WHAT IS GISWHAT IS GIS

GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS

• GIS may include manual systems, however, it usually refers to a computerised database system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (Huxhold, 1991).

• GIS is capable of assisting the storage, retrieval and manipulation of spatially referenced data such as street address or a census tract (Nedovic-Budic, 1999).

• GIS is most useful when used to perform data analysis (Lee and Wong, 2001, viii)

GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)

• application– acts as a problem solving solution– example: water pollution, traffic, land

management • toolbox

– emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in it’s definition

– always used by vendors to maximize their market share

The History

• First developed in North America, particularly the U.S. and Canada in the mid-1960s

• Previously been used in natural resources and environmental research

Tutorial question• Briefly review the history of Geographic

Information System application in India.

GIS: OLD AND NEWGIS: OLD AND NEW

Traditional GIS

MAP TYPEWRITERMANUAL DRAFING TOOLS

New GIS

COMPUTER PLOTTER CD-ROM

THE NEED FOR GISTHE NEED FOR GIS

• the real world has a lot of spatial data– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be

effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area• location of historical sites to visit• the earth surface for purposes of army

• the earth surface is a limited resource• rational decisions on space utilization• fast and quality information in decision making

... THE NEED FOR GIS... THE NEED FOR GIS

complexity of management– due to the need to combine and process many

sets of data, in addition to judge as many as possible, situation that might happen.

intense competition– the need to use technology in making decisions

and strategy in the world of intense competition.

TABULAR DATA MAP

A. DATA VISUALISATIONA. DATA VISUALISATION

Which one do you prefer: tabular data or map data?

State Population (1991)

Johor 2,074,297

Kedah 1,304,800

Kelantan 1,181,680

Melaka 504,502

P

SY

10 11 12

3

4

5

SO

UTH

EAST

1. WHERE IS OBJECT P?

ANSWER: P = 12S EAST

2. WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?

EXAMPLE: What can be found at 11y EAST?

ANSWER: Y

B. LOCATIONB. LOCATION

C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:

1. ATRIBUTE EXPLANATION

EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?

2. WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?

EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

3. SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES)

EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS

a) AREA >40,000 HECTARE

b) OWNER: NOT SILIMA

c) TAX CODE: B

d) MINERAL QUALITY: HIGH

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

….QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE

QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIPQUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP

X

X

X

YY

Y

Z

Z

Z

Z

1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?

YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST

IN THE FORM OF A LINE

2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?

YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR X

3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXISTS?

OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

TREND QUESTIONTREND QUESTION

A

BC

A B

DC

1980 19901. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?

A: INCREASE IN SIZE

B: DECREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION

C: CHANGES IN SHAPE

2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?

A AND B HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE

B RELOCATES

C CHANGES IN SHAPE

ADDITION OF ITEM D

InformationSystem

Non-spatialInformation

Systems

SpatialInformation

Systems

ManagementInformation

Systems

GeographicInformation

Systems

OtherTypes

(CAD/CAM)

GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

GISUSES

VARIOUS DATASOURCES

VARIOUS DATAFORMATS

AND

MAPS IMAGE DIGITALPRODUCTS GPS TEXT

DATATABULAR

DATA

MAPS

DATABASE

REPORTS

1

2

4 43

GIS APPLICATION (I)GIS APPLICATION (I)

• environment– management of natural resources

• land, forest, marine, etc.– monitoring/control of environmental pollution– environment impact study

• infrastructure– transport and irrigation management and

maintenance– utility management and maintenance

• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.

GIS APPLICATION (II)GIS APPLICATION (II)

• socio-economy– town and country planning– monitoring of population migration– disperse of resources/services

• clinics, schools, etc• military

– land form visualisation– visibility analysis

GIS USAGEGIS USAGE• Data recall

Land Ownership

MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI

Geomdk_id: 252

Area: 147: 147.477900

Geodmk_: 640

Account_no: A0546142

Owner: LAM MEE WONG

No_k_p: 2224567

Bangsa: CINA

Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA, TMN. TIMUR,

KULAI, JOHOR

Poscode: 81000

No_geran: GM 125

No_lot: PTD 12201

Area: BANDAR KULAI

Mukim: SENAI-KULAI

Holding: BEBAS

Usage: KEDIAMAN

Floors: 01

Assesment: 89000.00

Rate: 0.25

Tax: 222.50

• Modeling– predict information from data within the GIS using a certain model

Population Density

Year 2010

- High

- Medium

- Low

BENEFITS OF GISBENEFITS OF GIS• improves/enhances the effects of

physical/environmental growth• better management of resources• adding new value-added services• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial

components• fast recall of data• ability for complex analysis• recalling of non spatial data through object location• display of information in a different light/view• multiple scenario in planning can be performed

easily