1 intro internet s12 - cs.stir.ac.uk

PDM9L6 - IT SKILLS INTRODUCTION: WINDOWS 7 AND THE INTERNET

COMPUTING SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS PAGE 1 OF 29

PDM9L6: INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS 7, INTERNET EXPLORER AND SQUIRREL MAIL

This session is about making sure you know all the basic material required. You may already know this, but you should work through the worksheet to make sure. You might learn something!

LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this session, students should be able to:

Log on to any Windows PC in the Stirling Local Area Network (LAN). Manipulate (open, close, drag, resize, scroll) windows. Organise and find files on the local machine and on network drives. Work with files and folders (open, close, copy, move). Use the Windows Start Menu to launch applications. Use Windows Help Menus. Understand some basic computer terminology. Start Internet Explorer. Identify various parts of the Browser interface and understand their uses. Navigate around the World Wide Web. Search effectively for information on the Web. Access their University email accounts. Send, receive and organise email using SquirrelMail (the preferred University system). Download and print lecture notes and slides from the Web.

Supporting Documentation Support and tutorial programs can be found on the machines themselves (as this session

will show) There are many books available in the bookshop on using Windows, and on the Internet.

You may want to browse through them and decide what’s best for you. See the course website for our recommendations. Bear in mind the next point…

The library has many books available on using Windows and on the Internet. The Web has tons of information about itself, available free. There are local tutorials on Succeed: Library and IT Skills.

More Help The person next to you? Your tutors. That’s what we’re here for!

IMPORTANT STUFF

Attendance: You will need to record your attendance each week. The procedure for doing this is explained later on in this workbook.

In your own time: This course is designed for students with no previous experience of using computers. In addition to the time spent in class, you are expected to devote sufficient time to become proficient in the topics covered each week. The more you practice, the more proficient and confident you will become.



I already know about computers: You’ll probably find the first few sessions really easy then, but the material does get harder! There are always lots of hints and tips you might not know in the worksheets, and you can also get the worksheets from the Internet ahead of time if you want to speed up. You need not stay for the full two hours, but we do ask that you come for the start of the class in case there are any announcements.

Checkpoints: Towards the end of each workbook you will be asked to demonstrate to a tutor that you have completed a certain task. The tutor will record the fact that you have done so. You must attain at least 4C in the checkpoint component of assessment to get a grade for PDM9L6. Checkpoints contribute 40% towards your final grade for the course. Should you not reach the end of the workbook during the class (quite possible and nothing to worry about), then you are expected to finish the work in your own time. You should demonstrate the checkpoint task at your next workshop.

Help: Don’t be stuck! Ask for help if you need it! Don’t worry about asking ‘silly’ questions. You are welcome to contact us outside class times. The best way is via email: [email protected].

GETTING STARTED WITH WINDOWS

Part One: Your viewing comfort Sit in front of the machine and put your hands on the keyboard. Comfy? Adjust the chair height so your thighs are parallel to the floor. Put the keyboard somewhere that you can reach without stretching. What about the mouse? You should think about these things every time you sit down to use a computer: you will spend a lot of time in front of one, and may store up problems if you don’t sit right. After all, you wouldn’t just get into a car and drive away; you need to put the seat in the right position first.

Part Two: Basic Computerese What’s here? Most of the labs are set up with rather similar equipment. There should be a keyboard, a monitor, a mouse, and the box containing the computer (probably on the floor). The computer will have a number of other ways of getting data in, possibly including:

A DVD drive (for reading and writing DVDs) One or two USB ports for use with flash memory drives, MP3 players, etc..

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a standard connection for a variety of devices, such as memory sticks, digital joysticks, scanners, digital speakers, digital camera, PC telephones, etc.

Inside the box is a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a hard disk, which has loads of programs and data on it, and some other things like memory (RAM) for the machine. That’s it!

The Local Area Network The computer in front of you has lots of applications and enough compute power to satisfy your needs. BUT … you also need information, whether that is your own files, from the Internet, via email … The LAN (Local Area Network) connects the machine in front of you to the outside world. This is important, because via this wire, you are able to put your work in the central filestore so that you can access it from any PC on the LAN that you log on to (e.g. on campus). So, if you do your work on the machine in front of you now and save it



properly you can leave, come back, sit at an entirely different machine, even in a different room, and use what you’d already saved to work on it again.

Part Three: Logging On (If you don’t have a user name and password, ask the demonstrator for help.)

'Logging on’ just means telling the machine who you are so that you can access your own files. Logging on requires a username and a password. The username is unique to you here in Stirling. It doesn't really matter if other people know your username, but the password is private to you. Don’t tell anyone else your password. Don’t let anyone else use your username or password. If you give your password to someone else and they do bad things, we’ll have to assume it was you. You’ll be the one in front of the Discipline Board.

» Enter your user name and password.

You should now be successfully logged on. If not, ask for help…

Part Four: Using the Windows Operating System

You may ask: ‘What’s an operating system? When you switch on a computer, the first thing it does is to load the operating system automatically. It’s the operating system which, in turn, manages all of the computer resources. It looks after the mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer and any other devices connected to your machine. It is also responsible for starting and running software applications such as web browsers, word processors, databases, spreadsheets, mp3 players and so on.

When you switch off a computer it forgets almost everything it knows except for the bit about where to find and load up the operating system, which in turn knows about finding and loading other applications, and so on.

You may have come across some operating system names such as DOS, UNIX, Linux, MacOS, Windows (95, 98, 2000, XP, Vista). In these labs we use Windows 7.

Having successfully logged on, what will appear on the screen is called the desktop. If you get distracted or irritated by the various sponsor's messages, you can turn them off (at least for this session). Ask and we'll show you how! The set up of the machines in the labs is always under development, so don’t worry if it still doesn’t look exactly like this. As long as it looks mostly like this you’re OK.

Now some terminology:

Typographical note: Whenever you see » at the beginning of a paragraph in these worksheets, it means this is something for you to do.



The bits of the desktop are pretty straightforward. Across the bottom is a broad grey band called the taskbar.

At the moment you probably have an empty space between the clock and Start. This is a Good Thing, because you’re not running any programs.

The Start button (at the left on the task bar) is the nerve centre for the Windows PC. It’s where you go to start programs, basically. It’s also a source of help and a place you go to shut down the computer.

» Click on the Start button. Alternatively, you could press one of the special

Windows keys on the keyboard.

