1 introduction to operations management inventory management (ch. 12) hansoo kim ( 金翰秀 ) dept....

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1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金金金 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Page 1: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

1

Introduction to Operations Management

Inventory Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12)(Ch. 12)

Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 )Dept. of Management Information

Systems, YUST

Page 2: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

2

Schedule

5/27, 29 – Inventory Management 6/5 – 2nd Exam 6/10, 12 – Aggregated Production

Planning 6/17, 19 – MRP 6/26 – 3rd Exam 6/3, 24 – Location Theory

Page 3: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

3

OM Overview

Class Overview(Ch. 0)

Project Management

(Ch. 17)

Strategic Capacity Planning(Ch. 5, 5S)

Operations, Productivity, and Strategy

(Ch. 1, 2)

Mgmt of Quality/Six Sigma Quality

(Ch. 9, 10)

Supply Chain Management

(Ch 11)

Location Planning and Analysis

(Ch. 8)

Demand MgmtForecasting

(Ch 3)

Inventory Management

(Ch. 12)

Aggregated Planning

(Ch. 13)

Queueing/ Simulation

(Ch. 18)

MRP & ERP (Ch 14)

JIT & Lean Mfg System

(Ch. 15)

Term Project

Process Selection/

Facility Layout; LP(Ch. 6, 6S)X X X X X

XX XX

Page 4: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Today’s Outline 재고란 ? (What is inventory?) 재고의 기능 (The function of inventory) 재고비용 항목 (Inventory Costs)

재고보관비 주문비 품절비

재고 모델 (Inventory Model) 정량발주모델

EOQ 모델 EPQ (or POQ) 모델 확률적 모델

정기발주모델

Page 5: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Question 1 ? 년간 수요 , Annual Demand (D) = 1000 units/yr 주문 비용 , Ordering Cost (S) = $10/order 재고 보관비 비율 , Inventory Carrying rate (I) = 5% 년간 작업일 수 , Working days in a year = 250 days/year 단위 가격 , Unit Price (P) = $10/unit 배송 시간 , Lead Time (L) = 5 days

몇 개를 주문해야 년간 재고비용이 최소화 되는가 ?(Order Quantity to minimize annual inventory cost?)평균 년간 주문 회수는 얼마인가 ?(Average number of orders?)평균 주문 주기는 얼마인가 ?(Average ordering period?)再발주 시점은 언제인가 ?(Reporder point?)

Page 6: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Question 2 ?

당신은 할인 혜택을 받으시겠습니까 ?(Will you take discount or not?)몇 개를 주문해야 할까요 ?(How many quantity to be ordered?)

대안 할인 수량 할인률 (%) 할인가격 (P)

1 0 to 999 No discount $5.00

2 1,000 to 1,999 4 $4.80

3 2,000 and over 5 $4.75

년간수요 = 5000 units/yr, 주문비 =49$/order, 재고 보관비 비율 = 20%,

Page 7: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고란 ?What is Inventory?

Stock of materials Stored capacity

사용할 수 있으나 , 지금 당장 사용하지는 않는 물자들

Page 8: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고가 필요한 이유 (Why Inventory?)

예측하지 못한 수요에 대한 대응Meet unexpected demand

계절적 , 주기적 수요 변화에 대한 대응Smooth seasonal or cyclical demand

생산 공정의 독립성 제고 및 분리Decouple or separate various parts of the production process

가격할인의 잇점 ( 쌀때 왕창 사두자 !) Take advantage of price discounts

대량할인의 잇점Take advantage of quantity discounts

갑작스런 가격 상승에 대한 대비Hedge against price increases

Page 9: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고의 종류 (Types of Inventory) 원자재 (Raw Material)

가공되지 않은 구매된 자재 재공재고 (Work-In-Process)

원자재와 완재품 사이의 반제품 상태의 자재 소모품 (Maintenance/repair/operating sup

ply) 유지 보수 혹은 운영을 위해 소모되는 물품

완제품 재고완제품 재고 (Finished Goods) 판매 가능한 최종 제품

Page 10: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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자재의 흐름 (Material Flow)

