1 how do we learn and remember? some basic principles from psychology and cognitive neuroscience
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How Do We Learn How Do We Learn and Remember?and Remember?
Some Basic Principles from Psychology and
Cognitive Neuroscience
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Memory ProcessesMemory Processes
kairos = chronos?
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Memory ProcessesMemory Processes
• Encodingthe processing of information into the memory system
• Storagethe retention of encoded information over time
• Retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory
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Memory StagesMemory Stages Sensory Memory◦the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short Term Memory / Working Memory◦activated memory that holds a few items briefly for processing; reverberating net
◦capacity: about 7 items; duration: 30 sec.
Long Term Memory◦the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
◦chemical change in neural synapses (LTP)
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Simplified Memory ModelSimplified Memory Model
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Sensory inputAttention to importantor novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
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Decay of Short-Term Decay of Short-Term MemoryMemory
0102030405060708090
3 6 9 12 15 18
Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Percentagewho recalledconsonants
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Memory and the BrainMemory and the Brain
cerebellum
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Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory SystemsSystems
Types oflong-termmemories
Explicit(declarative)With conscious
recall
Implicit(nondeclarative)
Without conscious recall
Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)
Personally experienced
events(“episodic memory”)
Skills-motorand cognitive
Dispositions-classical and
operant conditioning
effects
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LTM and the HippocampusLTM and the HippocampusMRI scan with
hippocampus in red
cerebellum
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Encoding FailureEncoding Failure
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
distractions pull attention toward irrelevant info
information overloadoverwhelms capacity of STM
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Encoding FailureEncoding Failure
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
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Encoding TipsEncoding Tips
ORGANIZE
•chunking -- organizing information into familiar, manageable units
•hierarchies -- arrange info logically in categories and subcategories
•acronyms• Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
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Encoding TipsEncoding Tips
• Example: 1776149218121941
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Encoding TipsEncoding Tips
Encoding(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies
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Retrieval FailureRetrieval FailureINTERFERENCE
• proactive interference -- prior learning disrupts memory for new info
“forward-acting” study Greek; study Hebrew; test Hebrew
• retroactive interference -- learning new info disrupts old memories
“backward-acting” study Greek; study Hebrew; test Greek
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Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect
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Percentage of words
recalled
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
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Position of word in list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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Memory QuizMemory QuizListen carefully to these 12 items
•Don’t write them down as you hear them!•When the list is finished, try to recall as many as you can, in any order, and then write them down
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Memory QuizMemory Quiz
rest tired awake dream snore bed
eat slumber sound comfort wake night
Context errors can generate false memories!