You don’t need to click twice. You don’t need to hold the mouse button down. A menu will appear (the Start menu). Some of the menu items have little black arrows

beside them, indicating that there are other sub-menus nesting within this menu item.

» Move the cursor (the mouse) over the word All Programs. This brings up the next menu:

» Explore this menu. Notice that some of the items here also have sub-menus.

» Find the Accessories menu item. From the Accessories Menu select Calculator.

OK. So you have just used the Start menu to start up the Calculator application.

Look at the task bar. You should see a new button in the task bar. This indicates that the Calculator program is running.

Note: When you are asked to select items from menus, you will often be given an instruction that looks something like menu: submenu: item. For example, the previous sequence of steps could have been written as Start: Programs: Accessories: Calculator



Windows is a multi-tasking operating system; this means you can run two or more programs simultaneously. Each program has a separate window, and a button in the task bar. If one program window is obscured by another, you can click on its button in the task bar to bring it to the front, so you can see it. Do this now.

» Double-click on the Internet Explorer icon with the left mouse button. (In fact, unless this guide says otherwise, use the left button exclusively for now.)

An icon is a small pictorial representation of an object (a file, or a folder, or a document, or a program, or a 'drive'). To start a program, or open a folder, or a file, or to see the contents of a drive, you can double-click on its icon. There are several icons in the task bar, and probably quite a few on the desktop too (that’s the bit above the task bar).

Much of the time you don’t need the Start menu to start programs because the most frequently used programs have their own icons on the desktop. But we can’t put all programs there because it would get too cluttered.

As with the Calculator, Internet Explorer will start up in its own window (showing the University web page). There should be a button in the task bar for this too.

Another basic skill of computer use is manipulating windows. Each program window can be moved around, resized, maximised and minimised and so on. You don’t have to accept what you’re given.

At the top of the IE window there’s a title bar.

On the right of the title bar there are three buttons:

These buttons will be seen on most of the windows you’ll come across. The left button is the minimise button. This hides the window so you can see other things on the screen. But the program is still running on the computer.

» Try it. Click on the minimise button for the IE window. The window disappears. But notice that you can still see its button in the task bar.

» Click on the IE button in the task bar. The window reappears.

The button in the middle is the maximise/restore button. It is used to switch a window between filling the whole screen or occupying an intermediate size. Each time this button is pressed, its appearance will change to show what it will do the next time it is pressed.

» Click on it. What happens? Click on it again. What happens this time?

The rightmost button of the three, is the exit (or close) button. It closes the program (stops it running) and closes the window. Don’t click on it yet.

More generally, you may feel very apprehensive about pressing buttons, and so on, in case Something Very Bad happens. Once you have gained a bit more experience, however, you be recklessly pressing buttons all over the place just to see what they do! What you must do is save your work properly before you go completely wild.



Resizing and Moving Windows

You can resize a window by using the Resize button at the bottom right of the window.

» Move the cursor to the resize button of the IE window. Notice that the cursor changes to a little diagonal double-headed arrow. This is the operating system giving you a hint that something different from the usual might happen if you click now. Click and drag, and you’ll notice the window changes its size accordingly. When you release the mouse button the window stays at the new size.

To move the whole window around just click and drag with the left mouse button inside the title bar of the window.

Scrollbars When you resized the window (if not before), scroll bars would have appeared. These let you move around content which is bigger than the window you are currently using.

Part Five: The Help System Windows has extensive built-in help system.

» Select Start:Help and Support

A help screen will appear. This is the Help and Support Centre introductory page.

The Help and Support system is really an 'online' instruction manual. You can work through it like a textbook, using the topic links on the left, or you can dip into it like a dictionary, using the search facility. To illustrate searching, imagine that you want to learn about keyboard shortcuts: it’s all very well having fancy pointing devices, but sometimes it’s quicker to type a command than to select something from a menu.

A cursor is a pointing device. Its position on the screen will tell you what you’re going to affect if you click or type. It also looks different depending on what you can do. This is a handy hint in many applications.



Keyword search » Click inside the search box and type shortcut key for save. Then press the Start searching

button at the right of the box.

This has the effect of starting a search through all of the Help and Support system files to find occurrences of the words shortcut key for save. The results of this search are displayed for you to examine. The item Windows Keyboard Shortcuts Overview should be among the results. Select it to find out more.

ORGANISATION IN WINDOWS Modern computers can store huge amounts of information. Therefore it’s important to know where to find things, and how to organise your own work.

» Go back to the desktop again. Close all of your open programs and windows.

One of the icons is the ‘Computer’ icon.

It may be called Computer (hopefully!), or it may be called something like ‘N0001235…’ This is less helpful - it's the actual number of the machine that you are sitting in front of.

» Double Click on it.

The window that appears will contain a number of icons representing various objects to which your computer has access. Some belong to the actual machine that you are logged on to, while others represent resources available over the Local Area Network (LAN). Don’t worry if your version is not exactly like the illustration.

Incidentally, there should now be a button on the task bar representing Computer. All windows (in this case, a folder window) will have a button in the task bar – it’s not just for running programs.

Now back to the Computer window. For this module there are two important objects:

1) The H: drive. It will be called something like xyz01 on 'wide\XX\z' (H:) or XX on Wide (H: drive)

2) The V: drive. It will be called something like Groups on ‘Student Server (Wide)’ (V: drive)


DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS PAGE 8 OF 29

The term drive (or disk drive) refers to a storage device. You can read data from (and write data to) a drive. These drives may be part of the actual machine you are using (hard disk), they may be removable storage devices (floppy, CD, superdisk, zip, memory stick etc.), or they may be storage devices on a computer somewhere else on the network.

If the machine was your own you’d see a C: drive (it’s the hard disk inside the computer), and possibly drives for other hard disks and for CD ROMs. This depends a lot on the configuration (setup) of the machine you’re using. You can’t see the C: drive on the machine in front of you: it has been hidden. This is for your security, and also ours.

The H: drive (Home File Store) H:, the drive for central storage. Everyone has a home folder (i.e. disk space on the H: drive), and the name you see for this will be different from the name everyone else sees. For example, xyz01 on ‘wide\NN\z’ (H:). The xyz01 bit will be your user name, the \NN bit will be the last two digits of the year you first registered as a student and the \z bit will be the first letter of your surname. 'Wide' is simply the name of a part of the central storage system on the University network.