비사용Raw Material

가공중WIP

판매가능Finished Goods

Page 11: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고의 문제점 (Problems caused by inventory) 재고 = 지금 당장 사용할 수 없는 자산

재고 관련 비용의 증가 구매비 , Item cost (if purchased) 주문비 , Ordering (or setup) cost 보관비 , Holding (or carrying) cost

창고 임대비 , 보험료 , 세금 등…

품절 비용 , Shortage Cost Temporary or permanent loss of sales when demand cannot

be met 재고 통제의 어려움 생산공정의 문제를 숨김

Hides production problems

Page 12: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Scrap

Work in process inventory level(hides problems)

Unreliable Vendors

Capacity Imbalances

재공재고 (WIP) 가 많이 있는 경우

NO PROBLEM!!!Really?

Page 13: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Scrap

암초에 걸리기 시작…문제가 드러남 !

Unreliable Vendors

Capacity Imbalances

WIP

재고 수준을 낮춘다면 ?

Page 14: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고의 분류Inventory Classifications

Inventory

Process stage

Demand Type

Number & Value Other

Raw Material WIP

Finished Goods

Independent Dependent

A Items B Items C Items

Maintenance Operating

© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

Page 15: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고의 수량과 가치에 따라 세 종류로 나눔Divides on-hand inventory into 3 classes

A class, B class, C class 년간 $ x 부피 ($ volume) 의 단위에 기초

Basis is usually annual $ volume $ volume = Annual demand x Unit cost

ABC 분석에 따른 전략Policies based on ABC analysis

A Class 제품을 집중 관리함

ABC 분석 (ABC Analysis)

Page 16: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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ABC 분석에 의한 재고 분류

Class % $ Vol % ItemsA 80 15B 15 30C 5 55

Page 17: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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ABC 분석에 의한 재고 분류 ( 예제 )

11 $ 60$ 60 909022 350350 404033 3030 13013044 8080 606055 3030 10010066 2020 18018077 1010 17017088 320320 505099 510510 6060

1010 2020 120120

PARTPART UNIT COSTUNIT COST ANNUAL USAGEANNUAL USAGE

Example 10.1Example 10.1

Page 18: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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ABC 분석에 의한 재고 분류

Example 10.1Example 10.1

11 $ 60$ 60 909022 350350 404033 3030 13013044 8080 606055 3030 10010066 2020 18018077 1010 17017088 320320 505099 510510 6060

1010 2020 120120

PARTPART UNIT COSTUNIT COST ANNUAL USAGEANNUAL USAGETOTAL % OF TOTAL % OF TOTALPART VALUE VALUE QUANTITY % CUMMULATIVE

9 $30,600 35.9 6.0 6.08 16,000 18.7 5.0 11.02 14,000 16.4 4.0 15.01 5,400 6.3 9.0 24.04 4,800 5.6 6.0 30.03 3,900 4.6 10.0 40.06 3,600 4.2 18.0 58.05 3,000 3.5 13.0 71.0

10 2,400 2.8 12.0 83.07 1,700 2.0 17.0 100.0

$85,400

AA

BB

CC

Page 19: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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ABC 분석에 의한 재고 분류

100 100 –

80 80 –

60 60 –

40 40 –

20 20 –

0 0 –| | | | | |00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100100

% of Quantity% of Quantity

% o

f V

alu

e%

of

Val

ue

AA

BBCC

Page 20: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Example 1

Page 21: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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독립재고 대 종속재고Independent vs. Dependent Demand

독립재고 , Independent demand - demand for item is independent of demand for any other item (e.g. Finished goods)

종속재고 , Dependent demand - demand for item is dependent upon the demand for some other item

Page 22: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Item Materials WithIndependent Demand

Materials WithDependent Demand

DemandSource Company Customers Parent Items

MaterialType Finished Goods WIP & Raw Materials

Method ofEstimatingDemand

Forecast & BookedCustomer Orders

Calculated

PlanningMethod EOQ & ROP MRP

독립재고 대 종속재고

It makes no sense to independently forecast dependent demands.It makes no sense to independently forecast dependent demands.

