1. introduction to 3g
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Introduction to 3G
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Introduction to 3GOBJECTIVES
After this module the participant shall be able to :
Understand the Evolution to 3G with its key characteristics.
Understand the Genesis of UMTS.
Understand UMTS key features, requirements,QoS classes.
Understand GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture.
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1.1. Evolution to 3G1.1.1 Requirements of 3G
1.1.2 3G key characteristics
1.2. Genesis of UMTS
1.3. UMTS Key features
1.4. GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture
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Evolution to 3G
3G or third generation technology services provide theability to transfer voice ,video and data.
The main reason for the change is basically the limited
capacity of the existing 2G networks
3G wireless networks are the evolution of wide areacellular telephone networks which hope to incorporatehigh-speed internet access and video telephony to thesenetworks.
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Requirements of 3G
The basic requirement to 3G by ITU is that it mustprovide both voice communication and multi-media dataservices.
In an indoor, outdoor low-speed and high-speed movingenvironment at a data rate of 2Mbps, 384Kbps, and144Kbps, respectively.
With high service quality, high frequency efficiency andlow cost.
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The detailed requirements are
Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-mail,paging, fax, video conference, and Web browsing)
High speed data transmission (upwards of 2 Mbps)
Routing flexibility (repeater, satellite, LAN)
Operation at approximately 2 GHz transmit and receive
frequencies
Roaming capability worldwide
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3G Key Characteristics
The most significant characteristic offered by thirdgeneration (3G) mobile technologies are themomentous capacity and broadband capabilities tosupport greater numbers of voice and data customers -especially in urban centers - plus higher data rates atlower incremental cost than 2G.
By using the radio spectrum in bands identified whichis provided by the ITU for Third Generation IMT-2000mobile services, it subsequently licensed to operators,
3G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliversignificantly higher data rates and increased capacitycompared with 2G networks.
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The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of
radio resources for operators who have been grantedlarge, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the otherhand, it also helps to reduce the cost of 3G networks
while having the capability of providing extremely high-
speed data transmission to users. Besides that, it also allows the transmission of 384kbps
for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems.3G users are expected to have greater capacity andimproved spectrum efficiency which allows them toaccess the global roaming between different 3Gnetworking.
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The bandwidth and location information available to 3Gdevices gives rise to applications not previouslyavailable to mobile phone users. Some of theapplications are:
Mobile TVa provider redirects a TV channel directlyto the subscriber's phone where it can be watched.
Video on demanda provider sends a movie to thesubscriber's phone.
Video conferencing subscribers can see as well astalk to each other.
Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or
provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber. Location-based servicesa provider sends localized
weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or thephone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses
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1.1. Evolution to 3G
1.2. Genesis of UMTS
1.2.1. History of UMTS
1.2.2. UMTS requirements on 3G
1.2.3. UMTS versus GSM/GPRS
1.3. UMTS Key features
1.4. GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture
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History of UMTS
Vision of a single 3rd Generation standard allowing worldwide
roaming ITU (International Telecommunication Union) defined conceptfor IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications at 2000MHz)
requirements
unified proposals from different regional standardizationbodies IMT-2000 is afamilyof compatible systems
multimode terminals will be able to access all of them "compatible" means
roaming same, personalized, services UMTS is a member of the IMT-2000 family
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3GPP Standards
Phase 1 1992 GSM Features
Phase 2 1995 GSM Features, EFR Codec,
Release 96 1997 Q1 GSM Features, 14.4 kbit/s User Data Rate,
Release 97 1998 Q1 GSM Features, GPRS
Release 98 1998 GSM Features, AMR, EDGE, GPRS for PCS1900
Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating aCDMA air interface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added featuresincluding an all-IP Core Network[