Your home folder is the only place you’re allowed to save your files. But the good news is that the system is set up so that whichever lab you’re in, whichever machine you’re on, you’ll be able to see your home folder. Always save your work in your home folder. That way, it’s secure – no-one else can see it (they’d need your password, which of course you haven’t given them). It’s also backed up, so if, for example, the disk you saved your work on gets lost, stood on or chewed by a dog, you won’t lose the thing you’ve been working on for the past 6 months. What does ‘backed up’ mean? Someone somewhere (Systems Administrators) copies everything that’s on the drive and puts the copy somewhere safe. If something should happen to the drive, it can be ‘restored’ from the copy. Back-ups are taken at regular intervals (the length of the interval depends on how important the work is). The most you can lose is what you did since the last back-up.

Your home folder is also accessible via the Desktop icon which has your name (probably in the top left corner of the screen) and then in My Documents. Although your home folder is not actually stored on the machine you are sitting at, it should seem as if it is. To make this illusion even more convincing, you have the folder My Documents.



The V: drive (Groups Folder) V: is, like H:, a network drive. It is mostly used by course tutors to make material available for copying by students. There will be files associated with the practical sessions there for you to copy to your own file space. V: is central too and you can see it from any lab. One important thing about the V: drive is that you can’t change anything on it.

Another important purpose of the V: drive is that this is where you must register your attendance at each practical class. You will need to do this at the start of each class. Do it now (as described below) and take note.

How to Register your Attendance at Practical Sessions » Double-click on the icon labelled

Groups on `Wide' (V:)

» Double-click on the icon labelled PDM9L6.

» Find the icon labelled Register, and double-click on it.

You will see a new window inviting you to register.

» Click to register

Assuming you’re successful:

» Select Continue to quit the registration program

» Now close the PDM9L6 window, and the Groups on `Wide' (V:) window (select the `X' in the top right of each one)

Note that the program will not accept registrations in other labs, nor outside the scheduled practical hours. Normally you register attendance right at the beginning of the practical session. Registration is important, because it provides proof that you attended a class.

Remember to do this at the start of each weekly workshop! Although we don’t formally require that you attend every week, it helps us keep track of your engagement with the module.

Removable Storage The machines in the labs all have a USB port which can be used with Flash Memory drives (sometimes called ‘sticks’ or ‘pen drives’). If you have one of these you can plug it into the USB socket and a Window will open up showing you the contents of the flash drive. These will come up as drive E: or F: usually.

A Word of Warning: Never, ever rely on a pen drive to store the only copy of a file. Make sure you’ve saved your work on the central storage facility first. This is particularly important with pen drives, because you can put so much information on them. These are not reliable storage devices. Think how ill you’d feel if you lost all of your coursework, those pictures from Christmas last year, Granny’s birthday party, etc, etc.

OK, back to files and folders now …



Folders inside folders inside folders… Each week during the course you will save your work as files. You’ll get to know about different types of files during the module. Just as with a filing cabinet, you organise your files into some kind of hierarchical structure to make them easy to find again. In Windows, we group our files into folders.

» If you haven’t already done so, open your H: drive folder in the My Computer window. A new window should appear. There may not be much in

it at the moment, maybe a few things put there when your account was set up. Of course if you have used your university account before then you will see any files that you have already created.

You have just navigated to your personal space on the H: drive. This is your Home Folder (it has your user name). No one else can see it: it is private to you. You should store all your work here. It’s up to you to organise your work. Folders can help. Create a folder (inside your home folder) for your PDM9L6 coursework.

» Select File: New: Folder (from the File menu). A new folder will appear in the window. Initially the new folder has been given the name New Folder and this name is highlighted (reverse video effect). The idea is that you should be able to name the folder immediately by simply typing a name of your choice.

» Type the name the folder. Call it PDM9L6.

You can also name a folder any time by clicking once on its original name, waiting a couple of seconds, then clicking again (slower than a double-click). While the old name is highlighted, type the new name.

» Open your PDM9L6 folder; it’s empty. Create new folders inside the PDM9L6 folder, one each for Text and Graphics, Spreadsheets, and PowerPoint. (File:New Folder)

Now you should have three folders inside your PDM9L6, which in turn is inside your home folder and everything below (inside) your home folder in the file structure is yours, while everything above (outside) it is not. Why bother with folders? It makes things easy to find.

Copying and Moving files and folders Most weeks there will be some prepared materials to help with the workshop for you. These will be found on the V: drive.

» Organise your desktop so that you have your home folder open, and the V: drive. Arrange the folders so that you can see (some of) each of them. Close any other open windows.

» In the V: folder, open the PDM9L6 folder. One of the folders there should be called Windows Workshop. Open it. There will be a single file, called profound. You’re going to copy the file from the V: drive to your own PDM9L6 folder. Copying and moving files involves dragging the file to its destination using the mouse. Here's how:

» Click once on the profound file to select it and then drag it over to your PDM9L6 folder. The fact that you have selected the file should be evident from its appearance.



» With the mouse button still depressed, drag the file (move the mouse, you’ll see the file move too) to the Text and Graphics window.

» When you let go of the mouse button the file has been copied.

» Actually, we just moved the file, but since the V: drive is another device elsewhere, Windows copies the file for you.

» Move the file inside your Text and Graphics folder. Note that this time the file is not copied because both locations are on the same drive. Check inside the Text and Graphics folder to make sure the file is there.

Sometimes when you move files around this way the destination folder may not display the updated contents immediately. To force the display of a folder’s contents to be updated, choose View: Refresh from the folder window menus.

» One last thing; you can copy (or move) more than one file at a time. To select more than one file to be copied or moved, simply click and drag over an area containing the files or folder you want to select. Then click and hold on one of the files and move them in the usual way (drag them). They all move together and it should be obvious what is happening from the display!

Alternatively, use the right-click menus:

1. Right click on the profound file. A menu appears. One of the items is Copy. (select that).

2. Go to the window where you want the file to be. Right-click in the window, and select Paste.



Deleting It’s also important to be able to delete files when you’re finished with them. Delete the profound file in your PDM9L6\Text and Graphics folder. First of all let’s acquire some screen real estate! I’m assuming that you’ve probably got several windows open and that you can’t see much, if any, of the desktop.

» Press and hold down the Windows key , near the bottom left of the keyboard and press the M key. This has the effect of minimising all currently open windows but without closing them. You could, of course minimise each window one by one if you prefer but this is a very useful shortcut.

