers, insiitutions.iii) Finding and.testing -dffirent ryrholt reglldinp praaicabitiqy of invotving.farmers' instilutions for project planning aia in pii*entation process.iv) Iclbntify and persuade the aggencies. and. groups'thar are not involved fornnlty inthe project to focus somt by their resiurres orr comprementary eforts in theProiect area.The Project Policy comrnittee will be constihrted of following mernbers.

Chairman P&D BoardSectetary AgricultureSecretary lrrigationSecretary FinanceManaging Director (putDA)Representatives ofFarmers Organization (FO) atdistributary levelDirector General Agriculture(Water Management)

(b) ProJect Coordinatlon Commlttee (pCC)The project level activities wotrld be coordinated among various agencies and project

:::::t:tion would be facilitated through the Project coordination comrnittee (ppc) to be

7.

ChairmanMembirMemberMemberMemberMemberSecretary

established at Lahore.36


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The Pcc would be chaired by the Director General Agriculture (Water Management)Punjab atrd it would have members from (i) pID - Metnber lrrigation, superintendinglingineers of concerned canal and drainage circles; (ii) pAD - Member water Management,the water: Management coordinatofs, and the Deputy Directors of Agriculture (Extension);(iii) the concerned representatives of the District Administration; and (iv) the Fos/FWUAs.The PCC would meet once in a quarter

The major functions of pCC would be to:i) r*nt!:ry gen.eral poticy go.als specified by the projea poliq committee intospecific objectives of the-pioject. ' r'---ii) coordinate' plan, prioritize, and schedule program components to achieveverall obiectives of the project. r -o'*"' vv"'t'v''iii) Prepare anrual work plan.r and gain adoption by projea poticy committee.vi) coordinare and supervise working of projed consurtants..v) Carry ofi internat monitoring and evaluation.vi) Develop taining programs with assistancc of cottsultants dnd line ajencies.

The project management would have a minimum.staff and would be supported by theconsultants' The project management would consist of the Director Generar of Agricurturb(water Maiagement)' and two ex-officio Members, one from the provincial Irrigation andPower Depaftment and one from the water Management. DGA &Ml through Member(water Management) and assisted by the corrunity Deveropment and support Group(cDsG)' would have overall responsibility for the cofirnunity Deveropment and supportProgratrt' cDsG would have one headquarters office ,na *ru.irt firH ";"r, rrom wtr"re thel::'::,.LfEanization prosram wourd be raunched. cDso fierd tearns wourd have murri_desclpifinary staff consisting of social organizers, institutionar detelopment speciarists,agricultrtiists' etlgineers, and surveyors who wirt be recruited as consurtants as we, aseconded thtough the rine agencies for effective imprernentation of the project.37


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Menrber lrrigatlonThe Mernber (lrrigation), workitrg through the lrrigation and powerDepartment/PulDA and the canal operation Divisions would be resporrsible for improvementsof canal systems leading to the Fo/FwuAs managed areas, local/minor irrigation schemes,and othet stippott required by Fos/FWUAs in irnproving carlal systems in their areas. Anofficer of Superintending Engineer level will be florninated by the pID/priIDA to act asMembet lrrigation.

The Member (water Management) working with the on Farm water Management staffwould be tesponsible for watercourse improvernents in distributary tevel Fo/FWUAs areas aswell as in non canal commanded areas, precision land tevelling and development ofdemonstration centres. Director (Headquarters), OFWM, will be Member Water Management.(e) On Farrn Water Management (pAD_OFWM)

on Farm water Management program in the pfovince is a part of the punjabAgriculture Department being supervised by the secretary Agriculture, Government of thePunjab' The program is directly implemented and executed by the Director GeneralAgricultute (watet Management). He is further assisted by various Directors *to, in;; ;;supported by watet Management coordinators. Further down in the administrative hierarchy,each watet Management cootdinator is responsible to supervlse 4-6 Field Teams, generallyestablished 2tt tehsil levet. Each Field ream is sub-divided ln to three sub-unig i.e. (i) socialMobilizatibn Unit to organize the farming community in to various Farmers otganizations e.g.(water user Associations, Drainage Beneficiaries Groups, Distributory / canal Level Farmersortanizations etc' (ii) Engineering works unit to carry out oFwM civit works e.g.watercourse improvernent, construction of watet storage tanks, aruaropn,rnt of orrinrge sitesetc'; and (iii) Land Development unit to undertake LAspR land levelling and irrigationagronomic ptactices.on Farm water Management component under the proposed project will, accordingly,be headed by the Director General Agriculture (water Management) purfab and wilt beimplemented through above mentioned infrastructure arteady exiti'g ;;*;;;r" ,;;;;38


