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Gender EqualityGender Equality in the in the Oil and Gas Oil and Gas IndustryIndustry

Dorothy LeleDorothy LeleDec. 12, 2011Dec. 12, 2011

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OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

1. Background on the oil and gas industry

2. Norway’s Oil for Development program

3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industry

4. Making connections for more effective development

1. Background on the oil and gas industry

2. Norway’s Oil for Development program

3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industry

4. Making connections for more effective development

1.1. Background: Background: the oil and gas the oil and gas

industryindustry

1.1. Background: Background: the oil and gas the oil and gas

industryindustry

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PetroleumPetroleumPetroleumPetroleum

Petroleum is a complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, (organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen & carbon).

Technically, petroleum refers only to crude oil, but is commonly used to include all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons.

Petroleum is a complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, (organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen & carbon).

Technically, petroleum refers only to crude oil, but is commonly used to include all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons.

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Petroleum IndustryPetroleum IndustryPetroleum IndustryPetroleum IndustryThe petroleum industry is divided into:•the upstream oil industry: the

search for, recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas.

•the midstream oil industry: processes, stores, markets and transports

•the downstream oil industry: the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas, and the sale and distribution of thousands of products derived from crude oil.

The petroleum industry is divided into:•the upstream oil industry: the

search for, recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas.

•the midstream oil industry: processes, stores, markets and transports

•the downstream oil industry: the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas, and the sale and distribution of thousands of products derived from crude oil. 5

Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum Products

Petroleum products include: gasoline (petrol), diesel, natural gas, propane, kerosene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, plastics, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, antifreeze….

Petroleum products include: gasoline (petrol), diesel, natural gas, propane, kerosene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, plastics, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, antifreeze….

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UPSTREAM INDUSTRYUPSTREAM INDUSTRYUPSTREAM INDUSTRYUPSTREAM INDUSTRY•Exploration: search for rock formations

with oil or natural gas deposits, involves geophysical prospecting, blasting and/or exploratory drilling.

•Well development: construction of wells

• Production: extracting the hydrocarbons, separating the mixture of liquids, gas, solids and water, and removing unwanted components

•Site abandonment: plugging the well(s) and restoring the site

•Exploration: search for rock formations with oil or natural gas deposits, involves geophysical prospecting, blasting and/or exploratory drilling.

•Well development: construction of wells

• Production: extracting the hydrocarbons, separating the mixture of liquids, gas, solids and water, and removing unwanted components

•Site abandonment: plugging the well(s) and restoring the site

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MID and DOWNSTREAM MID and DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES

MID and DOWNSTREAM MID and DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES

The midstream and downstream industries include: •transport: pipelines, shipping•refineries and processing

plants (including petrochemical plants)

•natural gas distribution •petroleum product distribution •retail outlets.

The midstream and downstream industries include: •transport: pipelines, shipping•refineries and processing

plants (including petrochemical plants)

•natural gas distribution •petroleum product distribution •retail outlets. 8

Upstream / Upstream / DownstreamDownstreamUpstream / Upstream /

DownstreamDownstreamOil and gas industry

Activities and skills

Oversight &

regulationUpstream: exploration and production

• geologists, geophysicists• engineers: petroleum, geological, chemical, mechanical, envt, etc.• drilling rig operators and field workers

• Ministry of Petroleum• Ministry of Natural or Mineral Resources• Environmental Protection• independent commission or board

Downstream:refining, transport, distribution, and marketing

• chemical & process engineers and technicians, mechanical, civil, envt, etc.• pipeline transportation workers• retail business operators

• Ministries of Energy, Commerce & Industry• commercial regulation 9

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2. Norway’s Oil for 2. Norway’s Oil for Development Development

programprogram

2. Norway’s Oil for 2. Norway’s Oil for Development Development

programprogram

Oil for DevelopmentOil for DevelopmentOil for DevelopmentOil for Development

Assists developing countries to manage their petroleum resources sustainably.

Works at the institutional level, building the capacities of public authorities responsible for petroleum resources.

Focuses on three themes: Resource management Revenue management Environmental management

Assists developing countries to manage their petroleum resources sustainably.

Works at the institutional level, building the capacities of public authorities responsible for petroleum resources.