Now that you can see the desktop again, notice the icon for the Recycle Bin , which should be down at the bottom right of the desktop. The Recycle Bin is where you put things you don’t want anymore. Here at the University, anything you put in will disappear and never be seen again. (If you were using your own machine at home, the Recycle Bin would behave just like a folder in that you could retrieve things placed in it – they don’t get deleted straight away.)

» Open your PDM9L6\Text and Graphics folder (just click on the button on the taskbar). Make sure you can see the Recycle Bin as well as the folder window. Now drag the profound file from the PDM9L6 window to the Recycle Bin and drop it in. You will be asked to confirm your decision to delete the file. This is Windows’ way of giving you a last chance to change your mind.

» Press Yes!

You can delete entire folders in the same manner but be warned: If you delete a folder, you will be deleting everything contained in that folder including any sub folders.

You will often find that there are two or more ways of doing the same thing. This is because users come in many varieties, and with different preferences. Having alternatives mean we can all choose the way we like best.

Alternatively:

1. Right clicking on a file or folder may reveal a menu containing the Delete option.

2. Alternatively, select a file or folder and look for the Delete button among the buttons on the Standard Toolbar near the top of the window.



INTERNET EXPLORER AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB So far in PDM9L6 we’ve covered the use of the Windows interface: how to open and close windows and programs, navigation around files and folders, and so on. The other applications we’ll cover later, such as Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint etc. work on information that is local to your machine. But of course, the joys of the Internet mean you can make use information elsewhere. The applications we’re going to cover next, Internet Explorer and SquirrelMail, are applications that make full use of the fact that the machines you’re using are connected to the outside world.

You might want to know a little of the history of the Internet. It’s worthwhile knowing about how things are, and why. The growth of the World Wide Web has been one of the biggest revolutions in computer history. There are some useful links on the PDM9L6 course page for Internet history. And if that doesn’t make sense now, it will once you’ve finished this workshop.

Using the World Wide Web (which we’ll just call the Web from now on) is actually pretty straightforward, but needs a special application, called a Web Browser, which lets you browse the web (or, to put it another way, it’s a special viewer that lets you view web pages). There are several, but the most popular are Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator and Mozilla Firefox. They all do roughly the same type of thing: they display pieces of information on the Web (which are called web pages) in a graphical fashion. The University supports Internet Explorer (IE) on its machines so that’s what we’ll use. Other browsers you might come across are Netscape Navigator, Opera, Mozilla, Lynx etc.

Getting Started with Internet Explorer (IE) » Start up Internet Explorer.

You should now be at your home page – the University web page.

Screen Layout You will already be familiar with some of the standard menus at the top of the screen (File, Edit, View, etc.). Within IE there are additional toolbars at the top of the window, which are used for navigating around the World Wide Web and for frequently used menu items.

In Windows 7 most of these are disabled by default (not visible). The Address Box is the part reading http://www.stir.ac.uk/. You can enable more toolbars by right clicking in the title of the window (the blue bit at the top). A menu should appear, from which you can select the appropriate choices.



Security! Some web sites will ask you to send information. It may only be your email address but if you are buying online you may be asked to fill in your credit card details, for example. It is extremely important that such sensitive information cannot be intercepted by malicious third parties. To prevent this, web sites may use a secure connection to prevent electronic eavesdropping. IE will colour code (green and red) the address bar and display a locked padlock next to the address box whenever a secure connection exists. Other browsers may show a key icon (whole or broken) or a padlock (closed or open) to indicate whether or not the connection is secure. Some people don't like the idea of sending private information over the web at all, but you should certainly not think of doing so over an insecure connection.

Most of the window (the document area) will be taken up with the information you’ve downloaded. If IE can’t display the information, it will try to find a program on your computer that can. This is sometimes called a helper application or plug-in.

When information is being downloaded over the network (sent to your machine to be looked at), IE will display status information in the bottom part of the window too.

This may contain messages about what is happening. This is only useful if something is taking a long time otherwise the messages will pass too quickly to read. Some pages, which contain lots of images, may provide information about how many items there are to be downloaded. There may be an additional visual 'download progress' graphic to show, by means of a bar that fills up as the download progresses.

Format of a Web page Okay, what you see is a document, or page, of information. The page is displayed by the browser in a user friendly fashion, so that it looks nice, and you can tell different document parts from others. Text is displayed nicely formatted and Hypertext links are displayed sensibly. What does that mean? It means you can see which pieces of text are links to other web pages, and which are just ordinary text. Browsers display links as pieces of text which are a different colour (the default colour is blue, but this can be changed) from the main text, and which are underlined. Often, you will come across web pages where the links are less obvious, so that the text looks more uniform. Partly this is because we expect to have links all over the place and partly because there are other ways of showing the viewer where the links are (for example, rollover effects).

» Move the mouse pointer to the part of the page that says Academic Schools.

The mouse pointer should change into a hand – because this is a link. The status bar of the browser should be displaying the address of the page to which the link is pointing, in this case something horrible like http://www.stir.ac.uk/schools/. This feature is useful, because you can see in advance where the information for this link will be downloaded from.

The address of a page is called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator – why use one simple word when three complicated ones will do!). All web pages have URLs but not all URLs are web pages.



» Click on the link. A new page, which contains lots of links, is downloaded and displayed.

» Find the link to Computing Science and Mathematics (in the School of Natural Sciences) and follow it.

Navigate.

» The simplest is just to press the Back button at the top left of the window.

You’ll find yourself back at the previous page. Notice that IE will have changed the colour of the link you followed (probably to purple). This is to let you know that you have already visited that link. Any web page may be linked to from several other pages. If you have visited a page recently, then any links to that page, wherever they may be, should be displayed in the changed colour. This feature will often prevent you from going round in circles.

Having gone back to a previous link, you can reverse direction using the Forward button.

» Click on the Forward Button.

Think of all the web pages you have visited as being links in a chain. Unless you’re at one end of the chain, you can go to the previous link in either direction. When you can’t go any farther back, the Back button will have a different (greyed out) look. This is true in general. You can often tell when buttons etc. are available by their appearance (enabled or disabled).

Wherever you are on the World Wide Web, choosing Home will always take you back the where you started, in your case the University home page.

» Click on the Home Button. Alternatively, press Alt+Home.

» Follow some links around for a few minutes to get used to the system if you haven’t used the World Wide Web much before. Remember, you can’t get lost (or at least you can always get back home).