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in the provittce' The administtative arrangements of OFWM Area Teams and Field Teamsllave' howevel' been modified considering requiretnents of the social mobilization/organizational requirements of the oFwM-Iv Project. Accordingl !, Nt Assistant Director,community Development per Area Team and one community Development officer in ";;ietd reartr has been added/created. This will help in "orrrunt,, roo,,,*oi activities rororganizing the farmers to form wuAs/DBGs, Fos/FWuA$, to assist in renovation ofwatercourses' assume responsibilities for o&M of main irrigation system under AWBs andoUtside AWBs.Prisently, Director (Field), oFwM, Punjab private sector Groundwater DevelopmentProject (PPSGDP) is assisting Dlrector General Agriculture (Water Management) punjab inptanning and designing of various oFwM Projects. In addition, he is.suf,ervising the fietdactivities in sheikhupura, Gujrat, Gujrartwala, and Lahore districts. Directorate of punjabPrivate sector Groundwatet Development Project wirl be redesigfiated ds Directorate(l{eadquarters) and'will supervise orwM activities in Lahore arld Gujranwala divisionshesides assisting Director Genetal Agriculture (water Managerhent) in matterr;,;;ffi,planning' attd rronitoring of various projects; adrninisttatlve, audit and, accotrnting affairs ofthe whter Management wlng etc' ln addition, Director (Headquartets) will act as Memberwater Management fot ihe proposed project and will be resportslbie to ensure proper pranning,cootdination and rnonitoring of OFWM activities. cost of bhectorate 6eauquaners) rvir,Itowever' not be charged to the proposed scheme durirrg first two'years of its gestation periodzrs turrding of said Directorate has been prouia"a inau ppSADp. After conclusion ofPSGWDP, cost of Directorate (Headqrrnr^i"*"r" Orl**nr6 to the proposed scheme tillts conipletiott.

Directorate (Field)' oFwM, Lahore presently charged to non-deveroptrtent budget w're shifted to Faisalabad and will srtpervise the works in Faisalabnd and Sargodha divisions.This directorate will not be charged to the proposed project. Directorate (Fierd), oFwM,awalpindi after conclusion of oEbvrapan ,rrirt"a offi-rt, ftoject (June 1999) wi, start'supervising the oFWM activities in noh canal comrnanded atea felring in Rawalpindi division.Directorate (Fietd), OFWM, Multan presently being charged t9 non_developmentbudget wilt administer the envisaged oFwM activities in Multan divisiorr and will not create39


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dny financial liability on the proposed project. Directorates (Field), oFwM, fahawalpur andD'G'khan will enter in the project during third yeat of its irnplementation alongwith six AreaTeams.atld 30 Field reams. These direciorates will look after the field work in Bahawalpurand b.G.Khan divisions, respectively.It is indicated that Area Teams and Field Teams of various projects will be re-organized/ strengthened at the time of their joining to the profosed project as per its structure. year wisephasing of Directorates and Area Teams envisaged to be charged to the proposed project isihdicated ln Figure-2 of Annexure _ B.

CUSt Recovery/SharinEAt the onset of oFwM program in the province, all the construction material requiredfor watercourse improvement was ptovided by the project whereas, skilled and unskifled laborrvas donated by the farmers. ln addition, the beneficiatie$ were also required to repay " o; ";he cost of constrilction material. There was, howevet, nd S[cfi.fecoVery urider pilot On Farmwater Management Devetopment Project implethented dutirtg lg:.76-77.1t was decided torecover 2o% cost of constrdction material utilized for tbrnodelling or the watercourses during1980-El' fhe recovery was effected in ten equal six inonthty lnstallments over a pefiod of fiveyeats with a grace period of two years. The Punjab govefffileflt declded to enhance rate ofrecovery to 25vo during 1985-86 with same tepayment terms. The recovery was furtherincreased to 3ovo from 1990-91 and repayntent titre wa$ arso tedtrced to three years besidethere was ho grace period. Moreover, under the Asian Developrnent g.nt-rrsisted ThirdPunjab ort Farm water Management Project (started frorn July, lgg4), the farmers wereinitiatly required to contribute'sand consumed for watercoutse construction, in addition torepayrfleht of the to% of cost of remaining construction materiers. These arrangements havebeen chattged aftet tevisiott of this project after it's Mid tem Review. Now farmers arerequired by contributing35% of the material costs up front.


