1 futo intl. conference on renewable energy march 29 – april 2, 2009 use of ict to mitigate...

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1 FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, Use of ICT to Mitigate Climate Change Sahalu B. Junaidu Computer Science Unit Department Mathematics Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria [email protected]

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Page 1: 1 FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009 Use of ICT to Mitigate Climate Change Sahalu B. Junaidu Computer Science Unit Department

1FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Use of ICT to Mitigate Climate Change

Sahalu B. Junaidu

Computer Science Unit

Department Mathematics

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

[email protected]

Page 2: 1 FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009 Use of ICT to Mitigate Climate Change Sahalu B. Junaidu Computer Science Unit Department

2FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Use of ICT to Mitigate Climate Change

The Problem

Policies for Mitigating Climate Change

Role of Renewable Energy

ICT and Climate Change

ICT Abatement Techniques

Efficiency Paradox

Zero Carbon ICT Innovations

Summary

Recommendations

Page 3: 1 FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009 Use of ICT to Mitigate Climate Change Sahalu B. Junaidu Computer Science Unit Department

3FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

The Problem

Global warming is one of the greatest challenges facing this planet

Caused, in part, due to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions

Must be tackled to make life worthwhile for future generations

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4FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Policies for Mitigating Climate Change

Currently industry and policy makers have focused on three approaches o promote smaller carbon foot prints:

1. Carbon offsetting Companies and individuals undertake to reduce their carbon footprint Rewarded with money from heavy emitters or make direct donations of money to

compensate for their carbon emission Has become very controversial as there are no industry standards and it has

attracted some unsavory organizations and practices.

2. Cap and trade Tax receipts are only spent on carbon reduction or sequestration projects Has been very unpopular and is unlikely to gain much traction with the public in

the near future. Governments may treat as revenue source!

3. Carbon taxes Apply to heavy GHG emitters like power plants Record mixed success and are largely dependent on the arbitrary trading line as

established by governments between those can sell credits and those who need to purchase them.

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5FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Role of Renewable Energy

What is renewable energy? Energy generated from natural resources – sunlight, wind, rain, tides

and geothermal heat – which are renewable (naturally replenished)

Offers our planet a chance to reduce carbon emissions, clean the air, and put our civilization on a more sustainable footing

Also offers countries around the world the chance to improve their energy security and spur economic development.

More than 65 countries now have goals for their own renewable energy futures, and are enacting a far-reaching array of policies to meet those goals

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6FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

… Role Renewable Energy

And many renewables technologies and industries have been growing at rates of 20 to 60 percent, year after year, capturing the interest of the largest global companies

In 2007, more than $100 billion was invested in renewable energy production assets, manufacturing, research, and development a true global milestone

In 2004, 3,000 delegates from 150 countries came together to share ideas and make commitments at the “Renewables 2004” conference in Bonn, Germany

Renewable energy has reached the top of the agendas of international policy processes under the United Nations, the G8, and other multilateral fora

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7FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

… Role Renewable Energy $43 Billion Stimulus for Energy Technology

Obama’s administration

$30 billion for smart power grid, advanced battery technology and energy efficiency initiatives.

$20 billion in tax incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency over the next decade.

$400 million to fund establishment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy

$580 million for the National Institute of Standards and Technology for technology innovation and manufacturing standards programs.

This energy funding is estimated to create nearly 500,000 jobs

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8FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT and Climate Change

It is estimated that ICT industry consumes anywhere from 6-10% of the world's energy and is responsible for 2-3% of the world's GHG emissions

About 40% of these emissions are from personal computers and cell phone

About 60% of the output comes from businesses, network operators, and application providers.

This emission is estimated to grow at 6% each year until 2020 Due to growth in demand for its products and services

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9FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Emissions: PCs and Peripherals

PCs are expected to be ubiquitous in developing countries, too, as the proliferation of Internet cafes indicates The number of PCs globally is expected to increase from 592 million

in 2002 to more than four billion in 2020.

In 2002, the PC and monitors’ combined carbon footprint was 200 MtCO2e

This is expected to triple by 2020 to 600 MtCO2e A growth rate of 5% per annum!