» Try this:

From the University home page, as before, follow the links to:

Academic Schools then … Computing Science and Mathematics then … Current Student Information then … Course Modules then scroll down to … PDM9L6…

Welcome to the PDM9L6 home page!

Notice the little downward pointing arrows next to some of the buttons? This usually means there is a whole other menu hiding in the tool bar. For example, the one next to the forward button gives a history of web pages visited. Since you've only been to a couple of places, the list is small, but it’s great when you want to jump back several pages rather than one at a time.



If you have not been here before, spend some time here following the links to other course related documents. You should pay regular visits to this page for course information. During the term there will be announcements about assignments and answers to any Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) etc. in the News section. More of this later…

Toolbars and Menus You’ve already seen three of the buttons on the toolbar at the top of the window; the ones which take you Back, Forward, and Home. What other buttons do we have?

The Refresh button will simply reload the page you’re looking at. . This is useful because sometimes information may get lost or mangled on the way to your machine. This is particularly true with pictures. Another reason is that some web pages change

very frequently (e.g. stock market information, football results). Using the Refresh button will cause the document to be reloaded (i.e. fetched again over the Internet).

The Stop button will stop a download in progress. This can be useful: since some web pages are very large files and can take a long time to download, you might well get bored waiting…

The Address Bar also allows easy access to search engines. The default is Google, but you can change this if you prefer another search engine (see later in this worksheet).

And in the third tool bar as well as Home we have:

The Print button takes you to a standard Print dialog box to print the page you’re looking at. We’ll cover printing in detail in the Text and Graphics sessions.

The RSS button allows you to access your RSS feeds. What? News agencies and other dynamic sites offer a service called RSS Feeds or RSS. With RSS Feeds the website can feed or download information such as top headlines, current travel

discounts, sports scores, and other timely content throughout the day to subscribers. If the Feed button RSS Feed icon in Internet Explorer lights up, it means that the site offers RSS feeds. Click the icon to see the feed and, if you want, subscribe to have the feed automatically sent to your computer.



The Page button offers some options to do with how you view this page (size, the ability to save the page, and so on).

The Tools button gives you access to various Internet options. Try these out – see what’s there. You probably don’t need them yet.

There’s more in this bar – we’ll return to it below.

Menus The buttons that you just used do most things you could want with a web page, which is why they've been made into speed buttons… There are also the familiar menus in the middle. These allow you to do the same things, and some additional things too.

File and Edit you’ll see on lots of other applications. They do the same sorts of things, no matter what the application.

The Edit: Find Ctrl+F menu option will open up a dialog box to allow you to search for text in the page you’re looking at (some web pages can be quite long).

Just type in what you want to find and press the Find Next button or press Alt+F.

You can also access this via the search menu in the command toolbar.

The View menu allows you to change the way a page is displayed on your screen.

» For example, try choosing View: Text Size: Smallest. This will allow you to see more of the page in the window. Do you prefer it? If not then change to the text size that you like best.

The View menu also allows you to hide or reveal toolbars and so on, and to look at the source of a document. The source is the HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language) code that makes up the web page. It's not too interesting if you don't want to make web pages up, but if you do, looking at other page's source code may interest you. For now, though, ignore it.

» Try right-clicking on the Command Bar then choose Customize and Show all text labels. This should have the effect of adding text labels to some of the buttons (helpful if you forget what the icons are meant to represent).

» Unfortunately, you will have to customize your IE window each time you log on. This is a slight inconvenience but it does mean that you will not be stuck with the choices made by the last person who used the machine.

Opening a web page Clicking on links isn’t the only way to get around. Using web browsers allows you to open a page from another location, as long as you know the address (URL) of the page. That’s partly what the location specifier (address box) is for.



» Select the text inside the location specifier. (Just click somewhere inside it so that it appears selected )

» Delete it and carefully type in the following address (URL) exactly:

www.cs.stir.ac.uk

Note that you don’t need to type the “http://” part. Most modern browsers are smart enough to add that for themselves.

» Press return, and wait. The page (CS & M home page) is downloaded and displayed on screen, just as if you had clicked on a link.

While we’re on the subject, if you’re typing, you might get it wrong. IE will tell you if it can’t find the address. If you get a 'page cannot be displayed' message, then check that you typed the right address in and try again. Of course, sometimes the person who created a link will have typed it in wrong. In that case, you’ll have to try to use your undoubted skills in figuring out what the address should be and type that in by hand…

On the Web, things change rapidly, which is one of its strengths. It’s also a weakness… Sometimes pages disappear completely, sometimes they just move to different places. If you give IE an address for a page which isn’t where you thought it was (even if the address is valid), or if a link you click on is what is outdated (the page doesn’t exist any more), you’ll get a message telling you that the page cannot be found. These 'Not found/Unavailable' messages will vary depending on the circumstances.

Sneaky Links » Go to www.cs.stir.ac.uk/intro/floorplan. You know that pictures can be links too. It’s also

possible to use different areas of one picture to link to different pages; this is called an image map.

Web Addresses: Each machine that has information (web pages) is called a Web Server, and each of these has a unique address. For example: www.stir.ac.uk, which is the Web Server (www is commonly used) at stir (Stirling) in the ac domain (academic community) in the uk. The http part stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol, which is the way Web Pages are transmitted around the Internet.

Play around with this facility. You should find that you can edit the address without having to retype all of it (by clicking again at the place where you want to edit). For example, edit the address by removing the letters cs and the dot following them so that the URL becomes http://www.stir.ac.uk/ and see what happens when you press the return key! Do try this; it’s important that you master these simple techniques because the same tricks can be used in all sorts of applications. Note also that as you type IE has a sort of predictive text, aimed at guessing which web site you’re entering. If it’s right, you just select it and you don’t need to type the whole address yourself.



This page, maintained by Graham Cochrane who is a Computing Officer in the department, is an excellent example of such an image map. If you move the mouse around the diagram and click, you’ll get some information back about the occupant(s) of the room or about its function.

Favourites You might want to visit some sites, for example the PDM9L6 home page, again and again. Imagine how tedious it would be to have to remember the address (URL) and type it in whenever you wanted to visit that site. To avoid this, IE provides Favorites (US spelling) sometimes called bookmarks. You can create your own set of favourites to record the sites you find interesting. The next example shows you how to add a page to your list of favorites.

