1 introduction: what is ecology ? chapter 1. 2 outline overview of ecology ecology of forest birds...

22
1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1

Upload: hope-glenn

Post on 17-Jan-2016

219 views

Category:

Documents


5 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

1

Introduction: What Is Ecology ?

Chapter 1

Page 2: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

2

Outline

• Overview of Ecology• Ecology of Forest Birds• Ecology of Bumblebees• Forest Nutrient Budgets• Vegetation Change: Pollen Records• Nature and Scope of Ecology

Page 3: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

3

Overview of Ecology

• Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Simple definition does not convey the

extreme breadth of this discipline.• Ecosystem: Includes all organisms living in

an area, and the physical environment with which these organisms interact. Biosphere: Highest level of ecological

organization.

Page 4: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

4

Page 5: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

5

Ecology of Forest Birds

• MacArthur studied ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in N.A. Theory predicted two species with

identical ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely.

Studies found warblers coexisted by feeding in different zones of the same tree.

Page 6: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

6

Page 7: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

7

Page 8: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

8

Page 9: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

9

Page 10: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

10

Page 11: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

11

Warbler Feeding Zones

Page 12: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

12

Ecology of Bumblebees

• Bumblebees live in many cool regions. Heinrich estimated energy budget of

individuals foraging on different flowers and under different temperatures.

Energy Gain / Loss Energy Intake - Energy Expenditure.

Page 13: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

13

Ecology of Bumblebees

• Field and Laboratory Results Amount of energy expended during flight

was independent of air temperature. Bees elevated temperature of thorax to

stay warm in cool climates.

Page 14: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

14

Ecology of Bumblebees

Page 15: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

15

Forest Nutrient Budgets

• Due to heavy rainfall, many rainforest soils are nutrient-poor. Nutrient stores in rainforest canopies are

associated with epiphytes. Epiphyte mats contain significant

quantities of nutrients. Trees send roots up to epiphyte mats

to access nutrients.

Page 16: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

16

Forest Nutrient Budgets

• Likens and Bormann estimated 90% of nutrients in a New Hampshire forest were locked up in soil organic matter. Approximately 9.5 % was tied up in

vegetation. Streamflow output amounted to < 1%.

Page 17: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

17

Vegetation Change: Pollen Records

• Many environmental changes occur over large spatial or temporal scales.

• Davis monitored plant pollen deposited in lake sediments in the Appalachian Mtns. Documented large temporal changes to

nearby plant communities.

Page 18: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

18

Vegetation Change: Pollen Records

• Milne modeled transitions between ecosystems (ecotones) as phase transitions. Searched for edges between critical

densities of vegetation along ecotones. Suggested areas of gradual change

within a landscape are most likely to contain biological responses to environmental changes.

Page 19: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

19

Vegetation History from Pollen Sediments

Page 20: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

20

Nature and Scope of Ecology

• Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Wide variety of approaches.

Large temporal and spatial scales. Field Lab Observational Manipulative

Page 21: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

21

Review

• Overview of Ecology• Ecology of Forest Birds• Ecology of Bumblebees• Forest Nutrient Budgets• Vegetation Change: Pollen Records• Nature and Scope of Ecology

Page 22: 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Ecology of Bumblebees Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation

22