Focuses on three themes: Resource management Revenue management Environmental management

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OfD SupportOfD SupportOfD SupportOfD Support

Oil and gas industry

OfD Support

OfD Partners

Upstream: E&P, pipelines

• resource, revenue and environmental management

• Ministry of Petroleum or Mineral Resources• Agencies for Environmental Protection

Downstream: products

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OfD SupportOfD SupportOfD SupportOfD Support

1. Government agencies of 23 countries8 Core Countries:

Angola, Bolivia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Uganda

2. Local civil society organizations (through Norwegian and international NGOs): Revenue Watch Institute (RWI), WWF, Norwegian organizations

1. Government agencies of 23 countries8 Core Countries:

Angola, Bolivia, Ghana, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Uganda

2. Local civil society organizations (through Norwegian and international NGOs): Revenue Watch Institute (RWI), WWF, Norwegian organizations

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3. Gender 3. Gender issues issues in the in the

oil and gas oil and gas industryindustry

3. Gender 3. Gender issues issues in the in the

oil and gas oil and gas industryindustry

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Gender issues in the Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industryGender issues in the Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industry

a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum activities

b) Downstream: access and use of products

c) Government revenues or “take”

d) Environmental impacts

e) Employment equity

a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum activities

b) Downstream: access and use of products

c) Government revenues or “take”

d) Environmental impacts

e) Employment equity

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a) a) Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:

exploration & productionexploration & production

a) a) Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:

exploration & productionexploration & productionDifferential impacts on women and men

of:•employment and economic opportunities •population displacements and

resettlement•disruptions in natural ecosystems and

livelihoods depending on them;•community disruptions and conflicts from

influx of large numbers of men for jobs “social vices”

Differential impacts on women and men of:

•employment and economic opportunities •population displacements and

resettlement•disruptions in natural ecosystems and

livelihoods depending on them;•community disruptions and conflicts from

influx of large numbers of men for jobs “social vices”

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Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:

accidents, spills, pollutionaccidents, spills, pollution

Local Impacts of Local Impacts of Petroleum Activities: Petroleum Activities:

accidents, spills, pollutionaccidents, spills, pollution

Differential impacts of ecosystem damage (to water quality and availability, fisheries, crops, forest resources, etc) on women and men:

•health impacts (including reproductive health) of contaminated water, air and soil

•economic impacts: loss & damage to livelihoods

•nutritional impacts: loss & damage to food sources

Differential impacts of ecosystem damage (to water quality and availability, fisheries, crops, forest resources, etc) on women and men:

•health impacts (including reproductive health) of contaminated water, air and soil

•economic impacts: loss & damage to livelihoods

•nutritional impacts: loss & damage to food sources

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Gender bias in Gender bias in benefits and costsbenefits and costs

Gender bias in Gender bias in benefits and costsbenefits and costs

•  Major benefits of employment and compensation mostly go to men.

• Costs of community disruptions and environmental degradation fall most heavily on women.

•  Major benefits of employment and compensation mostly go to men.

• Costs of community disruptions and environmental degradation fall most heavily on women.

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Social support and Social support and compensation compensation

fundingfunding

Social support and Social support and compensation compensation

fundingfunding1. Oil/gas company CSR

(corporate social responsibility) projects

2. Government projects funded through taxes on oil companies

often directed towards projects benefiting women (water, health, education)

1. Oil/gas company CSR (corporate social responsibility) projects

2. Government projects funded through taxes on oil companies

often directed towards projects benefiting women (water, health, education)

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b) Access and use of b) Access and use of productsproducts

b) Access and use of b) Access and use of productsproducts

Energy for CookingEnergy for CookingEnergy for CookingEnergy for Cooking

•2.7 billion “people” (=women) rely on biomass and inefficient stoves for cooking

•LPG (bottled gas) as the main energy source for switching from biomass for cooking but mostly for urban higher income

groups (price and distribution issues)•LPG for cooking is not a priority for

many governments 21

Access to other Access to other petroleum products:petroleum products:fuels, plastics, fertilisersfuels, plastics, fertilisers

Access to other Access to other petroleum products:petroleum products:fuels, plastics, fertilisersfuels, plastics, fertilisers

Same as usual:•women’s lack of information,

income and control over resources

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c) Government c) Government “take”“take”

c) Government c) Government “take”“take”

•Government “take” = taxes, royalties, production sharing agreements, or direct ownership

•Norwegian pension fund: investment of financial returns for the benefit of future generations