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA
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Standardization of 3G cellular networks
3GPP is a co-operation between standardization bodies ETSI (Europe),ARIB/ TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA(South Korea)
GSM EDGE
UMTS
WCDMAFDD
WCDMATDD TDSCDMA
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3GPP2 is a co- operation between standardizationbodies ARIB / TTC(Japan), CCSA (China), TIA(North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
- CDMA2000 1X
- CDMA2000 1XEV-DO
Standardization of 3G cellular networks
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IMT 2000 frequency allocations
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Standardization of WCDMA / UMTSThe 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Role: Create 3G Specifications and Reports
3G is standardized based on the evolvedGSM core networks and the supporting RadioAccess Technology
GSM
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Standardization of WCDMA / UMTSIntroduction of GPRS / E-GPRS
3GPP Release 99
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Standardization of WCDMA / UMTS3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 5-6All IP Vision
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Standardization of WCDMA / UMTS
Multiple Access Method DS-CDMADuplexing Method FDD/TDD
Base Station Synchronization Asychronous Operation
Channel Separation 5MHz
Chip Rate 3.84 McpsFrame Length 10 ms
Service Multiplexing Multiple Services with different QoSRequirements Multiplexed on one Connection
Multirate Concept Variable Spreading Factor and Multicode
Detection Coherent, using Pilot Symbols or CommonPilot
Multiuser Detection, SmartAntennas
Supported by Standard, Optional inImplementation
WCDMA Air Interface, Main Parameters
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UMTS requirements on 3Gglobal access with single device global standardunified spectrumhigh coverage seamless handover support of multimedia services high data rates services with variable bandwidths symmetrical and asymmetrical data transfercircuit-switched and
packet- switched transfer high speech (and multimedia) quality - as good as GSM
extendable multi-service network easy to deploy new servicesgateway to Internet high security tight control over network resources by network owner
sophisticated charging functionality backwards compatibility to 2G systems (GSM)
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UMTS vs. GSM/GPRS
Compared to GSM, the major difference of UMTS is the airinterface. The air interface uses GRAN, or Generic Radio AccessNetwork. This means it can be connected to a wide range ofnetworks, such as the internet, ISDN, GSM, or to anotherUMTS network its self. GRAN uses the lower 3 layers of theOSI model, layer 3, the network layer is the RRM, or RadioResource Management protocol. The RRMs manage the
channels between the base stations and the fixed network.
UMTS is not compatible with GSM, but UMTS phones whichare currently sold are dual mode, which means they can work onGSM as well as UMTS. If a user wants to make a call, but is out
of a UMTS area, the device can use GSM. Even if this happens while on a call, the phone can be switched over to the GSMnetwork, completely uninterrupted, transparently to the end user.
Although the newer wave of 3G phones can be used on bothnetworks, GSM phones cant be used on UMTS networks.
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1.1. Evolution to 3G
1.2. Genesis of UMTS
1.3. UMTS Key features1.2.1. UMTS features
1.2.2. UMTS and the 3G requirements
1.2.3. Backward compatibility with
GSM/GPRS
1.2.4. UMTS QoS Classes
1.4. GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture
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UMTS Features
High Speed
UMTS has the ability to provide data rates upto 2Mbps. This is maximum if we compare it with other 2Gand 2.5G networks.
This would in turn bring features such as videoconferencing, real time streaming and other highbandwidth applications into reality.
Furthermore, Bearer services have different QoS(Quality Of Service) parameters for maximum transferdelay, delay variation and bit error rate. Offered data
rates could be 144 kbps for satellite/rural outdoor, 384kbps for urban outdoor, 2048 kbps for indoor and lowrange outdoor.
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Packet Transmission
Current cellular systems are based upon circuit-switched data while UMTS is based on packet switchingtechnology.
This will also allow to have several forms of billing suchas pay per download, pay per session etc dependingupon the requirement of the service used.
UMTS is also providing "data rate on demand" feature which could make the charges more cheap.
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Consistent Service and Coverage
UMTS is perceived as a global system ofcommunication. Hence, it is also providingcompatibility with other networks such as GSM andSatellite.
Satellite is the major way to provide global access, henceUMTS has been standardized to ensure an efficient andeffective roaming and handover between satellite andterrestrial networks.