Page 23: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고관련 비용들… 재고 보관비 (Holding or Carrying Cost)

재고를 보관하는데 드는 비용 시간이 길 수록 비용이 증가한다

주문비 (Ordering Cost) 물건을 주문하고 수령하는데 드는 비용

준비비 (Setup Cost) 생산에 앞서 설비를 준비하는데 드는 비용

판매유실 비용 (Lost Sales Cost) 판매기회 상실에 따는 기회비용 및 잠재비용

Page 24: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고 보관비 (Holding or Carrying Cost)재고를 유지하고 보관하는데 드는 비용일반적으로 재고 수량과 비례적 관계

Obsolescence ( 열화 ) Insurance ( 보험 ) Extra staffing ( 관리 ) Interest ( 이자 ) Pilferage ( 도난 ) Damage ( 손상 ) Warehousing ( 보관 ) Etc.

Page 25: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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주문비 (Ordering Cost)

물건을 주문하고 수령하는데 드는 비용일반적으로 제품의 수량과 관련이 없다

Supplies ( 공급관련 비용 ) Forms ( 양식 ) Order processing ( 주문처리 ) Clerical support ( 사무적 지원 ) Etc.

Page 26: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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준비비(Setup Cost)

생산에 앞서 설비를 준비하는데 드는 비용

Clean-up costs Re-tooling costs Adjustment costs Etc.

Page 27: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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정량발주 모델Fixed order-quantity models

경제적 주문 수량Economic order quantity (EOQ)

경제적 생산 수량Production order quantity (POQ)

대량할인Quantity discount

확률적 모델Probabilistic models

정기발주 모델Fixed order-period models

Help answer the inventory planning questions!

Help answer the inventory planning questions!

재고모델(Inventory Models)

Page 28: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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EOQ 모델의 가정 고정적이고 이미 알고 있는 수요

Known and constant demand 고정적이고 이미 알고 있는 리드타임 ( 배송시간 )

Known and constant lead time 순간적인 물자 입고

Instantaneous receipt of material 대량할인이 없다

No quantity discounts 주문비 ( 혹은 준비비 ) 와 보관비만 고려

Only order (setup) cost and holding cost 제품 품절은 없다

No stockouts

Page 29: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재고 주문 사이클

Figure 10.1Figure 10.1

Page 30: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

30

주문량과 재고수준과의 관계

Page 31: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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EOQ 모델얼마를 주문해야 하는가 ?

Order quantity

Annual Cost

Holding Cost CurveTotal Cost Curve

Order (Setup) Cost Curve

Optimal Order Quantity (Q*)

Minimum total cost

Page 32: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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More units must be stored if more are ordered

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1

Order quantity

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1000

Order quantity

Why Holding Costs Increase

Page 33: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Cost is spread over more units

Example: You need 1000 microwave ovens

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1

1 Order (Postage $ 0.33) 1000 Orders (Postage $330)

Order quantity

Purchase OrderDescription Qty.Microwave 1000

Why Order Costs Decrease

Page 34: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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EOQ 구하는 법1. 주문비 ( 혹은 준비비 ) 에 대한 식을 구한다

Develop an expression for setup or ordering costs2. 보관비에 대한 식을 구한다

Develop an expression for holding cost3. 준비비와 보관비가 동일하게 수식을 세운다

Set setup cost equal to holding cost4. 수식을 풀면 , EOQ 가 계산 된다

Solve the resulting equation for the best order quantity

Page 35: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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계산 Holding Cost:

Ordering Costs: s per order, so

Calculation

D

hQ

hQ

Q

2cost holdingunit

2cost holding annual

2inventory average

Q

s

Q

Ds

cost setupunit

cost setup annual

?Q

Cost Setup Annual2

cost holding Annual

Q

Ds

D

hQ

Page 36: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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예제 ) Demand, D = 1000 racks per year

Price, P = $250

Ordering Cost, s = $500 (estimated from

supplier’s pricing)

