1 high middle ages. 2 i. farming improved & trade revived a. new ways of farming 1. a new...

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High High Middle Middle AgesAges

High High Middle Middle AgesAges

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I. Farming improved & I. Farming improved & Trade revivedTrade revived


A. New Ways of farming1. A new heavier plow2. Horses replaced oxen3. Three-field system - farmers could grow on 2/3 of their land each year. The other 1/3 would be Fallow.

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B. Towns grew larger1. People left the countryside to settle in towns.2. Townspeople formed a new middle class

a. In Germany - burghersb. In France - bourgeoisie

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C. Fairs were centers of trade1. Local fairs met the needs of daily life.2. No longer was everything produced on a self-sufficient manor. This was a revolutionary economic change for life in Europe.

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D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs1. Guild - an association of people who worked at the same occupation.2. The 1st guilds were formed by merchants3. Craft Guilds - skilled artisans

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D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs4. Guild Functions:

a. enforced qualityb. fixed pricesc. dues were a form of

insurance

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D. Guilds controlled crafts & fairs5. Training

a. apprentice - they worked for a master for 3 to 12 years without pay except room and board.

b. journeyman - they would earn wages while perfecting their trade.

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E. Towns won new liberties1. Charters - granted to towns by the lords.

a. Charters listed the towns special privileges & tax exemptions.

b. A town charter was a declaration of independence from the feudal system.

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II. Religious leaders II. Religious leaders wielded great powerwielded great powerII. Religious leaders II. Religious leaders wielded great powerwielded great power

A. Monks adopted stricter rules1. Cistercian order - a group that vowed to build their monasteries in the wilderness. Their life of hardships won many followers.

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B. Reformers ended abuses1. In 1059, a church decree declared that all future popes would be chosen at a meeting of leading bishops known as cardinals.2. Reformers wanted to abolish 3 things:

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2. Reformers wanted to end 3 things:a. marriage of priestsb. Simony: selling of church officesc. Lay investiture: a ceremony

where bishops & abbots received their church office from a lord or king. The church wanted it done by church officials.

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C. Gregory VII1. He became pope in 10732. Gregory’s reforms:

a. He ordered all married priests to abandon their families

b. In 1075 he banned lay investiture.

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C. Gregory VII3. Concordat of Worms - church officials would give a bishop the symbols of his office

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D. Popes ruled a spiritual empire1. A king who quarreled with the pope faced excommunication.2. Interdict - another weapon of the pope. No church ceremonies could be performed in the offending ruler’s lands.

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D. Popes ruled a spiritual empire3. The church resembled a kingdom - one ruler, one capital.4. Canon Law - Law of the church.5. The Inquisition - an organization of experts whose job was to find & judge heretics.

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E. Friars preached to the poor1. Friars traveled around preaching to the poor. They owned nothing and lived by begging.

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F. Churches rose in a new style1. Romanesque - a type of architecture based on the classical Roman style.2. Gothic - style of architecture created by Suger (soo-zhay)

a. Pointed, ribbed vault and archesb. Flying buttressesc. Notre Dame: most famous Gothic

Cathedral

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III. Royal Governments III. Royal Governments Grew StrongerGrew Stronger


• Kings had little more power than great lords.

• Kings began to strengthen their control over their own lands, which laid the groundwork for the growth of royal power

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A. Norman conquerors ruled England1. William the Conqueror (1066-1087)

a. Laid the foundation for royal power in England

b. Battle of Hastings - William defeated the English. This changed the course of English history. Oct. 14, 1066

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A. Norman conquerors ruled England1. William the Conqueror (1066-1087)

c. He made England the most centralized feudal Kingdom in Europe.

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A. Norman conquerors ruled England2. Henry II - He was William’s great-grandson. Became King in 1154.

a. He strengthened the courts of justice. He introduced the jury.

b. Common Law - Formed by royal judges. Basis for law in later English speaking countries including the U.S.

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B. Magna Carta1. Signed in 1215, it limited the power of the king of England. 2. Parliament – formed in the thirteenth century, it eventually evolved into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

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C. Capetian dynasty ruled France1. By 1000, France was divided into about 30 feudal territories.2. Hugh Capet - chosen ruler of France by France’s most powerful nobles in 987.

a. He began the Capetian dynasty.

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C. Capetian dynasty ruled France3. The growth of royal power will unify France.

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IV. CrusadesIV. CrusadesIV. CrusadesIV. Crusades

• In 1095, the Seljuk Turks stormed Baghdad, took Jerusalem, & conquered all of Asia Minor from the Byzantines.

• Pope Urban II called on the knights of Christendom to rescue Jerusalem & the Holy Lands from the Muslim Turks.

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A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes1. In 1096, between 50,000 & 60,000 knights became crusaders - someone who fights on behalf of a religious cause.2. Pope Urban II’s goal:

*he wanted to reunite Byzantine & Roman Christians

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A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes3. The knights goals:

*If they died in battle, they go directly to heaven

*glory in battle*spoils of war

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A. the Crusaders Had Many Causes4. The Merchant’s goal:

*If Christians held the trade centers of the middle east, then more wealth would flow to European merchants.

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B. The First Crusade1. July 15, 1099 - 12,000 knights capture Jerusalem

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C. Later Crusades1. In 1144, Edessa was re-conquered by the Turks.2. The 2nd crusade was organized to re-capture the city but it failed.3. In 1187, Jerusalem was taken by a Muslim named Saladin.

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C. Later Crusades4. The 3rd crusade, known as the King’s Crusade, was led by King Philip of France, Frederick I (Red Beard or Barbarossa) of Germany & Richard I (the Lionheart) of England

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C. Later Crusades4. The 3rd crusade,

*Frederick drowned crossing a river in his armor.

*Philip got sick and went home.

*Richard fought to regain the Holy Land

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C. Later Crusades5. In 1192, Saladin & Richard agreed to a 3 year truce. Jerusalem remained in Muslim hands, but Christians could visit.

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D. Crusaders sacked Constantinople1. In 1202, the 4th crusade was sent to rescue Jerusalem.2. The crusade ended in disaster when the crusaders attacked and captured the Christian city of Constantinople in 1204.

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E. Crusading spirit dwindled1. Later crusades were aimed at N. Africa.2. The crusades grew from the forces of religion, feudalism & chivalry.3. The end of the crusades signaled that the middle ages were drawing to a close.

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E. Crusading spirit dwindled4. It brought a loss of power for the feudal lords.5. The economic result - Growth of cities.

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V. 100 Years WarV. 100 Years WarV. 100 Years WarV. 100 Years War

The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a time of great upheaval for medieval France. In 1328 the Capetian line came to an end. This was the trigger for the Hundred Years War as successive English kings attempted to uphold their claim to the French throne. A devastating assault was to follow, under the warrior-king Henry V, and the French disintegration continued until 1429. After that date the French began a recovery, partly triggered by the young visionary Joan of Arc, that would end with them as the major European military power.

1 high middle ages. 2 i. farming improved & trade revived a. new ways of farming 1. a new...

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