1 interconnecting the cyberinfrastructure robert feuerstein, ph.d. [email protected]
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• 40 10G DWDM Channels per fiber pair• NZ-DSF, Corning E-LEAF fiber• Dispersion compensation at amplifiers• BER < 10-13
Gateway/Regen
1 2 3 4 5
2.5G, 10G, 10GigE Waves
100kmErbium Amplifiers
Gateway/Regen
600 km Maximum
Amplifier Site
Long Distance Transport
ADM or Optical Switch for Protected Private Line Services
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Level 3 Built a Physically Diverse Network “Greenfield” Network built by Level 3 buried 42” to top of conduits Network ring topology built for reliability Uniform equipment and capacity availability makes ring
management possible
No NetworkSpurs
No Non-Diverse City Laterals
All diverse Gateway entrance facilities
95%+ diverse GatewayBuilding risers
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Network ReliabilityExample Network: A 20,000 mile Long Haul network, 50 metro markets with 12 mile metro rings
≈1 fiber cut per week:≈1 fiber cut per week:
20 card failuresper week:20 card failuresper week:
Long haul: 2-3 cuts per 1000 miles per yearMetro: 13 cuts per 1000 miles per year 45-50% of all FCC reportable outages in USA attributable to fiber cuts (1992-1999)
Typical electronics/optics card failure time is around 25 years, 20,000 mile 200Gb network will have around 25,000 cards. (Not all will cause a service outage)
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Diverse Un-Protected Wavelengths: 2 x 10G capacity
Wavelength Services
Diversely Routed Wavelengths can be used for Customer Provided Protection
Washington D.C.
New Orleans
WT Cards WT Cards
PRIMARY WAVELENGTH PATH
SECONDARY WAVELENGTH PATH
RING 5 RING 3
Nashville
Atlanta
WT Cards WT Cards
WT CardsWT Cards
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All previous comments as Level 3 representative
Disclaimer:All the following comments do not express the viewsof Level 3.
The following comments express the views of Robert Feuerstein.They apply to the next 5 years.
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Dark Fiber
Metro Networks• “short” distances
single channel multiple channels
• “long” distances single channel multiple channels
To WDM or not?
Long Haul NetworksDo you need 100G?
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Protected Wavelength Service
• Diverse Waves provide transparent SONET overhead bytes for protection switching by customer router or ADM• Diverse Waves provide full access to all bandwidth; e.g. two x 10G
• Protected Waves basically switch on loss of light or lots of bit errors• Protected Waves built end-to-end with 1+1 protection• Protected Waves provide access to one x 10G• Protected Waves will cost more than two x 10G waves
So, does anybody really want Protected Waves?
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Wavelengths on Demand: Layer 1
It’s NOT gonna happen, here’s why:
• Carrier must purchase multiple wavelength switching boxes: Big $$• Carrier must install Wavelengths throughout network: Big $$• Carrier must develop support systems to enable this product: Big $$• Carrier must train sales and operations staff to support new product• Carrier must price it low enough to generate customer interest
Carrier has to over-subscribe Wavelengths to enable dynamic provisioningand reasonable economics
So no guarantee that BW will be there exactly when customer wants it
For commercial customers, when they want bandwidth, THEY WANT BANDWIDTH!
So, is there demand for this product?
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“Wavelengths” on Demand: Layer 2/3
Maybe: here’s why:
• Ethernet/IP switches can support bursting of traffic
• Ethernet with MPLS, and IP switches, can provide protection
• Ethernet/IP switches perform stat muxing that can lower costs
• Carriers only need to add a few extra wavelengths to existing ones
• Carriers already have Ethernet and IP switches: minimal new training/support or systems development needed
• Carriers can provision oversubscription in a sensible way to provide economical usage based pricing
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1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents “electrical speech machine”
Early 1900’s: Lots of overhead wires and operators on roller skates
Early 1900’s: Development of “Ma Bell”, where “Ma” is short for Monopoly
1982: Judge Green and Breakup of Ma Bell
1996: Telecommunications Act
1997 - 2001: 100’s of Billions of $$ invested in telecom
2000 - 2001: Telecom crash
2000 – 2005: Major price cuts in telecom services, 100’s of bankruptcies
So what’s next?
A Short History of Telecom
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Optical Transport Services Pricing TrendsPrices in 2005 are about 10% of what they were in 2000
Prices in 2010 will be ±10% compared to today
Because 10x the bandwidth on the network means:– More real estate (large inflation)– More electricity (large inflation)– More equipment (modest price cuts per box)– Higher Right of Way fees– More equipment maintenance/service fees (modest cuts, per box)– More people for more work (modest increase, per person)
All of these force Service Provider costs to rise with increased bandwidth demand, even with smaller, less expensive, lower power consumption equipment and more efficient systems
If prices continue to fall dramatically in the short term, then bankruptcies will ensue, followed by consolidation and price increases
The era of collapsing bandwidth prices is coming to an end
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Summary
• Level 3 is a high reliability partner for Dark fiber and Wavelengths
• Dark Fiber is a reasonable choice in many cases
• Protected wavelengths make no sense
• Wavelengths on demand Layer 1: No prospects commercially
• Wavelengths on demand Layer 2/3: Possible
• Wavelength price cuts are coming to an end