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Job Analysis &Job Analysis &Job DesignJob Design

Paul L. Schumann, Ph.D.Paul L. Schumann, Ph.D.

© 2011 by Paul L. Schumann. All rights reserved.© 2011 by Paul L. Schumann. All rights reserved.

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Work-Flow AnalysisWork-Flow Analysis

Work OutputWork Output• What is the work output of a work unit?What is the work output of a work unit?• What are the work standards?What are the work standards?

Work Processes & ActivitiesWork Processes & Activities• What tasks are necessary?What tasks are necessary?

Work InputsWork Inputs• What raw materials, equipment, and What raw materials, equipment, and

human KSAOs are needed?human KSAOs are needed?

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Organization StructureOrganization Structure

Dimensions of StructureDimensions of Structure• Degree of CentralizationDegree of Centralization

CentralizedCentralized DecentralizedDecentralized

• Method of DepartmentalizationMethod of Departmentalization Departments based on functional similarityDepartments based on functional similarity Departments based on work-flow similarityDepartments based on work-flow similarity

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Organization StructureOrganization Structure

Structural ConfigurationsStructural Configurations• Functional StructureFunctional Structure

High centralizationHigh centralization Departments based on business functionsDepartments based on business functions

• Divisional StructureDivisional Structure Low centralizationLow centralization Departments based on work-flowDepartments based on work-flow

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Job AnalysisJob Analysis

Job DescriptionsJob Descriptions• Tasks, duties, and responsibilities Tasks, duties, and responsibilities

(TDRs)(TDRs) Job SpecificationsJob Specifications

• QualificationsQualifications Knowledge, skills, abilities, and other Knowledge, skills, abilities, and other

characteristics (KSAOs)characteristics (KSAOs)

Might combine job description & job Might combine job description & job spec into one document for each jobspec into one document for each job

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Job AnalysisJob Analysis

Some examples of job descriptionsSome examples of job descriptions• Restaurant ManagerRestaurant Manager

http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~schumann/www/teach/sample_job_descrip.pdf http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~schumann/www/teach/sample_job_descrip.pdf

• Store ManagerStore Manager http://corporate.burlingtoncoatfactory.com/employment/job_storemgr.shtml http://corporate.burlingtoncoatfactory.com/employment/job_storemgr.shtml

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Job AnalysisJob Analysis

Format of each task statementFormat of each task statement• First word or phrase: What action is being First word or phrase: What action is being

performed?performed? Present-tense verb: “Supervise …”Present-tense verb: “Supervise …”

• Next word or phrase: To whom or what is Next word or phrase: To whom or what is the action performed?the action performed?

Object of verb: “… operation of bar …”Object of verb: “… operation of bar …”

• Last phrase: Additional informationLast phrase: Additional information “… “… to maximize profitability, minimize legal to maximize profitability, minimize legal

liability, and conform to alcoholic beverage liability, and conform to alcoholic beverage regulationsregulations

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Job AnalysisJob Analysis

Uses of Job AnalysisUses of Job Analysis• Job redesignJob redesign• SelectionSelection• Training and developmentTraining and development• Performance appraisalPerformance appraisal• PayPay

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Job AnalysisJob Analysis

Sources of informationSources of information• Job incumbentsJob incumbents• SupervisorsSupervisors• Other sourcesOther sources

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Job AnalysisJob Analysis

MethodsMethods• Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)• O*Net: http://www.onetonline.org/ O*Net: http://www.onetonline.org/ • OthersOthers

Do it yourselfDo it yourself Other standardized questionnairesOther standardized questionnaires

• Professional & Managerial Position Questionnaire Professional & Managerial Position Questionnaire (PMPQ)(PMPQ)

• OthersOthers

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Job Design & Job RedesignJob Design & Job Redesign

Mechanistic approachMechanistic approach• Task specializationTask specialization• Skill simplificationSkill simplification• RepetitionRepetition

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Job Design & Job RedesignJob Design & Job Redesign

Motivational approachMotivational approach• Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Job Characteristics Model (Hackman &

Oldham)Oldham) Job characteristics: (1) Skill variety, (2) Task Job characteristics: (1) Skill variety, (2) Task

identity, (3) Task significance, (4) Autonomy, identity, (3) Task significance, (4) Autonomy, & (5) Feedback& (5) Feedback

ImplementationImplementation• Job enlargementJob enlargement• Job enrichmentJob enrichment• Self-managing teamsSelf-managing teams

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Job Design & Job RedesignJob Design & Job Redesign

Biological approachBiological approach• ErgonomicsErgonomics

Redesign equipment to better fit the human Redesign equipment to better fit the human bodybody

Redesign work and work processesRedesign work and work processes

Perceptual-motor approachPerceptual-motor approach• Redesign jobs to better fit human Redesign jobs to better fit human

cognitive capabilitiescognitive capabilities