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slmilarly, after revision of IDA assisted oFwM-lll project, the farmers had beencontributing sand and 30% cost of materials upfront instead of re-pay 30vo ofcost of materialas deferred payment, practiced during imprementation of originar project.For improvement of watercourses under the proposed project, wuAs would provide thecost of skilled and unskilled labour and 30 percent of the cost of rnaterials (upfront) in cash/kindor both' ln case the farmers opt to contribute all cetnent required for carrying out traditional bricklining, it will be considered equivalent of their 30% up front contribution. precision landlevelling would, however, be fully funded by the fbrhers. For distributary improvementprogram' the Fos 'would be required to provide l0 percent of the cost (upfront) of officesconstruction in addition to rand, and distributary improvements within Area water Boards whirethe project would provide the remainirrg 90 percent. outside the Area water "rr.o;, ;;";r;FwUAg woufd be responsible to repay l0 percent of civil works cost within a period of fiveyears in ten six tnonthly instalments alongwith abiana. In case of branch canal improvementsabove FolFwuAs ar.eas, att funding wourd be provided by the project.

Accounting, Financiar Reporting and Auditing A*angernentPtovincial governments and Fcu would put in place qualified professional accountants,assisted by the Departmental accountants and necessary staff in the project Management tocatry out the accounting and financial management reporting of the. project. They would beresponsible for (a) tnaintaining a computerized project accouhting system capabre of generatingfinancial and procurernent reports as required by tDA; (b) preparing an accounting manualwith proper internal controls in place; (c) training departmental starr oi ,rr" i"u, rol facititatinggovernment and external audit; and (e) preparing periodic provinciar project financialmanagement repotts and fot consolidating the same at the nationar revel. A computerizedproject accounting and management inforrnation system wourd be tsed for rnaintaining projectaccounts' tracing physical progress of each component, updating procurement information andreviewin$ status of major project activities. The project.provides funding for recruitingfidancial tnanagerhent consultants and external auditors.

4l


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Pro.iect financial statements would be audited annually by external audit6rs ilraccordance with auditing standards acceptable to lDA. The financial statements woulcl besubrnittecf to attclitors within.three rnonths of the close of the each fiscal year (SeprerlSer -10)arttl the atrdit report and audited pro.iect accounts woulcf be sutrrnittecl to f DA wirhin six rn'rrtlrs(l)ecernber 3l) ol' the close of the fiscal year.Procurenrent Procedure

The procuremenl of watercourse tnaterials will be as per procedures agreecl with rhe\vorlcl Bank ttrrough purchase comnri(tee comprising of OFWM-PAD staff. wUAs. antlconsttltants. The consultants would survev thernarket on continuing basis and circulare t5e ralcsto the OFWM staff and the World Bank on quarterly basis.l)ishrrrsements Procednres

Disbttrsetnents are projected over n periocl five ancl a half years. 'l'he linal clisburserncrrtis:rrtticipatecl to be rnade by December 31. 2004. about six months after the conrpletiorr ofltroiecl irnpletnenlation' To facilitate


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The cost estidrates are based on March, l99g prices. The cost. of civil works andtechnologies is based on recent average costs in the field and standard/structure designs of theproject' Price escalation has been adopted keeping in view the past experience and guidelinesissued in this regar{ by the Planning commission, Government of pakistan, Islamabad.GIVE ESTIMATE' oF ANNUAL MAINTENANCE i.e. RECURRENTfr il[rTRH,H,^II3]^??lgpr.gIoFpRdlirrs.ALsoELABORArEffi-&?iffi i"?lffill***3*yy3y$iJi#"?,f*^i8ffifThe farmers through their respective Fos/FWUAs/wUAs would be responsible for the'peration and maintenance of the installed improvements and as such there wourd be no;ffi:"t expendituie on the part of government after compretion of the projecr gestationF** y*Tgs^LoI! EACH carEcoRY oF OUTPUT, FOR EXAMPLEf*Tl-tiFff",Hfif,::,*u", cIvE ESTIMATE oF ATNNUAL rNcoME

14.

t5.

16.

t7.