Holding Cost, h = $35 per unit per year, or

H = IP, I = annual interest rate for

inventory carrying cost. Then, I = 1.4 %

Page 37: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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EOQ 모델의 비용 그래프

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

0 100 200 300 400 500

Order Quantity (Q)

Co

st

($/u

nit

)

hQ/2D

A/Qc

Y(Q)

Q* =169

S/QP

Page 38: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Optimal Order Quantity

Expected Number of Orders

Expected Time Between Orders Working Days / Year

Working Days / Year

= =× ×

= =

= =

=

= ×

Q* D SH

ND

Q*

TN

dD

ROP d L

2

D = Demand per year

S = Setup (order) cost per order

H = Holding (carrying) cost

d = Demand per day

L = Lead time in days

EOQ Model Equations

Page 39: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재발주점과 리드타임 The Reorder Point (ROP) Curve

Q*

ROP (Units)

Slope = units/day = d

Lead time = LTime (days)

Inve

ntor

y le

vel (

units

)

Page 40: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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예제 년간 수요 (D) = 1000 units/yr 주문비 (S) = $10/order 재고 보관비 비율 (I) = 5% 년간 작업일수 = 250 days/year 단위 가격 (P) = $10/unit 리드타임 (L) = 5 days

EOQ?, 년간 총 비용 ?평균 년간 발주 회수 (N)?평균 발주 주기 (T)?재발주점 (ROP)?

unitsLdR

daysT

timesQ

DN

IPH

DSQ

205250

1000

505

250

5200

1000

2001005.0

1010002

)(

2

*

*

**

*

Page 41: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Robustness of EOQ (Eg. 6) What if D is changed to 1500 units/yr (50%

under-estimate)?

Total Cost (Q=200)? Total Cost (Q=244.9)? How much different?

24595.2445.0

10150022

100$5.02

20010

200

1000

2)(

*

H

DSQ

HQ

SQ

DQTC

125$5.02

20010

200

1500)200( TC

47.122$5.02

24510

245

1500)245( TC

%247.122

47.122125

Page 42: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Production Order Quantity (POQ)Model 언제 얼마나 생산해야 하는가에 대한 답을 준다

Answers how much to order and when to order 제품의 입고가 점진적이다

Allows partial receipt of material EOQ 와는 다른 가정

경제적 제품생산량을 결정하는데 유용하다Suited for production environment

Material produced, used immediately Provides production lot size

EOQ 모델 보다 재고 보관비용이 적게 나타난다Lower holding cost than EOQ model

Page 43: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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EOQ POQ (or EPQ) ModelWhen To Order

Time

Inve

ntor

y Le

vel

생산과 소비가 동시에 이루어

진다 소비만 이루어 진다Maximum

inventory level

Page 44: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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D = Demand per year

S = Setup cost

H = Holding cost

d = Demand per day

p = Production per day

POQ Model Equations

Optimal Order Quantity

Setup Cost

Holding Cost

= =

-

= *

= *

=

Q

H* dp

Q

D

QS

p*

1

(

0.5 * H * Q -d

p1

)-d

p1

( )

2*D*S

( )Maximum inventory level

Page 45: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Solution to POQ Model

Annual Cost Function:

Solution (by taking derivative and setting equal to zero):

DcQPDH

Q

SDQTC

2

)/1()(

setup holding production

)/1(

2*

PDH

SDQ

• tends to EOQ as P

• otherwise larger than EOQ because replenishment takes longer

Page 46: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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예제 D = 1000 units/yr S = $10/order H = $0.5/unit*year p = 8 units/day, Working Days=250days/yr P = 2000 units/yr

POQ?Total Cost?