UMTS will also provide consistent set of services whilea user switches from one network to another duringroaming. This terminology is also referred to as VHE(Virtual Home Environment).
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UMTS and 3G requirements
UMTS stands for Universal Mobile TelephoneSystem. It is one of the 3G or third generation mobilesystems created and developed inside the framework ofthe ITU IMT-2000.
It presents the new generation of broadband multi-media mobile telecommunications technology. The area
covered by service providers will be on a global scale.
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Release 99
I 1920 -1980 MHz 2110-2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,Japan
II 1850 -1910 MHz 1930-1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
New in Release 5
III 1710 -1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM 1800
New in Release 6
IV 1710 - 1755 MHz 2110 - 2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
V 824 - 849 MHz 869 - 894 MHz US Cellular, GSM850
VI 830 - 840 MHz 875 - 885 MHz Japan
New in Release 7
VII 2500 - 2570 MHz 2620 - 2690 MHz
VIII 880 - 915 MHz 925960 MHz GSM900
IX 1749.9 - 1748.9
MHz
1844.91879.9
MHz
Japan
UMTSFDD Frequency band evolutio
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UMTS Air Interface technologies
UMTS Air Interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMAFDD
WCDMATDD
WCDMAFDD is the more widely used solution
FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMATDD technology is currently used in limited numberof networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time , Utilizing samefrequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
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WCDMAFDD technology
Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (
WCDMA)All cells at same carrier frequency
Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
Signal bandwidth 3.84MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity
InterFrequency functionality to support mobilitybetween frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technologyIntersystem functionality to support mobility
between GSM and UMTS
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WCDMA technology
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UMTS & GSM Network Planning
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Difference between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 KHz
Frequency reusefactor
1 118
Power controlfrequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
managementalgorithms
Network planning
(frequencyplanning)
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WCDMA GSM
Frequencydiversity
5 MHz bandwidthgives multipathdiversity with Rakereceiver
Frequencyhopping
Packet data LoadBasedpacket scheduling
Timeslot basedScheduling withGPRS
Downlink transmitdiversity
Supported forimprovingdownlink capacity
Not supported bythe standard, butcan be applied
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UMTS networks can be operated with GSM/GPRSnetworks. Systems use different frequency bands, soBTSs and mobiles will (should) not interfere with eachother. Some vendors claim their core network
(MSC/HLR/SGSN etc) and BSC/RNC are UMTScompatible, but most operators will prefer to build atotally separate/independent UMTS network. Some ofthe latest GSM BTSs can also have UMTS radio partsand share the same rack.
Backward Compatibility with GSM/GPRS
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Network Services are considered end-to-end, thismeans from a Terminal Equipment (TE) to another
TE.
An End-to-End Service may have a certain Quality ofService (QoS) which is provided for the user of anetwork service.
It is the user that decides whether he is satisfied with
the provided QoS or not.
UMTS QoS classes
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To realize a certain network QoS a Bearer Service withclearly defined characteristics and functionality is to be
set up from the source to the destination of a service.
A bearer service includes all aspects to enable theprovision of a contracted QoS. These aspects are among
others the control signaling, user plane transport andQoS management functionality.
A UMTS bearer service layered architecture is depicted
below, each bearer service on a specific layer offers it'sindividual services using services provided by the layersbelow.