The pro-iect wourd make the punjab lrrigation Agencies (pID/puIDArr;;ffiffilT:,T::::,:.:^"^'5 impact.on sovernment budget. Farmers, participarion in,';;;-;";;;;ffi]:::Hil'ould result in savings in government recurrent budget and generate more revenue due tornprovement in collection of.water charges.Moreover, considerabte increase .hetter change in ",npping patrern ",.. ""':;:J"lil'-;,*11",[ffTff:J::iTr:,:::roject implementation will have an indirect impact on the income side of the scheme. Thernplementation of the project would have both tangibre and intangibte benefits, which wirl

The analysis of unit cost of each component is appended as Annexure_,,F,,

43


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tultimately result in substantial increase in farm incomes andopportunities to the rural population of project area.

provide enhanced employment

I8. GIVE CASH FLOW STATEMENT INDICATING INFLOW AND OUTFLOWCASH FOR rO YEARSN.A

Ig. ANNUAT, PHASING OF PHYSICAL WORKS AND FINANCIALThe year-wise phasing of physical targets and

appended as Annexure uCu and "D',, respectively.financial requirements of the project is

20.

(a)1.

NIL

LIKELY SOURCES AND AMOUNT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE COST

(b) PRESENT POSITION REGARDING AVAILABILITY, COMMITMENTOR NT,GOIIATIONSThe wortd Bank has given indication for financing the proposed scheme. Moreover, anamount of Rs' 500 million have been allocated in federal budget foi t99g-1999 fo, ;r;.;.;.'In addition' an amount of Rs. 15.0 million has been allocated in the punjab ADp for lggg-2000 for the proposed project. Project entities have, therefore, suffic,rn, *no, to start theproject activities.

44


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22. FINANCING PLAN(n) SPI1CTFY TI.ID SOI'RCI'S OIi ITINANCTNG'|'IIE, IMI,LT,MI',N,I.A'I'IONOF PROJBCT AS UNDBR

(Rs. million)Amount forCapimlExpenditure

Arnount lirrRecurringExpenditure(a) Foreign Assistancei_ Loanii_ Grantiii- Technical Assistance(b) Fecleral Governmenti- Grantii- l-oan

iii_ Investmentiv_ Direct Expentliture(c) Provincial Governmenti- Grant. ii_ Loaniii- Investn)enrir,- Direct Expenditure(d) Spr)nstx.ing Agency,s own tbnd(e) Private lnvestment{l) l-rrca| hody respurces, if any(g) Non-Government borrowing(h) Benel.iciaries Contrihution(i) Ofier sources (e.g. Recoveries) 1.76t .07

.15


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tr) PROJECT COSTS AND TINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

According to proposerl scope of work, project cost has been estinratecl atRs.6,660.37 rnillion. Out of this, Rs.1,761.07 million (26.44To) will be shared by the farrner.sin the fonn of labour, hired masons. ancf material supplies for watercourses and distributariesimprovement. Rs.790.15 mitlion (11.86%,) is to be contributed by the governrnent of thePtrnjab and Rs.4109.15 rnilliorr (61.69%\ represents the contributiorr from the World Bank.

(c) ANNEX DETAIT-ED PROFIT AND LOSS STATBMENTS, Bot'rrCt'MULATIVE AND TNCRE,MENTAL BASTS OVER TITE LIFEPROJECTN.A,

INDICATE ANY SUBSIDY INVOLVED AND THE SOURCES TO MEETITAn amottnt of Rs. 4.109.t5 rnillion is irrvolved as subsicly and rhe sarne r,vill be

provided. throtrgh the project with the financial assistarrce ol'the Worfcf Bank.

(e) ANNEX DETAIT ED SrA'TEMENTS oF FTNANCIAL AND EcoNorvrcsANALYSISThe implementation of the proiect will lead to the increase in croppecl area by19 percent, increase in yielcls by 20 percent and.the time to irrigate the same area will beredtrced by 35 percent. The benefit ancf cost ratio of the project has been worked out keepirgin view the direct benefits to be accrued from the pro.iect in terms of water savings. increasingthe cropped area and agriculttlral production. The economic analysis has been attachecl as

Annexure " 11".

ONOF

(d)


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23. RISK ANALYSISTlre critical tisks involved in the implementation of the project activities alongwith their

rrrinimization measurs are briefly discussed as below:

24. RESUI,TS OF PROJECT(a)

A more efficient, productive, and sustainable irrigation and drainagesystem delivering greater development impact ,i less cost to thegovernment budget and the environment, as a result of involvement offarmers in irrigation management at distributary/minor lever.

RISK MINIMIZATION MEASURESIt may take longer to form effectiveFOs and transfer of irrigationmanagement may be slower thanexpected,

Powerfrrl rural elite may dominate theFOs and use these to expand theirinfluence.

