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Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway: An Updated Report

American Society of Anesthesiologists

Bibliography by Section

I. Evaluation of the Airway

Patient condition (patient characteristics associated with difficult airway).

Difficult airway patients/subjects:

Observational studies, case reports, or comparisons without pertinent control groups

1. Asai T, Hirose T, Shingu K: Failed tracheal intubation using a laryngoscope and intubating laryngeal mask. Can J Anesth 2000; 47:325-328

2. Azizkhan RG, Dudgeon DL, Buck JR, Colombani PM, Yaster M, Nichols D, Civin C, Kramer SS, Haller JAJ: Life-threatening airway obstruction as a complication to the management of mediastinal masses in children. J Pediatr Surg 1985; 20:816-822

3. Baines D, Keneally J: Anaesthetic implications of the mucopolysaccharidoses: a fifteen-year experience in a children's hospital. Anaesth Intens Care 1983; 11:198-202

4. Bittar D: Respiratory obstruction associated with induction of general anesthesia in a patient with mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Anesth Analg 1975; 54:399-403

5. Brechner VL: Unusual problems in the management of airways: flexion-extension mobility of the cervical vertebrae. Anesth Analg 1968 47:362-373

6. Brock-Utne JG, Downing JW, Seedat F: Laryngeal oedema associated with pre-eclampic toxaemia. Anaesthesia 1977; 32:556-558

7. Buckland RW, Pedley J. Lingual thyroid--a threat to the airway. Anaesthesia 2000, 55:1103-1105

8. Capistrano Baruh E, Wenig B, Steinberg L, Stegnjajic A, Baruh S: Laryngeal web: a cause of difficult endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1982; 57:123-125

9. Chen PT, Chang WK, Hsu WH, Sung CS, Chan KH, Tsai SK: Anesthetic management of a patient undergoing segmental resection of trachea with an endotracheal neurofibroma and nearly total occlusion of trachea. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2004; 42:233-236

10. Coonan TJ, Hope CE, Howes WJ, Holness RO, MacInnis EL: Ankylosis of the temporo-mandibular joint after temporal craniotomy: a cause of difficult intubation. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985; 32:158-160

11. Daum RE, Jones DJ: Fibreoptic intubation in Klippel-Feil syndrome. Anaesthesia 1988; 43:18-21

12. Divekar VM, Kothari MD, Kamdar BM: Anaesthesia in Turner's syndrome. Can Anaesth Soc J 1983; 30:417-418

13. Domino KB, Posner KL, Caplan RA, Cheney FW: Airway injury during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1703-1711

14. Ferrari LR, Bedford RF: General anesthesia prior to treatment of anterior mediastinal masses in pediatric cancer patients. Anesthesiology 1990; 72:991-995

15. Finucane BT: Difficult intubation associated with the foetal alcohol syndrome. Can Anaesth Soc J 1980; 27:574-575

16. Gallagher DM, Hyler RL, Epker BN: Hemifacial microsomia: an anesthetic airway problem. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Path 1980; 49:2-4

17. Gist RS, Miller DW, Warren T: A difficult airway in a patient with nephrogenic sclerosing fibrosis. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:555-557

18. Hill CM: Death following dental clearance in a patient suffering from ankylosing spondylitis - a case report with discussion on management of such problems. Br J Oral Surg 1980; 18:73-76

19. James I, Wark H: Airway management during anesthesia in patients with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:323-326

20. Jouppila R, Jouppila P, Hollm'en A: Laryngeal oedema as an obstetric anaesthesia complication: case reports. Acta Anaesth Scand 1980; 24:97-98

21. Kariya N, Nishi S, Minami W, Funao T, Mori M, Nishikawa K, Asada A: Airway problems related to laryngeal mask airway use associated with an undiagnosed epiglottic cyst. Anaesth Intensive Care 2004; 32:268-270

22. Kawai T, Shimozato K, Ochiai S: Elongated styloid process as a cause of difficult intubation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 48:1225-1228

23. Kempthorne PM, Brown TC: Anaesthesia and the mucopolysaccharidoses: a survey of techniques and problems. Anaesth Intens Care 1983; 11:203-207

24. Kitahata LM: Airway difficulties associated with anaesthesia in acromegaly: three case reports. Br J Anaesth 1971; 43:1187-1190

25. Lee HC, Andree RA: Cervical spondylosis and difficult intubation. Anesth Analg 1979; 58:434-435

26. Levitt MW, Collison JM: Difficult endotracheal intubation in a patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Anaesth Intens Care 1982; 10:62-64

27. Li Pi Shan W, Hatzakorzian R, Sherman M, Backman SB: Upper airway compromise secondary to edema in Graves' disease. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:183-187

28. Mackie AM, Watson CB: Anaesthesia and mediastinal masses. A case report and review of the literature. Anaesthesia 1984; 39:899-903

29. McGoldrick KE, Donlon JV: Sublingual hematoma following difficult laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 1979; 58:343-344

30. Miyabe M, Dohi S, Homma E: Tracheal intubation in an infant with Treacher-Collins syndrome--pulling out the tongue by a forceps. Anesthesiology 1985; 62:213-214

31. Nagamine Y, Kurahashi K: The use of three-dimensional computed tomography images for anticipated difficult intubation airway evaluation of a patient with Treacher Collins syndrome. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:626-628