28384.282)2000/10001(5.0

1010002

)/1(

2*

PDH

DSPOQ

71.70$2

283)2000/10001(5.0

283

100010)283(

TC

Page 47: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

48

언제 얼마나 생산해야 하는가에 대한 답을 준다 Answers how much to order & when to order

대량구매시 할인이 있다 .Allows quantity discounts

Reduced price when item is purchased in larger quantities

Other EOQ assumptions apply 가격할인과 재고보관 비용에 대한 절충

Trade-off is between lower price & increased holding cost

대량할인 모델Quantity Discount Model

Page 48: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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대량할인 Quantity Discount Schedule

Discount Number

Discount Quantity

Discount (%)

Discount Price (P)

1 0 to 999 No discount

$5.00

2 1,000 to 1,999

4 $4.80

3 2,000 and over

5 $4.75

D = 5000 units/yr, S=49$/order, I = 20%,

Page 49: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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대량할인 문제 푸는 방법1. 각각의 할인에 대해서 EOQ 를 사용하여 각각의 최적 주문량을 구한다 .

For each discount, calculate a value for optimal order size Q*, using EOQ formula

2. 만약 최적 주문량이 할인을 허용하는 최초치 보다 더 작을 경우 , 할인이 가능한 최소치로 변경시킨다 .

For any discount, if the order quantity is too low to qualify for the discount, adjust the order quantity upward to the lowest quantity that will qualify for the discount

3. 비용을 구하는 공식을 사용히여 , 각각의 주문량 , Q*, 에 대하여 총 비용을 구한다 .

Using the preceding total cost equation compute a total cost for every Q* determined in steps 1 and 2. If you had to adjust Q* upward because it was below the allowable quantity range, be sure to use adjusted value for Q*

4. 이 비용중 , 최소의 총 비용을 갖는 주문량 , Q* 를 선택한다 . Select the Q* that has the lowest total cost, as computed in step 3. It will b

e the quantity that will minimize the total inventory cost

Page 50: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Quantity Discount – How Much to Order

PDQH

SQ

DTC

2

Page 51: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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해답 – Price Discount ModelDiscount Number

Discount Quantity Discount (%) Discount Price (P)

1 0 to 999 No discount $5.00

2 1,000 to 1,999 4 $4.80

3 2,000 and over 5 $3

D = 5000 units/yr, S=49$/order, I = 20%,

unitsPI

SDQ

unitsPI

SDQ

unitsPI

SDQ

7182.0*3

5000*49*22

7142.0*8.4

5000*49*22

7002.0*5

5000*49*22

*3$

*8.4$

*5$

adjusting

50.822,24$,2000

725,24$,1000

700,25$,700

*3$

*8.4$

*5$

TCunitsQ

TCunitsQ

TCunitsQ

Page 52: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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다른 예제 ..Quantity Discount Example

QUANTITYQUANTITY PRICEPRICE

1 - 491 - 49 $1,400$1,400

50 - 8950 - 89 1,1001,100

90+90+ 900900

SS = = $2,500 $2,500

HH = = $190 per computer $190 per computer

DD = = 200200

QQ** = = = 72.5 PCs = = = 72.5 PCs22SDSD

HH2(2500)(200)2(2500)(200)

190190

TCTC = + + = + + PDPD = $233,784 = $233,784 SDSD

QQ**

HQHQ**

22

For For QQ = 72.5 = 72.5

TCTC = + + = + + PDPD = $194,105= $194,105SDSD

QQ

HQHQ

22

For For QQ = 90 = 90

Page 53: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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재발주점 계산 예제

년간수요 년간수요 , D = 10,000 units/year, D = 10,000 units/year

년간 작업일수년간 작업일수 , Store open , Store open 311311 days/year days/year

일간수요일간수요 , d = 10,000 / 311 = 32.154 units/day, d = 10,000 / 311 = 32.154 units/day

리드타임리드타임 , L = 10 days, L = 10 days

R = dL = (32.154)(10) = 321.54 unitsR = dL = (32.154)(10) = 321.54 units

Page 54: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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확률적 모형 언제 얼마나 생산해야 하는가에 대한 답을 준다

Answer how much & when to order 수요에 변동이 있을수 있다 .

