1 Functional groups These groups are hydrophilic and typically polar with the exception of the phosphate group and therefore increase the solubility of the organic molecule to which they are attached. Ex: the hydroxyl (-OH) in ethanol 2 3 Macromolecules Small molecules can join together to form larger structures called macromolecules. Small molecules can join together to form larger structures called macromolecules. They are formed of long chains called polymers They are formed of long chains called polymers The molecular sub-units of a polymer chain are called monomers The molecular sub-units of a polymer chain are called monomers Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids 4 Molecules of Life Divided into 4 categories. The four major molecules necessary for life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. 5Carbohydrates glucose 6 Molecules of Life Carbohydrates: hydrated carbon composed of C,H, and O. ( C:H:O 1:2:1 ) Primary source of molecular energy. Produced by plants in the form of simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose). Simple sugars ( ie. Glucose monomer ) C 6 H 12 O 6 are called monosaccharides Two glucose molecules form a disaccharide. More than two sugar molecules joined make a polysaccharide. 7 Molecules of Life Monosaccharides with five or more carbons readily form ring structures when dissolved in water / glucose isomerization 8 The disaccharide sucrose is formed from the linkage of glucose and fructose 9 Lipids triglyceride 10 Molecules of Life LIPIDS: composed of C,H,and O (ie. C 57 H 110 O 6 ) they are used in storing excess energy long term, and building of the cellular membrane. They help in the transmission of messages in the body as well. Produced by both plants and animals as fats, oils, waxes and steroids. 11 Triglycerides: composed of fatty acid subunits attached to a glycerol 12 Triglyceride formation 13 Fluid Mosaic Model 14 Proteins Amino acid 15 Molecules of Life Proteins: composed of C, H, O and N ( nitrogen is a necessary element for forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins ) a single protein may be formed from 100s of amino acid monomers two amino acids make a dipeptide more make up a polypeptide Enzymes and hormones are examples of polypeptides. Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions. The type of polypeptide formed depends on the number and sequence of the amino acids that make it. ( there are 20 different amino acid groups ). 16 17 Nucleic Acids 18 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids: composed of subunits called nucleotides. DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) These acids form the code that controls an organisms basic behavior and appearance. ATP is a nucleotide used to drive virtually all the energy in a cell. 19 DNA Structure