» Go to the PDM9L6 Home Page. It’s at www.cs.stir.ac.uk/courses/PDM9L6

» To add this page to your favourites list, simply click the Add to Favorites button on the left of the toolbar.

Now you should find that the PDM9L6 Home Page has been added to your Favorites list (Maybe it's the only thing there at the moment, or maybe those nice

people at Microsoft have generously provided you with a ready-made list of what they think your favourites should be!) Just select the favorite that you want to visit again.

Exercise (in your own time) Once you have added some favourites to your list (you'll probably want to wait until after the bit about searching the web), organise your favourites into folders and delete any that you don't want. Select Organise Favorites from the Favorites menu. Note that you can make new folders, move favorites around, rename favorites (you don’t have to keep the name the page maker used), and delete favorites and folders (sometimes the most important option).

Searching the Web It should be fairly clear that the World Wide Web is enormous. Finding what you want is not always easy; fortunately, there is help. There are several search engines available to help you look for something you want. Most search engines work in the same way. There is a window for you to type the keywords in which you are interested. There may also be some radio buttons or menus which limit the search (by area, or subject), or which force the search engine to find pages which mention all your keywords (called an ‘and’ search) or any one of them (called an ‘or’ search). More generally these are referred to as Boolean search.

Google is a no-nonsense, powerful engine, and currently the most popular search engine.



Refining Web Searches Whatever search engine you use, there are ways of making your search more fruitful. Usually typing in a short list of keywords is a good start, but this will often produce a large number of 'hits', many of which may be irrelevant. Surprisingly (not!), people who are trying to sell you things often arrange their web sites to maximise the number of times they are found by search engines, so the more specific you can be, the more likely you are to get useful results.

» Go to www.google.com.

We’re going to do an experiment on searching.

» Start by typing revolutionary in the search box.

Google is smart and tries to guess what we’re really looking for, but stick with “revolutionary” just now. Hit return.

Google will find around 41 million references to revolutionary.

Now refine the search. We’re actually looking for information on the film “Revolutionary Road”.

» Modify your search to revolutionary road.

When you hit return you should have fewer hits, around 5 million. Google’s page rank algorithm is so smart that the official web site for the film should be pretty near the top. One of Google’s successes is that it tends to produce highly relevant results with uncanny regularity. Part of this technique is to take the keywords supplied and, having found all the sites, it will grade them by analysing their relative popularity on the assumption that, if users have chosen a site frequently, it’s probably a good one!

» What happens if we type the title of the film “revolutionary road” in quotes?

The use of quotes tells Google to look for the exact phrase. You should have about 3 million hits now.

Part of the problem here is that the title of the film contains reasonably commonly used words and the phrase itself is used in many other contexts (that’s why I chose it!). Since we only want sites related to the film, let’s try asking Google to find sites containing the exact phrase Revolutionary Road and the word movie, like this:

Now we’re down to about 1 million hits. The chances are that the ones that are near the top of the list will be more relevant.

Another good strategy, for our present task, would be to restrict our hits to sites that contain the keywords in their title. This would exclude the possibility of picking up pages containing discussions about films in general where the author might casually mention that (s)he had “been to see the movie Revolutionary Road and it was pure magic, so it was…’



» Add allintitle: to the start of your search.

How many results now?

Each search engine works differently but whichever one you use will have a section describing how to do advanced or refined searches. For Google there is a good online guide at www.googleguide.com. Bear in mind that there are lots of search engines, and they sometimes give different results, so if you can’t find something with one, try another.

Wikipedia is a good place to find out about search engines en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine.

Reverse Searching Another useful tip is to use reverse searching. Sometimes you visit a page and they have a list of related links - and you follow these to find more useful stuff. Reverse searching is when you try to find all the other pages which link to a page you’ve already found. For example, there is a page about Stirling at www.explore-stirling.com/

» Who links to this page? Type the following into the search box in Google: link:www.explore-stirling.com/

(the link: part tells it to look for pages with links to the explore-stirling website).

Tabbed Browsing Instead of opening up separate IE windows for new pages, you can bring up a new tab. Try it.

EMAIL! Everybody's using it. Email has made it possible for all sorts of people to communicate easily, cheaply and (one of the really nice features of email) without disrupting the daily routines of the participants. You choose when to send email and you choose when and how to read email.

What is email? Email is electronic mail. As a student, you have an email address, unique to you, set up here at Stirling University. Your email address is of the form: [email protected], where xyz01 is your username Remember the web addresses? Well, an email address is similar. It's possible to get an email address at other places, often free, which you can use for life.

Why use it? It's fast, efficient, and convenient and, for you, free. Do you need other reasons?

But is it secure? No! Never put into an email message something that you wouldn't be prepared to shout across a crowded room. There are methods of encrypting messages so that others can't read them, and if you're interested you could always try to look for email encryption on the Web.

Now let's see how to use your University email account. The email program is called SquirrelMail.



Using SquirrelMail

IMPORTANT: Many of you will have your own email accounts already on some other system. For the purposes of study, however, it is essential that you learn to use, and keep track of, your Stirling University student email account. The University (staff) will regularly send course related messages to the entire class and it is to your student accounts that these messages will be sent so it will be to your advantage if you check your student email regularly.

You may have come across Hotmail, Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger or any number of email programs. These are all essentially packages that allow you to read, write and organise your mail messages. What they will all do is communicate with the machine that collects your messages and stores them ready for your email client program to download. The University runs an application called SquirrelMail.

The main advantage of SquirrelMail is that it's a web email client, which means that you can log in to it wherever you are as long as you have access to the Internet.

» Start up SquirrelMail by double clicking on the Student Email icon on the desktop. This will take you to the login page for SquirrelMail. Alternatively type in the URL https://wwwmail.students.stir.ac.uk/ into the browser address box. Note this is https, i.e. a secure http connection. Thirdly, you can access your mail by clicking on “WebMail” in your portal.

When you read email you’re logging on to a special email server somewhere else. This means you have to supply your password again. This makes it more secure, but it’s the same password as you use to log in to the machine in the first place.

» Type in your user name and password and press the Login button or press Return. This will take you to your email INBOX.

The Inbox shows the e-mail messages that have arrived for you. You can see who the message is from, the date and time and the subject of the message. If you select a message (click on it), it appears in the window, replacing the Inbox. When you’ve read a message you can reply to it by selecting Reply, or delete it, if you never want to read it again, by selecting Delete.

