1 gis as enabling technology for an information environment in public administration monika...
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GIS as enabling technology for an information environment in public administration
Monika HeidemannFraunhofer-Institut für Graphische DatenverarbeitungRundeturmstr. 664283 Darmstadt
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OverviewIntroduction
• Situation of Information Technology in the EU
• Situation of Administration• Use of GIS in Administration
Architecture• Requirements of the IT-system• Architecture• Scenario of a soil-protection system• Architecture of the soil-protection system• Three-tier-architecture• Data Management
Example• Common GIS
Conclusion
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Situation of Information Technology in the EU
Goals
• availability of information and data as a fundamental criterion of competitiveness in the market
• improved information flow to increase effectiveness
• frontier crossing communication by the use of information systems
Obstacles
• standards and rules impeded the availability and exchange of data
• significant backlog in comparison to the USA
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Situation of Administration
explosion of data stored in administrative databases
huge heterogenous data sets
knowledge is hidden in distributed large data amounts
quality of data differs considerably
existing systems suffer in a lack of user-friendliness and effectiveness
lack in transparency for the citizen
low budgets
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Use of GIS in Administration
between 80 and 85% of all data have spatial reference (e.g. coordinates, addresses)
growing information potential in geographic information systems
GIS no longer limited to a small group of professionals
advantages:
• redundancy in work and expenses may be reduced
• optimized decision finding processes
• spatial analyses of measured data
• optimized information flow between departments
• common information source for civil servants and also citizens
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Requirements of the IT-system
easy access to the heterogeneous data and information
user-friendly interfaces
selection, procession, transformation and visualization of data
result evaluation and documentation
combining of different diciplines
exploiration of knowledge about several integrative disciplines
serve to multiple users
fast data retrieval
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Architecture
PC-based client/server technology
• wide distribution of data and information
server-centric system
• all process will be carried out on the server side
• functions and data will be transmitted on demand
• the system will not be stressed unnecessary
client-centric systems
• applications perform the processes to the clients
• not suitable for large amount of data
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Scenario soil-protection system of one ministry in Germany
different departments are linked
• Waste Management
• Offices of Water Supply and Distribution
• Cadastral and Surveying Offices
Geo Base Data
• Automated Property Register
• Automated Property Map
huge amount of structured and unstructured data
quality of applicable data differs considerably
no use of several data stock without previous preparation
plenty of rules, restrictions and standards to be observed
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Architecture of the soil-protection system combination of GIS and Internet
• simple and transparent distribution of geo-related data
• security mechanisms (different ID´s)
simultaneous access to the common data sets
3-tier-architecture
• client, middleware, server
application server realizes the access to the database and keeps the business logic
not only visual data but also topology, master data etc. is available
transparency and user-friendliness by use of a meta-information-system
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Three-tier-architecture
1. Tier: Data Base Server
2. Tier:Application Server
3. Tier:Internet Client
........ ....
....
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Data Management working in different data sources
metadata overcome the problem of interpreting the heterogeneous sources
modern software system consists of more or less independent components
• meet special requirements
• communicate with other components of the system
• particular components act autonomously
examples of components
• geo-coding
• waste deposits
• intelligent visualization
• analysis module
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Data Management II quality is enhanced by different highly
specialized componentes which can easily be replaced
essential to have defined user-interfaces for each component
Interface Definition Language (IDL)
• user interface specification
• independence of user interfaces and implementation of functionality
communication between the components is performed by using CORBA
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Data Management III each component is working on a well-definded data-
stock
autonomous administration will lead to redundancy and related consistence problems
there are special components for data administration, the data manager
each information community use their particular data model - the virtual data model
virtual data model access the original data sources via data server interfaces
components must specifiy which virtual data model they should use in order to get reasonable data
automatic integration of data sources into the virtual data model by means of meta-data
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Example - Common GIS goal: access and usability of geo-data
for everyone from everywhere
visualization techniques in form of maps and statistical graphs
remote access to geo-data
easy analysis of generated maps
specification of data sets and design of visualizations by its own
the system calculates the chosen statistical presentation
guides the user by using special interaction targets
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ExampleRationale for offering multiple presentations: Different visualization techniques enable different analysis tasks
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Why?
Selection of table data
Automatic generation of maps
Numeric data
Amounts
Intelligent structure of
data
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Visualisation design
Conceptual description of the
thematic data
Map designer
Client Server
selected columns
Presentation manager
map specification
Rule base on map design
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Dominantreligion
Inflationrate
Totalpopulation
Numberof women
Numberof men
Catholic medium 3 413 904 1 658 759 1 755 145Orthodox high 7 986 664 4 145 403 3 841 261Protestant low 1 625 399 863 499 761900
Data variables:
nominal ordinal numeric numeric numeric
is a part of
are comparable
Combinations of graphical elements:
enables comparisons
disables comparisons
emphasizes inclusion
enable estimation of sums and proportions ....
Level ofperception
Size Value Color Shape
quantitative ordered selective associative
Visual variables:
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Pie-chart test of “Intelligence”
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Conclusion
access to geo data even by non-experts
interaction between users via Internet
commercial GIS meet general requirments
special demands by programming
transfer of software and consultancy know-how to member states
focus on new technologies
• wearable GIS
• 3D-GIS