1 information technology in business: telecommunications and networks chapter 6
TRANSCRIPT
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Information Technology in Business:
Telecommunications and Networks
Chapter 6
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Telecommunications:
Transmittal of data from one computer to another over a distance
Telecommunications has improved business in three main ways: Better communication Higher efficiency Better distribution of data
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What is the Different betweenCommunication
and Telecommunication ?
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What is Data Communications?
Data Communications is Any transfer of data
within a computer, between a computer and another device, or between two computers
Two Basic Modes Parallel transmission Serial transmission
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Communication Direction
Three Modes of Communication Between Devices Simplex
One-way in one direction Half-Duplex
One-way in two directions Full-Duplex
Two-way in two directions
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Asynchronous Communication
In asynchronous transmission, the devices are not synchronized by any timing aids.
Advantage of asynchronous transmissionDoes not need sophisticated and expensive timing
hardware Disadvantage of asynchronous transmission
Overhead, time spent transmitting bits that are not a part of the primary data
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Synchronous Communication
In synchronous communication, data are transmitted using timing devices.
Messages are transmitted in packets.
Advantage of synchronous communicationOverhead in synchronous communication is
significantly smaller than in asynchronous communication.
Synchronous transmission
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Channels and Media
Media A medium is any
means by which data can be transmitted.
Transmission speed A medium’s capacity
is determined by the range of bits per second at which it can operate.
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Channels and Media
Twisted Pair Telephone line made of a pair of copper wires
twisted to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Coaxial Cable Commonly used for cable television transmission
More expensive than twisted pair Greater transmission rate than twisted pair Much less susceptible to EMI
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Channels and Media
Microwaves High-frequency, short radio-frequency
(RF) waves Terrestrial microwave Satellite microwave
Optical Fiber Fiber-optic technology uses light
instead of electricity to transmit data.
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Channels and Media
Characteristics of channel media
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MEDIUMMEDIUM SPEEDSPEED COSTCOST TWISTED WIRETWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOWLOW
MICROWAVEMICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS
SATELLITESATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS
COAXIAL CABLECOAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS56 KBPS - 200 MBPS
FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 10 GBPS500 KBPS - 10 GBPS HIGHHIGH BPS BPS : BITS PER SECOND: BITS PER SECOND KBPSKBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND: KILOBITS PER SECOND MBPSMBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND: MEGABITS PER SECOND GBPS:GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND GIGABITS PER SECOND
SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA
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OTHER SERVICES:
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL): enhancing capacity over copper telephone lines
CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV for high-speed access to Internet
T1 LINE: dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per second
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Analog vs. Digital Analog signals: A continuous series of waves
Digital signals: A series of discrete bits
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MODEMDevices that modulate and demodulate signals
Modulation: Modification of a digital signal into an analog signal
Demodulation: Modification of an analog signal into a digital signal
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Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Figure 6.8 Signal modulation
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Multiplexers
Devices that allow several telephones or computers to transmit data through a single lineFrequency division multiplexing
Time-division multiplexing
Multiplexing
Frequency division
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Networks
LANs (Local Area Networks) Networks within a building, or within a group of
adjacent buildings
WANs (Wide Area Networks) Networks that cross organizational boundaries or
reach outside the companyValue-added networks (VANs)Wireless communication
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Where wireless LANs are a good choice
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Networks
Network Topology Physical layout of the nodes in a network
StarRingBusTree
Network topologies
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Protocols
Communication protocols Rules governing the communication between
computers or between computers and other computer-related devices
Network protocols Rules governing a network of devices
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Some communications software allows a user to establish protocols: bit rate, parity, number of
data bits, stop bits, and a handshake procedure.
Protocols
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Figure 6.14 The seven layers of the OSI model
Protocols
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Switching Techniques and Transfer Modes
Circuit Switching:Message is communicated in its entirety from the transmitting computer to the receiving computer
Packet Switching:Message is divided into packets of bytes and transmitted via several nodes
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The Changing Business Environment
Cellular Phones Teleconferencing Voice Mail Facsimile
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Ethical and Societal IssuesTelecommuting: Pros and Cons
Pros Saves travel cost and time Decreases pollution May reduce unemployment. Productivity higher among telecommuters
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Cons Employers tend to pressure telecommuters
to work harder than workers in the office.
May negatively impact some segments of the economy
RestaurantsDowntown business and industries
Ethical and Societal IssuesTelecommuting: Pros and Cons