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10FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Emissions: Data Centers

Buildings that house a collection of servers, storage devices, network equipment, power supplies, fans and other cooling equipment

Data centers will grow faster than any other ICT technology Driven by the need for storage, computing and other information

technology (IT) services. Despite first-generation virtualization and other efficiency measures

In 2002, the global data centre footprint, including equipment use and embodied carbon, was 76 MtCO2e

This is expected to more than triple by 2020 to 259 MtCO2e A growth rate of 7% pa The fastest-growing contributor to the ICT sector’s carbon footprint,

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11FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Emissions: Telecoms Infrastructure and Devices

Increased mobile phone and Internet use had led to increase in telecoms infrastructure

Telecoms emissions has grown from 150 MtCO2e in 2002 to 300 MtCO2e in 2007 and is expected to reach 350 MtCO2e in 2020

The majority of emissions from mobile devices come from standby mode, the power used by chargers that are plugged in but not in use.

Overall consumption of telecoms devices is set to decrease over the 2020 timeframe because “smart chargers” (those that turn off when a device is not connected)

Telecoms devices’ emissions can be reduced further using greener ICT technologies

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12FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Reducing ICT Sector’s Footprints

The direct carbon footprint of the ICT sector is dominated by electricity consumption

Mitigate by purchasing renewable electricity installing renewable generation on site, and making renewable electricity integral to ICT products

The ICT sector is uniquely placed to partner with power companies to optimize the existing electricity grid to allow more efficient power distribution and enable the use of more renewable or green power Smart grids

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13FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Reducing ICT Sector’s Footprints: Barriers

Lack of information about the emissions impacts of products and services, especially in the context of complex configurations and integration. Telecoms providers often don’t know the energy consumption of

specific services

There are agency issues to overcome person buying the company’s servers may not be responsible for their

operating costs may not include maximum efficiency as part of their buying

specification.

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14FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

… Reducing ICT Sector’s Footprints: Barriers

Technological or market concerns E.g., constant radical innovation is required to keep making

processors more efficient May hinder improvement of exiting processors

Inaccessibility of efficiency information of devices to consumers Ongoing work: PC labeling schemes as Energy Star, etc

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15FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Abatement Techniques

The ICT sector can enable emission reductions in a number of ways: Standardize:

ICT can provide information in standard forms on energy consumption and emissions, across sectors

Monitor:

ICT can incorporate monitoring information into the design and control for energy use

ICT can make energy consumption and GHG emissions visible through its products and services

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16FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

… ICT Abatement Techniques Account:

ICT can provide the capabilities and platforms to improve accountability of energy and carbon

Rethink:

ICT can provide the data, which can be used to change behaviors, processes, capabilities and systems

Provide alternatives to current ways of operating, learning, living, working and travelling

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17FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

… ICT Abatement Techniques

Transform:

ICT can apply smart and integrated approaches to energy management of systems and processes

Transformation to low carbon, energy-efficiency solutions across all sectors of the economy.

Radical transformation of infrastructure possible if bottleneck areas are known

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18FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect

ICT can also enable other sectors mitigate climate change: Transport – smart logistics Building – smart buildings Power – smart grids Industry - smart motor systems Dematerialization – in all the above

This opportunity estimated to be 5 times larger than ICT sector’s own carbon footprints Translates into approx. $946.5 billion of cost savings Assumption: cost of carbon is about $32 per ton

Realization requires a radical transformation of current infrastructure

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19FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Dematerialization Replacing high carbon physical products and activities with virtual low

carbon equivalents

ICT opportunities E-commerce Teleworking Teleconferencing/videoconferencing

A study indicates using technology to dematerialize could deliver reduction equivalent to the total ICT footprint in 2002

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20FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Industry Industrial activity is one of the largest contributors to global emissions

Can be reduced with optimized motors and industrial automation

Smart motor systems Devices that can be controlled to adjust power usage to a required

output

ICT opportunities Monitor energy use and provide data to businesses so they can make

energy and cost savings by changing manufacturing systems Provide simulation software to help improve plant and

manufacturing process design

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21FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Transport Global goods transport is growing rapidly, as a result of globalization

ICT can assist with efficient packaging, transport, storage, consumer purchasing and waste

Smart logistics A range of software and hardware tools that monitor, optimize and manage

operations

ICT opportunities Provision of software to improve the design of transport networks, allow

the running of centralized distribution networks and run management systems that can facilitate flexible home delivery services

Optimizing logistics using ICT could result in a 16% reduction in transport emissions and a 27% reduction in storage emissions globally.