➡ Identify gender differences in the benefits and risks of the use of revenues

➡ may be possible where OfD is advising partners on revenue issues 23

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d) Environmental d) Environmental Impacts: Climate Impacts: Climate

ChangeChange

d) Environmental d) Environmental Impacts: Climate Impacts: Climate

ChangeChange

Gender dimensions of Gender dimensions of climate changeclimate change

Gender dimensions of Gender dimensions of climate changeclimate change

•Oil and gas production and use results in gas emissions and climate change

•Poor people/women are the most vulnerable to climate change, because they depend on natural resources for livelihoods and lack resources to adapt

•  Women are affected through: Gender roles: household maintenance, food,

water and fuel provision Cultural practices: female seclusion/ protection,

mobility survival skills, property rights Participation in decision-making 25

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e) Employment e) Employment Equity: women’s Equity: women’s

presencepresence

e) Employment e) Employment Equity: women’s Equity: women’s

presencepresence

Women work on oil rigs Women work on oil rigs tootoo

Chennai, India 2009Chennai, India 2009

Women work on oil rigs Women work on oil rigs tootoo

Chennai, India 2009Chennai, India 2009

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Women’s increasing Women’s increasing presence in oil & gaspresence in oil & gasWomen’s increasing Women’s increasing presence in oil & gaspresence in oil & gas•Women make up about 21 percent of

workforce• Increasing efforts to attract and retain

women: studies show a clear correlation between

gender diversity and higher profitability •Still few women in management positions

•Barriers to women in oil and gas: •Field work•Limited accommodation at field

sites/drilling platforms•Attitudes: not a suitable job for women

•Women make up about 21 percent of workforce

• Increasing efforts to attract and retain women: studies show a clear correlation between

gender diversity and higher profitability •Still few women in management positions

•Barriers to women in oil and gas: •Field work•Limited accommodation at field

sites/drilling platforms•Attitudes: not a suitable job for women

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3. Gender issues in the 3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industry

3. Gender issues in the 3. Gender issues in the oil and gas industryoil and gas industry

a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum operations

b) Downstream: access and use of products

c) Government revenues or “take”

d) Environmental impacts

e) Employment equity

a) Local impacts of upstream petroleum operations

b) Downstream: access and use of products

c) Government revenues or “take”

d) Environmental impacts

e) Employment equity

Information and Information and experienceexperience

Information and Information and experienceexperience•World Bank gender mainstreaming in the

extractive industries: focus on mining www.worldbank.org/eigender

•Norway & WB Petroleum Governance Initiative includes a study on the gender dimensions of the oil and gas industries

•Broken Promises: Gender Impacts of the WB-financed West African and Chad-Cameroon Pipelines www.genderaction.org/publications/11/chad-cam-wagp-pipelines.html

•Oil for Development: Mozambique, Timor-Leste, Uganda

•World Bank gender mainstreaming in the extractive industries: focus on mining www.worldbank.org/eigender

•Norway & WB Petroleum Governance Initiative includes a study on the gender dimensions of the oil and gas industries

•Broken Promises: Gender Impacts of the WB-financed West African and Chad-Cameroon Pipelines www.genderaction.org/publications/11/chad-cam-wagp-pipelines.html

•Oil for Development: Mozambique, Timor-Leste, Uganda

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4. Making connections4. Making connections4. Making connections4. Making connections

Oil and gas:Oil and gas:•upstreamupstream•downstreadownstreamm

Electric powerElectric power

Biomass, Biomass, biofuelsbiofuels

Alternative Alternative technologies technologies Mechanical Mechanical

Energy Energy sourcessources

AvailabilitAvailability & y &

accessaccess

AvailabilitAvailability & y &

accessaccess

Pricing Pricing and creditand credit

Pricing Pricing and creditand credit

Water Water PumpingPumping

InformatioInformationn

InformatioInformationn

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Making connectionsMaking connectionsMaking connectionsMaking connectionsNeed for:1. Comprehensive treatment of all

energy needs and sources – more attention to the demand side

2. Connections between policies and programs for all subsectors – for more effective policies and use of resources

3. Ensuring social and gender dimensions are central to all policies and solutions – for more effective development

Need for:1. Comprehensive treatment of all

energy needs and sources – more attention to the demand side

2. Connections between policies and programs for all subsectors – for more effective policies and use of resources

3. Ensuring social and gender dimensions are central to all policies and solutions – for more effective development

Thank youThank youThank youThank you

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