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QoS Architecture
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UMTS network services have different QoS classes for
four types of traffic: Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video
gaming)
Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand,webcast)
Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming,database access)
Background class (email, SMS, downloading)
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Traffic class Conversational
class
Real Time
Streaming class
Real Time
Interactive class
Best Effort
Background
class
Best EffortFundamental
characteristics
- Preserve time
relation
(variation)
between
information
entities of the
stream
-Conversational
pattern (stringentand low delay )
- Preserve time
relation
(variation)
between
information
entities of the
stream
- Request response
pattern
-Preserve payloadcontent
-Destination is
not expecting
the data within a
certain time
-Preserve
payload content
Example of the
application
voice streaming video web browsing telemetry,
emails
UMTS QoS Classes
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List of UMTS Bearer Services Attributes
Traffic class ('conversational', 'streaming', 'interactive','background')
Maximum bit rate (kbps)
Guaranteed bit rate (kbps)
Delivery order (y/n) Maximum SDU size (octets)
SDU format information (bits)
SDU error ratio
Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs (y/n/-)
Transfer delay (ms)
Traffic handling priority
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1.1. Evolution to 3G
1.2. Genesis of UMTS
1.3. UMTS Key features
1.4. GSM/GPRS/EDGE Architecture
1.4.1. GSM Voice architecture
1.4.2. GPRS data architecture1.4.3. Enhancements provide by EDGE
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GSM System Architecture
BSC
BSC
MSC
MS
MS
MS BTS
BTS
BTS
GMSC
PSTNISDNPDN
EIR
AUC
HLR
VLR
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Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC) Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
GSM System Architecture
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The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:
1. Mobile Equipment (ME)
2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)
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System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International MobileEquipment Identity)
Voice and data transmission
Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cellsfor optimum handover
160 character long SMS.
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Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International Mobile SubscriberIdentity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and receive othersubscribed services
Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
Protected by a password or PIN
Can be moved from phone to phonecontains keyinformation to activate the phone
System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)
contd.
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System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts thatcommunicate across the standardized Abis interface allowingoperation between components made by different suppliers
1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
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System Architecture Base Station
Subsystem (BSS)Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the
RF signals to the antenna. Frequency hopping
Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
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System Architecture Base Station Subsystem
(BSS)Base Station Controller (BSC)
Manages Radio resources for BTS
Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in its area
Handles call set up Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
Handover for each MS
Radio Power control
It communicates with MSC and BTS
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System Architecture Network Switching
Subsystem (NSS)Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Heart of the network
Manages communication between GSM and other networks
Call setup function and basic switching Call routing Billing information and collection
Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to othernetwork by using HLR/VLR.
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System Architecture Network Switching
Subsystem Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large servicearea(generally one per GSM network operator)
- database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming
restrictions, supplementary services.
Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its
area, by HLR database- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
- Reduces number of queries to HLR
- Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,
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System Architecture Network Switching
Subsystem Authentication Center (AUC)
- Protects against intruders in air interface
- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and providessecurity triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
- Generally associated with HLR
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black Listand the Gray List
- Only one EIR per PLMN
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GPRS Network Architecture
BSC
SGSN
BTS
BTS
GGSNGb
Gd
Gp
Gn
Gf
Gs
Gc
GGSN
EIRHLR+GPRS
Register
MSC/VLR
D
SMS-GMSCSMS-INMSC
Gi
Gr
PDN
Other
GPRS
PLMN
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Interfaces
GbConnects BSC with SGSN
GnSGSNSGSN/GGSN (in the same network) GpSGSNGGSN (in different networks)
GfFor equipment querying at registering time
GiConnects PLMN with external Packet DataNetworks (PDNs)
GrTo exchange User profile between HLR & SGSN
GsTo exchange Database between SGSN & MSC
GdInterface between SMS & GPRS
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GPRS is a data network that overlays a second-
generation GSM network.
This data overlay network provides packet data transportat rates from 9.6 to 171 kbps. Additionally, multiple userscan share the same air-interface resources simultaneously.
GPRS attempts to reuse the existing GSM network
elements as much as possible, but to effectively build apacket-based mobile cellular network, some new networkelements, interfaces, and protocols for handling packettraffic are required.
GPRS Architecture
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GSM Network Element Modification or Upgrade Required for GPRS.
Mobile Station (MS) New Mobile Station is required to access GPRS services.These new terminals will be backward compatible with GSMfor voice calls.
BTS A software upgrade is required in the existing basetransceiver site.
BSC The base station controller (BSC) requires a softwareupgrade and the installation of new hardware called thepacket control unit (PCU). The PCU directs the data trafficto the GPRS network and can be a separate hardwareelement associated with the BSC.
GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) The deployment of GPRS requires the installation of newcore network elements called the serving GPRS support
node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN).