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22FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Buildings Energy consumption in buildings is driven by two factors – energy intensity and

surface area

ICT-based monitoring, feedback and optimization tools can be used to reduce both at every stage of a building’s life cycle, from design and construction to use and demolition.

Smart buildings A suite of technologies used to make the design, construction and operation of

buildings more efficient

ICT opportunities Building management systems (BMS) that run heating and cooling systems

according to occupants’ needs Software that switches off all PCs and monitors after everyone has gone home

ICT offers a major opportunity to reduce emissions from buildings by 15% in 2020

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23FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Buildings Energy consumption in buildings is driven by two factors – energy intensity and

surface area.

ICT-based monitoring, feedback and optimization tools can be used to reduce both at every stage of a building’s life cycle, from design and construction to use and demolition.

Smart buildings A suite of technologies used to make the design, construction and operation of

buildings more efficient

ICT opportunities Building management systems (BMS) that run heating and cooling systems

according to occupants’ needs Software that switches off all PCs and monitors after everyone has gone home

ICT offers a major opportunity to reduce emissions from buildings by 15% in 2020

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24FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Power Current centralized energy distribution networks are often huge, inefficient grids that

lose power in transmission require an overcapacity of generating capability to cope with unexpected surges in

energy use

Smart grids A set of software and hardware tools that enable generators to route power more

efficiently, reducing the need for excess capacity Improve efficiency, energy monitoring and data capture across the power

generation and T&D network

ICT opportunities Smart meters Dynamic demand systems – allow appliances like refrigerators to dynamically

reduce their load at peak times

Electricity generation currently accounts for 57% of India’s total emissions Reduction by 30% is possible with smart grids

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25FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

ICT Enabling Effect: Hurdles

The potential savings may not be easy to come by! Policy, market and behavioral hurdles must be overcome

Chinese factory managers find it difficult to stop producing long enough to implement more efficient industrial processes Risk revenue loss and competitiveness

Low adoption rates Only 1-2% of US workforce teleworked in 2005

Technological barriers Lack of capacity and skills to operate advanced automation technologies

Infrastructure Lack of high quality, affordable Internet access services to all consumers and businesses

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26FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Energy Efficiency Paradox Technology improvements allow for better energy efficiency, but those

savings can be lost to greater consumption:

Smart meters in our homes may reduce energy costs, and allow us to afford larger homes which consume more energy

Congestion control systems may reduce traffic congestion but thereby encourage automobile usage

The largest consumption of energy for personal computers is in their manufacture as opposed to their operation The manufacture of a typical desktop PC accounts for almost 80%

of the total energy used in a 3 year life-cycle

Anything less than a target of zero carbon emissions throughout the entire ICT system will be less effective 

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27FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Zero Carbon ICT Innovations Zero-carbon strategies

Zero carbon  inevitably means producing energy through renewable sources

Next generation networks (NGN) and Next generation Internet (NGI) Network technologies to deploy zero carbon networks

wired and wireless networks, new router and optical architectures, and new distributed computing architectures

distributed grids and clouds using zero carbon data centers use of Web services and SOA with virtualization, consumer applications on zero carbon data networks

Incentives To consumers Companies

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28FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Summary

Global Warming is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing the planet

ICT technologies are both a cause of global warming and also a major

part of the solution

ICT can empower other sectors in mitigating emissions

Realizing ICT’s potentials may be no easy win

Renewable energy sources provide the most promising alternative in the long run

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29FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

Recommendations Do more to create a fiscal and regulatory environment that will encourage

faster and more widespread adoption of ICT

Provide incentives to businesses and consumers to adopt efficiency measures strengthening the business case for investing in efficiency technology

and training more people to implement and operate products of new technologies

Provide disincentives to vested interests who want to perpetuate the status quo

Investment into the development of ICT energy efficiency technologies R&D on NGN and NGI

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30FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

The End

Thank You!

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31FUTO Intl. Conference on Renewable Energy March 29 – April 2, 2009

References

The GeSI study – SMART 2020: enabling the low carbon economy in the information age – the world’s first comprehensive global study of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector’s growing significance for the world’s climate, issued the 20th of June 2008, by the Climate Group and the Global e‑Sustainability Initiative (GeSI). See the report at www.gesi.org

An Inefficient Truth: http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk/event_detail.aspx?eid=2696e0e0-28fe-4121-bd36-

3670c02eda49

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutral

http://www.thegreengrid.org/home