Sending a Message Send a message to the person sitting next to you. Get their email address (just ask them!).

» To compose a message, select Compose. This will take you to the Compose page.

The line labelled To: is where you write the email address of the person you're sending the mail to. You can send the message to more than one



address. To do that, write in the email addresses with a comma in between each. Along with messages, you can add attachments to emails (we’ll do that later).

Use the Subject: field to state the subject of the message.

» Type ‘Greetings from xyz01’ (where ‘xyz01’ is your user name) into the subject box.

When you read your incoming mail, it’s this subject line you’ll see, so you can decide whether you want to open the message. It’s therefore a good idea to make the subject line descriptive of the contents of the email message but also very brief.

You can set the priority of the message using the Priority choice box. This will show up in the recipient’s inbox.

The body of the message goes in the message text window then…

» Send the message!

You should receive confirmation that the message has been sent. At this point you can send another message or just press Close to go back to your INBOX.

Reading mail and Organising Folders If all is well, a message should arrive from the person sitting next to, or from yourself, perhaps. Maybe there is a message welcoming you to PDM9L6! You know you’re looking at the INBOX because it tells you at the very top of the window where it says Current Folder: INBOX. You can actually have lots of different folders for mail (just like you can organise your files in Windows in lots of different folders).

» To create a folder, choose Folders. You'll be asked for a new name for the folder. Let’s create one for PDM9L6!

» Type PDM9L6 into the 'Create Folder' text box and then press the Create button. Press refresh folder list to see your updated folder structure.

Once you have created a new folder you can select any number of messages and move them to your new folder by choosing the folder name from the drop down list 'Move Selected To'. Having chosen the folder, press the Move button and check to confirm that they have indeed moved!

» Try it with the message you received earlier; move it to your PDM9L6 folder.

To find out what's in any folder, just click on its name in the folder list on the left. You'll notice that the name of the current folder, shown at the top of the window, has changed. You should already have a few folders in addition to your Inbox namely Drafts, Sent and Trash.

When you compose new messages, you may want to stop for a while until your inspiration returns. Choose Save Draft, the message will go into the Drafts folder until you have calmed down.



Sent automatically records your outgoing email. It’s extremely important that you check this regularly to delete stuff you don’t really want to keep. Otherwise your whole file space fills up with email messages and you’ll have no room for the exercises for this class!

Trash is where messages that you have deleted are put automatically. This is quite a useful feature as it gives you the chance to think again before finally deleting message for all time. Again, you should clear out this folder periodically. There should be a (purge) option beside the Trash folder.

Address Books SquirrelMail, and just about every other email client you'll find, has an address book facility. Frequently used addresses can be stored for future use.

To use it, go back to your INBOX, select Addresses (beside Compose) and fill in the fields. For example, you might enter:

Nickname: Mario E-mail address: [email protected] First name: Mario Last name: Kolberg Additional info: PDM9L6 Co-ordinator

Press Add Address and the screen display will alter to show the updated contents of your Personal Address Book.

Now, every time you want to mail that person, instead of typing in their email address (if you can remember it) in the ‘To:’ line, you just open the address book, click on their e-mail address from the list and you're ready to go!

Signatures It’s common to add a bit to your email message that has your name and address, your web page address, a funny quote (if you must), and so on. You might have seen some email messages with this already if you use email a lot. The way to do this (without having to type it all every time) is to follow the link to Options and then Personal Information.

» Enter your full name. This ensures that message recipients will see that the message comes from e.g. Carron Shankland and not from [email protected] so it’s more user friendly.

» Leave the Reply To: box empty! It is only used if you want people to reply to a different address than the one you sent the message from. Some students mistakenly type their name here but what happens is that the contents of this box get used to create a manufactured email address which is then used as the reply address and, of course, doesn’t work!

» In the Signature text box you can enter whatever you would like to add to the end of every message you send, for example:

Mario Kolberg Room 4B60 Computing Science & Mathematics University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA

To ensure that this information is attached to every message you send, make sure you set the Signature Options to Use Signature. Alternatively, you can leave the Use Signature option set to No and press the Signature button in the Compose window before you send the message.



» Notice at the bottom of the Personal Information page there is a box labelled Mail Forwarding? You can set this up so that any messages arriving at your student email account will be automatically forwarded to some other email account (for example, you might have a personal email address). We don’t recommend that you do this because the University uses your student email to send you important communications (for example, details of tests and examinations).

» When you have finished setting your personal information, press Submit.

» Send yourself e-mail and check that the text in the signature file is attached to it. Check the name of the sender!

This is a nice simple way of signing email messages. If you do not want the text to appear on a particular message, just delete it from the message before you send it!

In Your Own Time There's a lot more to SquirrelMail than we've covered here, especially the user Options. You can customise the way you view it; you can search through your messages; you can choose from a variety of hideous colour themes (Blue Grey is quite nice!) using the Display Preferences option. The default view is called University of Stirling.

Attachments! You too can send pictures, presentations, other documents by email. What do you think the Attach button is for in the Compose window?

The help that comes with SquirrelMail is very… well, helpful and well organised. Just press Help.

Email after (or during) University After you leave the University, you will lose your student email address. To have your own email address all you need is access to a web browser (which is possible in cyber-cafes (if nowhere else) if you don’t have access to the Internet!) and you're sorted. The first was www.hotmail.com and now there are many providers, including Google’s: gmail.com.

SPAM! Spam is unsolicited e-mail. In recent years it has reached epidemic proportions and is very difficult to stop. Your University email account is filtered in various ways. Some email will be tagged as {SPAM?} suggesting that the system thinks the contents are junk mail. Occasionally attachments may be removed and deleted if the system thinks they may be infected by a virus. Sadly, no amount of protection is foolproof so, in the interests of all please be careful when opening messages.

A good piece of advice is to delete any mail that comes from a source that you don’t recognise without opening it. Often companies will invite you to respond to their approach by replying that you are not interested so that they can remove you from their mailing lists. Don’t! This is just their way of checking that you received their first message and they will inevitably plague you with more.

Here’s what Stirling University Information Services advises:

Never answer junk mail, not even to complain! Lists of e-mail addresses “harvested” from the Internet are sold as a commodity to “spammers” (the senders of unsolicited e-mail). A proven “live” address commands a premium in such address lists, so any reply to the message is likely to increase the chance of you getting more junk mail, not reduce it!