Allow demand to vary 수요는 정규분포를 따른다 (Follows normal distribution) Other EOQ assumptions apply

봉사수준과 안전재고를 고려한다Consider service level & safety stock

봉사수준 , Service level = 1 - Probability of stockout ( 품절확률 )

더 높은 봉사수준을 위해서는 더 많은 안전재고가 필요하다Higher service level means more safety stock

더 많은 안전재고는 더 높은 재발주점을 의미한다 .More safety stock means higher ROP

Page 55: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Probabilistic ModelsWhen to Order?

Reorder Point

(ROP)

Optimal Order

Quantity X

Safety Stock (SS)

Time

Inventory Level

Lead Time

SSROP

Service Level P(Stockout)

Place order

Receive order

Frequency

Page 56: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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안전재고 (Safety Stocks)

Safety stock (Safety stock ( 안전재고안전재고 )) 제품의 품절을 줄이기 위해제품의 품절을 줄이기 위해 , , 리드타임 동안의 수요에 대비한 리드타임 동안의 수요에 대비한

추가적인 재고추가적인 재고buffer added to on hand inventory during lead timebuffer added to on hand inventory during lead time

Stockout (Stockout ( 품절품절 )) 재고 부족 재고 부족 (an inventory shortage)(an inventory shortage)

Service level (Service level ( 봉사 봉사 or or 서비스 수준서비스 수준 )) 리드타임 동안의 재고가 부족하지 않을 확률리드타임 동안의 재고가 부족하지 않을 확률

probability that the inventory available during lead probability that the inventory available during lead time will meet demandtime will meet demand

Page 57: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Variable Demand with a Reorder Point

ReorderReorderpoint, point, RR

QQ

LTLT

TimeTimeLTLT

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

00

Page 58: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Reorder Point with a Safety Stock

Figure 10.6Figure 10.6

ReorderReorderpoint, point, RR

QQ

LTLT

TimeTimeLTLT

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

Inve

nto

ry le

vel

00

Safety Stock

Page 59: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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예제 10

재발주점 계산 ROP = d*L + SS, SS=Safety Stock (ROP = d*L + SS, SS=Safety Stock ( 안전재고안전재고 )) d*L=50 units H=$5/ 년 , 품절비용 (C)=$40/ 개 , 년간 발주수 =6

Number of Units Probability

3040506070

0.20.20.30.20.1

Demand for reorder period

Safety StockInventory Holding

CostStockout Cost Total Cost

20100

20*$5=10010*$5=50

0

010*0.1*$40*6=240

10*0.2*$40*6+20*0.1*$40*6=960

$100$290$960

Page 60: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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얼마나 주문할 것인가에 대해 답변Answers how much to order

주문을 일정한 간격으로 한다Orders placed at fixed intervals

적정재고 수준까지 주문Inventory brought up to target amount

주문량을 그때 그때 달라요 . Amount ordered varies 계속적으로 재고를 관찰하지 않아도 된다 .

No continuous inventory count 재고 부족현상이 나타날수 있다 .

Possibility of stockout between intervals 보통 공급자가 정기적으로 방문하는 경우 사용

Useful when vendors visit routinely Example: P&G representative calls every 2 weeks

고정발주시스템Fixed Period Model

Page 61: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Inventory Level in a Fixed Period System

Various amounts (Qi) are ordered at regular time intervals (p) based on the quantity necessary to bring inventory up to targ

et maximum

pp pp pp

QQ11 QQ22

QQ33

QQ44

Target maximum

TimeTime

On-

Hand

Inve

ntor

yO

n-Ha

nd In

vent

ory

Page 62: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Example고정발주시스템에서 Back order = 3 units Product inventory = 0 unit Target Value = 50 unit 이전에 한 주문은 없다 . (None of earlier order)

이번에 몇개를 주문해야 하는가 ?What is Quantity for order in this time period?

Sol) Q = Taget – On-hand Inventory – Earlier orders not yet received + Back Order

= 50 – 0 – 0 + 3 = 53 units

Page 63: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Announcement

Next Week 2nd Exam (LP), Queueing, Supply Chain, Inventory

HW Review Examples Review Solved Problems

Page 64: 1 Introduction to Operations Management Inventory Management (Ch. 12) Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

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Good Bye!