Databases (HLR, VLR, etc.) All the databases involved in the network will requiresoftware upgrades to handle the new call models andfunctions introduced by GPRS.
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GPRS Mobile Stations
GPRS Mobile Stations: New Mobile Station are required to use GPRSservices because existing GSM phones do not handlethe enhanced air interface or packet data.
A variety of MS can exist, including a high-speedversion of current phones to support high-speed dataaccess, a new PDA device with an embedded GSM
phone, and PC cards for laptop computers.
These mobile stations are backward compatible formaking voice calls using GSM.
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GPRS Base Station Subsystem
Each BSC requires the installation of one or morePacket Control Units (PCUs) and a software upgrade.
The PCU provides a physical and logical data interface
to the base station subsystem (BSS) for packet datatraffic.
The BTS can also require a software upgrade but
typically does not require hardware enhancements.
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GPRS Base Station Subsystem
When either voice or data traffic is originated at thesubscriber mobile, it is transported over the airinterface to the BTS, and from the BTS to the BSC inthe same way as a standard GSM call.
However, at the output of the BSC, the traffic isseparated; voice is sent to the mobile switching center(MSC) per standard GSM, and data is sent to a new
device called the SGSN via the PCU over a FrameRelay interface / IP
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GPRS Support Nodes
Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN): The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface
and a router to external networks.
The GGSN contains routing information for GPRSmobiles, which is used to tunnel packets through the IPbased internal backbone to the correct Serving GPRSSupport Node.
The GGSN also collects charging informationconnected to the use of the external data networks and
can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.
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GPRS Support Nodes
Serving GPRS support node (SGSN):
The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsiblefor authentication of GPRS mobiles, registration
of mobiles in the network, mobilitymanagement.
collecting information for charging for the use
of the air interface.
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Routing Area
GPRS introduces the concept of a routing area. This is much the same as a Location Area inGSM, except that it will generally contain fewer
cells. Because routing areas are smaller thanLocation Areas, less radio resources are usedwhen a paging message is broadcast.
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Enhancements by EDGE
Enhanced data for global evolution (EDGE) is a high-
speed mobile data standard, intended to enable second-generation global system for mobile communication(GSM) and time division multiple access (TDMA)networks to transmit data at up to 384 kilobits per
second (Kbps). As it was initially developed just for GSM systems, it
has also been called GSM384. Vendors intended thetechnology for those network operators who failed to
win spectrum auctions for third-generation networks toallow high-speed data transmission.
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Enhancements by EDGE
EDGE provides speed enhancements by changing thetype of modulation used and making a better use of thecarrier currently used, for example the 200kHz carrierin GSM systems.
EDGE also provides an evolutionary path to third-generation IMT-2000-compliant systems, such asuniversal mobile telephone systems (UMTS), byimplementing some of the changes expected in the later
implementation in third-generation systems.
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Enhancements by EDGE
EDGE builds upon enhancements provided by generalpacket radio service (GPRS) and high-speed circuitswitched data (HSCSD) technologies that are currentlybeing tested and deployed.
It enables a greater data-transmission speed to beachieved in good conditions, especially near the basestations, by implementing an eight-phase-shift keying (8
PSK) modulation instead of Gaussian minimum-shiftkeying (GMSK).
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Configuration Technology Download
(kbit/s)
Upload (kbit/s) TDMA Timeslots
allocatedCSD 9.6 9.6 1+1
HSCSD 28.8 14.4 2+1
HSCSD 43.2 14.4 3+1
GPRS 80.0 20.0 (Class 8 & 10
and CS-4)4+1
GPRS 60.0 40.0 (Class 10 and
CS-4)
3+2
EDGE 236.8 59.2 (Class 8, 10
and MCS-9)4+1
EDGE 177.6 118.4 (Class 10 and
MCS-9)3+2
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Enhancements by EDGE
Latencies are reduced and bit rates are higher It provides thrice as better speed as GPRS
It improves the speed of present application and alsonew applications as voice calls on mobile etc. aresupported
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Summary
Candidate to write Summary for Module-1 :