Netiquette Netiquette is network etiquette, the do's and don'ts of online communication. Netiquette covers both common courtesy online and the informal rules of the road of cyberspace. Take a look at www.albion.com/netiquette/. This page provides links to both summary and detailed information about Netiquette for your browsing pleasure.

In particular:

Be polite. Don’t write anything when you are annoyed (alternatively, retain the services of a good

libel lawyer!). Be brief. Always sign your messages. Don’t SHOUT!

Don’t assume that email is private.

Checkpoints! In each worksheet you’ll be asked to demonstrate that you have completed the tasks in that worksheet. The best plan is to do one worksheet per week, and to keep up to date with checkpoints. Checkpoints are worth 40% of your final grade, and it is a module requirement to attain at least 4C in the checkpoints. If you don’t complete a worksheet in the lab, then you should try to complete the work in your own time and demonstrate the checkpoint at the beginning of the following class. If you feel that you are struggling to keep up, you are welcome to come along to additional sessions if you wish (see the course schedule for class times). Please do not feel embarrassed about asking for help as often as you need to. That’s why the tutors are there.

Checkpoint This first checkpoint has three parts, relating to the three main elements of the worksheet. Please get all parts ready before calling a tutor over.

1. Demonstrate to a tutor that you have created a PDM9L6 folder immediately inside your home folder and that it contains folders called Text and Graphics, Spreadsheets and PowerPoint. Show that you can move, copy and delete a file.

2. Use your favourite search engine to find the answers to the following questions, and tell a tutor the answers.

When was the Computer Misuse Act passed, and what does it say about viruses?

Using reverse searching, find a site which links to the Smith Art Gallery official site.

3. Demonstrate to a tutor that you have set up your email signature. You should select Compose as if you were about to compose a new message and let us see that your signature text has been added to the message window.



SOME ODDS AND ENDS

A heartfelt plea Don't waste the University computer resources using chat rooms or playing games, especially when the labs are busy! You must give preference to students who want to do course work. If you can’t find a free machine you are entitled to ask someone to move if they are using the machine for frivolous purposes. You can always ask a tutor to find a machine for you if you’re stuck.

Lecture Notes Many of you will have been given addresses on the web for lecture notes (slides) from other departments. You can of course read them online, but you might want to print them out so you can take notes on them. Also, it’s not good for your eyes to be staring at a screen all day!

Many of the lecture slides on the Web here are in Microsoft PowerPoint or Adobe PDF format. PowerPoint is a Microsoft application used to create presentations, such as… lectures. It offers you, the reader of these slides, the opportunity to print them out for your convenience. Now, you might want to save paper, so it offers you the chance to print the slides out in a sensible fashion, say two, three or six to a page, rather than one per page. This is a Good Thing because it saves paper, and therefore trees, of course. And here’s how to do it… PDF files can be opened using Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is available on all the machines on campus. It’s free, so you can get it at home by downloading it from the Adobe web site www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/

» First, let’s find a subject that has lecture notes on the web. If you have an address for your lecture notes, by all means, use that, but if not, try this address:

www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~ces/

» Under Teaching there are a couple of Demonstration links just for you. One is a powerpoint file and the other a pdf file, so you can try them both out.

» Click on the link Demonstration link for downloading of ppt notes.

You’ve got two options. If you choose Open, then IE should be smart enough to run the slide show. The other option is to download the file by choosing Save and then saving it in your home file space. That way you’ve got your own copy (that could be useful if you want to look at the slides or print them out later). Bear in mind though that you have a limited amount of file space, and you don’t want to clutter it up.

» Try both options to see how they work.

» Try right-clicking on the link as well. Even more options!

If you click on some document link in IE that it doesn't recognise, it'll tell you. Usually this happens when the document IE downloads is meant to be viewed with a different application.

You can choose to save the file as usual, and then try to decide which application to use to view it. Files ending with .ppt for example are meant to be viewed in PowerPoint. We’ll cover PowerPoint in a later workshop.

(What’s this thing “~”? It’s called a tilde (but a lot of people call it a squiggle or twiddle). It’s used a lot in www addresses (URLs).



And you can print it…

Printing in the labs To print the document, select Print from the File menu. (If the file has opened in the browser, there may be a new toolbar button for print, in which case you can use that.) A new window will appear.

You can choose:

whether to print single or double sided.

how many copies to print. whether to collate multiple

copies to save you having to sort them by hand.

to print the odd (or even) numbered pages.

how many pages per sheet to print.

In particular, the box in the middle left allows you to choose which pages of your document to print. You can choose to print all the pages or just a selection (e.g. 1,5,8) or a range of pages (e.g. 1-5) or even a selection of ranges (e.g. 1-4, 8-12).

If you are already familiar with the print set up on campus don’t bother wasting paper or, if you want to try it out, just print the first page (there may only be one page!), so select Pages in the Page range pane and type the number 1 in the box adjacent to it. Choose OK, go to a print station, log on and follow the instructions to print your document.

Where’s the printer then? The best places are the Student Print Suites in 2A and 2B Cottrell. Printers are located in EIA and S20a in the Library, and in G10 in Pathfoot.

Go to the Pharos Print Station in the print room/lab.

Click on the mouse or keyboard to remove the screen-saver. A log on window will appear.

Log on with your usual computer username and password. A screen will appear which will show you a list of any documents you have sent to the

printer. Use the mouse to select the document you wish to print - NB: your document must be

highlighted otherwise the Print button remains greyed out. Now select Print.

If you do this kind of thing from your computer at home, you should be very reluctant to open a file directly (viruses make be lurking!). If you trust the site, then I still recommend that you save the file first, close down any open applications and disconnect from the Internet before running the file. If you do this kind of thing a lot, then you really need to think about investing in a good antivirus program.



WHAT NOW? Practise, practise, practise!

I know that some of you will have found this material pretty basic. Many of you will be required to take this course as a prerequisite for other modules and a few of you may find this frustrating if you have been using computers for years. The next couple of workshops will also be pretty basic, but thereafter the material gets more challenging. Also, there are little handy hints throughout the worksheets that you may not already know.

For those of you who are new to computers, it is essential that you become familiar with the basics covered today as subsequent workshops will depend on the material covered today.

Use the help system. That’s what it’s there for…

Whatever you are doing, save your work regularly, just in case there’s a power cut, or a network failure (these things do happen!).

Logging off This is pretty straightforward. Open the Start Menu. One of the options is Logoff. Select it.

See you next week!