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TCP/IP protocol Suite

Internet has become synonym of TCP/IP

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OSImodel

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OSI cont. Application Layer: provides a means for similar or dissimilar application

processes to exchange information.

Presentation Layer: presentation of information in a way that is meaningful to the network devices.

Session Layer: organize and synchronize a given dialog occurring between Session Layer: organize and synchronize a given dialog occurring between devices and to manage the data exchange.

Transport Layer: responsible for providing data transfer between two users at an agreed-upon level of quality.

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OSI cont.

Network Layer: responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating the network connection, routing data from one network device to another.

Data Link Layer: responsible for providing reliable data y p p gtransmission.

Physical layer: responsible for the transmission of bit streams across a transmission channel.

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TCP/IP Network

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Internet

Developed by IETF TCP/IP protocol suite covers network and transport layers. It is network of networks No single owner of Internet In internet, interoperability is must. IP address are used for addressing of devices. Packet size is variable

Two versions IPv4 (32 bits) and IPv6 (128 bits) are available for addressing purpose

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Internet Evolution

1971: Four universities were interconnected 1972: First Email was sent 1973: Intercontinental connection were made in England and Norvey. 1974: TCP became Standard for internet 1993: ARPAnet was divided into Arpanet and Milnet (additional security

features for militry). 1983 TCP-IP was recognized as standard 1991 Archi search engine was developed to search FTP files, later on

Gopher search engine was developed which was advanced version of Archi.

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The Evolution of ARPANET

Growth of the ARPANET (a)December 1969, (b)July 1970, (c)March 1971, (d)April 1972. (e)September 1972.

Important Internet applications

Telnet: Remote login and work FTP: File Transfer Protocol to transfer files between two

machines Email: Widely used

G h Ad d h i f A hi Gopher: Advanced search engine of Archi Internet chat: person to person or in groups Usenet News: Forum discussion WWW: World Wide Web to access resources throughout the

world

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Internet Management and Development

Internet Standards are maintained in form of RFC (Request For Comment) IAB (Internet Architecture Board), In 1992 became International, public

entity. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) Non-Profitable group of Volunteers (Researchers, Professionals and

Students) Working Group prepare draft document and ask request for comment for

reviews and comments for 6 months online. After evaluation and incorporation of the reviews and comments in the draft, The draft is saved in form of standard and RFC number is assigned.

Only few RFC are implemented and become popular

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Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Formed in 1983 when ARPA reorganized and IAB evolved as autonomous organization

IAB provides focus and coordination for development of TCP/IP protocolsTCP/IP protocols

In 1992, Internet moved away from USA government and Internet Society (ISOC) an international organization was formed to globalize TCP-IP.

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IAB reorganization

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RFC (Request For Comment)

Authentic RFCs available on www.ietf.org/rfcs Important RFCs

RFC 821 (SMTP / Email) RFC 721 (IP) RFC 793 (TCP) RFC 2616 (HTTP)

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Other important topics

HTML, HTML Forms XML (expanded capability of HTML) Java Applets, Perl

(good for interactive string handling) Cryptography for security Search Engine (Google, Yahoo, Bing) E-commerce Proxy servers, mail Server IP Telephony

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IEEE Communications standards* (widely used & popular)

Standard Alsoknownas MediumAccess Topology/frequencyband

IEEE 802.3 LAN/Eathernet (Metcalfe /Xerox) CSMA/CD Star topology

IEEE 802.4 LAN (developed by General motors) Token Bus Bus topology

IEEE 802.5 LAN (developed by IBM) Token Ring Ring topology

IEEE 802.11 b/g/n WLAN/WiFi CSMA/CA ISM bands 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz

IEEE 802.15.1 PAN/Bluetooth (developed by Ericsson)

-- ISMbandat2.4GHz

IEEE 802.15.4csso )

PAN/ZigBee/WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) --

ISMbands**RF&2.4GHz

IEEE 802.16dIEEE 802.16eIEEE 802.16jIEEE 802.16m

BWA/Fixed WiMAXBWA/Mobile WiMAXBWA/Relay WiMAXBWA/Very high data rate

OFDMOFDMAOFDMAOFDMA

2 GHz to 66 GHz (initially 10 GHz to 66 GHz was allocated for LOS but to support NLoS 2 GHz to 11 GHz was allocated later)

IEEE 802.20 MBWA/Mobile-Fi ( Will support connectivity up to 250 km/h mobilespeed)

-- Licensed Bands (below 3.5 GHz)

IEEE 802.22 WRAN TO allow accessibility of licensed spectrum to unlicensed users*IEEEprovidescommunicationstandardsforPhysical&MAClayeronly

**ZigBee operatingfrequencies868 MHzinEurope,915 MHzintheUSAandAustralia,and2.4 GHzrestoftheworld15OPM

Broadband Network

Provides multimedia integrated services (Transportation through same medium) Voice Video Data

Transports very high data rate signals

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Broadband Network (Cont.)

Broadband networks can be classified as Wide Area Network (WAN) (Transports signals over long

distances) Optical fiber backbone network Lease lines Satellites Communication Telecommunication networks (BS to BS or backbone network)

Access network (BS or local exchange to customer Cable modem , DSL & ADSL Wireless Local Loop (WLL) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) LTE (Long Term Evolution) Telecommunication Networks from BS to MS (3G networks like

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Types of Services based on data rate & delay

CBR (constant bit rate:) VBR(Variable bit rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate:-minimum guarantee rate) UBR (Unspecified bit rate: Traffic is allocate to all)

Services based on type of QoS (Quality of Service) UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service) ertps (extended real time polling service) rtps (real tile polling service) nrtps (non real time polling service) BE (Best Effort service)

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QoS scheduling

CIF/SIFD=connectionIdentifier/Subscriberidentifier 19OPM

Eathernet LAN

Developed by Metcalfe's (Xerox company got patent) MAC address (48 bits) is used as address of a device. CSMA/CD is used for multiple access. Packet size is variable

Pure Eathernet is no more in use, at present combination of Eathernet and Internet is used in LAN.

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Motivation for Internetworking

To interconnect heterogeneous networks TYMNET, SNA, DNA, ARPANET, ALOHAnet etc.

To make communication independent of physical network connections (Network hardware)connections (Network hardware) Devices manufactured by IBM, DEC etc.

To accommodate wide variety of applications and computer Operating Systems HTTP, Data, Audio, Video. OS, Microsoft windows, Unix

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