A well designed communitymobilization and support programwith the support from local NGOs toprovide training and technicalassistance to farmers.ln this phase of the project, activitieswould concentrate in areas havingreldtively homogeneous land holdingsand where nutnber of extremely largefarms is not significantly high.The selection criteria based on initialscreening and baseline surveys wouldinclude those distributaries/minors inthe project where chances of forminga successful FO are highest. Anindependent monitoring programwould be in plaie to assess theeffectiveness of FOs and makechanges to the irnplementation of thefury9!' participation plan.

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ii) Increased agricultural growth, poverty alleviation and private sectordevelopment in rural areas where most of the absolute poor live.iii) The project witl yield economic benefits in terms of higher agriculturaloutput, greater rural employment, more and equitable distribution ofwater, and stronger irrigation and drainage sector institutions.A great degree of confidence in attaining project benefits is based on

tletnonstrated effects of similar works in several earlier on-farm' water management andirrigation system rehabiliration projects.suppotted by the IDA and other donors.

(b) REVENUES OR REDUCTION IN EXPENSES OFAdditional irrigation water saved through reduced conveyance losses in the

tenovated distributaries/minors/watercourses, combined with other project improvements (farmtlemonstration centres, adoption of better water management practices at farm tevel) wouldittcrease the cropped area, crop yields, cropping intensity and farm incornes in the project area.Accordingly, water charges (abiana), basically charged on the basis of crops grown, would beircreased directly and increased income level on the other hand witl improve the property taxstatus, indirectfy.

The pro.iect would make the Punjab lrrigation Agencies (plD/puIDAs) financiallytnore sustainable arnl have a positive impact on goverrifnent budget. Fos, involvement innlanagement of irrigation infrastructure at the distributary/minor fior O&M would result insavings in government recurrent budget and generate more revenue due to improvement incollection of water charges.2s. (a) APPROXTMATE NUMBER AND cATEcoRrF,s oF . JoBOPPORTTINITIES LTKELY TO BE CREATED INDIRECTLY AS ARESULT OF:

The project will have both tangible and intangible benefits but there will be nodirect income from the scheme to the government. considerable increase in crop yields,48

GOVT/LOCAL


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cropping intensities; cropped area, and better change in cropping pattern etc. on account of$'ater savings expected from the project implementation will, however, have an indirect impact'n the income side of the scheme. The implementation of the project would result in substantialitlcrease in farm incomes and provide enhanced employment opportunities to the ruralpopulation of project area. lt is pointed out that about 4.36 rniltion tnan-days would berequired during earthen imptovements of watercourses in the project area whereas,approximately 2'3 million man-days would be needed to accomplish pucca improvement. It iscstimated that a total amount of about Rs. 436.2 million and Rs. 229.5 million would bepayable to skilled and mskitled labour in canal commandect and non canal commanded areas ofthe project during its implementation, respectively. The involvement of labour in theconstruction of water storage tahks, etc. would be in addition to above pointed jobopportunities' It can, therefore, be anticipated that project implementation will bring job.pp.rtunities not onfy for skilled and unskilled labour of the villages but will help in openingof new earning avenues for the rural poor.

o) ECONOMIC LIFE OF COMPONENTS OF PROJECT (BTIILDING,The economic rife of watercourse as per experience of oFwM is about 20About shme life is expected for other works to be provided under the scheme.

COMMT.'NITY/BENEFICIARIES PAR TICIPATIONFf#l#^r,mfJm '-lr:g^_ llospEcrs FoR coMMUMryItTI':li+f "JLIXH^:TgkS:"rlrylrryil,ri""J,"^'i:l,lH$Xffi*xl,#y3 jIrI-_g.gNsrtnnnn. rF yES,lip":f *Tly".lo.gdil"iffi ffi ol1,"ilfflr'#Yo'*'l;?BHTI

years.

OF BENEFICIARIES ONOne of the peculiar feature of OFWM program is to fully actrieve participation of thersrtvtt vr tlltfarming community in construction/renovation and post improvement maintenance of theimproved watercourses as weil as other oFwM aciivities. tnrorr"t o.r"r*;;r;;


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holders of watercourses called "Khat Cornmittees" were created under USAID assisted pilotoFwM Project during 1976-77 to 1980-81, school teachers, lmams of village mosques, andrrther notables, having deep roots in the farming community, were entrustecl the job o

1 forth on foum water management project page(1-10)

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