32. Nakazawa K, Ikeda D, Ishikawa S, Makita K: A case of difficult airway due to lingual tonsillar hypertrophy in a patient with Down's syndrome. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:704-705

33. Neuman GG, Weingarten AE, Abramowitz RM, Kushins LG, Abramson AL, Ladner W: The anesthetic management of the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass. Anesthesiology 1984; 60:144-147

34. Nitahara K, Watanaoe R, Katori K, Yamasato M, Matsunaga M, Dan K: Intubation of a child with a difficult airway using a laryngeal mask airway and a guidewire and jet stylet. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:330-331

35. Northrip DR, Bohman BK, Tsueda K: Total airway occlusion and superior vena cava syndrome in a child with an anterior mediastinal tumor. Anesth Analg 1986; 65:1079-1082

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36. O'Leary HT, Tracey JA: Mediastinal tumours causing airway obstruction. A case in an adult. Anaesthesia 1983; 38:67

37. Piro A, Weiss D, Hellman S: Mediastinal Hodgkin's disease: a possible danger for intubation anesthesia. J Radiat Onc Bio Phys 1976; 1:415-419

38. Ramamani M, Ponnaiah M, Bhaskar S, Rai E: An uncommon cause of unanticipated difficult airway. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19:643-645

39. Rasch DK, Browder F, Barr M, Greer D: Anaesthesia for Treacher Collins and Pierre Robin syndromes: a report of three cases. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33:364-370

40. Roa NL, Moss KS: Treacher-Collins syndrome with sleep apnea: anesthetic considerations. Anesthesiology 1984; 60:71-73

41. Rocke DA, Murray WB, Rout CC, Gouws E: Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:67-73

42. Salzarulo HH, Taylor LA: Diabetic "stiff joint syndrome" as a cause of difficult endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1986; 64:366-368

43. Schoenhage KO, Koenig HM: Unanticipated difficult endotracheal intubations in patients with cervical spine instrumentation. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:960-963

44. Sjogren P, Pedersen T: Anaesthetic problems in Hurler-Scheie syndrome. Report of two cases. Acta Anaesth Scand 1986; 30:484-486

45. Tunstall ME, Geddes C: "Failed intubation" in obstetric anaesthesia. An indication for use of the "Esophageal Gastric Tube Airway". Br J Anaesth 1984; 56:659-661

46. Van Heerden PV, Kirrage D: Large tonsils and the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:703

47. Walls RD, Timmis DP, Finucaine BT: Difficult intubation associated with calcified stylohyoid ligament. Anaesth Intensive Care 1990; 18:110-112

48. Weinberg S, Kravath R, Phillips L, Mendez H, Wolf GL: Episodic complete airway obstruction in children with undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 1984; 60:356-358

Non-difficult airway or mixed patients/subjects:

Observational studies, case reports, or non-pertinent comparison groups

1. Berthoud MC, Peacock JE, Reilly CS: Effectiveness of preoxygenation in morbidly obese patients. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67:464-466

2. Bouaggad A, Nejmi SE, Bouderka MA, Abbassi O: Prediction of difficult intubation in thyroid surgery. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:603-606

3. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C: Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society, Part 1: Anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:517-631

4. Ezri T, Medalion B, Wesienberg M, Szmuk P, Warters D, Charuzi I: Increased body mass index per se is not a predictor of difficult laryngoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:179-183

5. Hagberg CA, Vogt-Harenkamp C, Kamal J: A retrospective analysis of airway management in obese patients at a teaching institution. J Clin Anesth 2009; 21:348-351

6. Heinrich S, Birkholz T, Ihmsen H, Irouschek A, Ackermann A, Schmidt J: Incidence and predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in 11.219 pediatric anesthesia procedures. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:729-736

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7. Juvin P, Lavaut E, Dupont H, Dupont H, Lefevre P, Demetriou M, Dumoulin JL, Desmonts JM: Difficult intubation is more common in obese than in lean patients. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:595-600

8. Kheterpal S, Martin L, Shanks AM, Tremper KK: Prediction and outcomes of impossible mask ventilation: a review of 50,000 anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:891-897

9. Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, Guggiari M, Bianchi A, Coriat P, Riou B: Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology 2000; 92:1229-1236

10. Wong SH, Hung CT: Prevalence and prediction of difficult intubation in Chinese women. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999; 27:49-52

Directed airway physical examination.



1. Samsoon GL, Young JR: Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia 1987; 42:487-490

2. Uerpairojkit K, Pranootnarabhal T, Punjasawadwong Y, Chumnanvej S, Tanudsintum S, Wasinwong W, Pengpol W: Multicentered study of model of difficult endotracheal intubation by incident reports from university and non-university hospitals. J Med Assoc Thai 2008; 91:1846-1852



1. Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ, Brock-Utne JG, Vierra M, Saidman LJ: Morbid obesity and tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:732-736

2. Butler PJ, Dhara SS: Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy: an assessment of the thyromental distance and the Mallampati predictive tests. Anaesth Intens Care 1992; 20:139-142

3. Cattano D, Panicucci E, Paolicchi A, Forfori F, Giunta F, Hagberg C: Risk factors assessment of the difficult airway: an Italian survey of 1956 patients. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:1771-1779

4. Ezri T, Warters D, Szmuk P, Saad-Eddin H, Geva D, Katz J, Hagberg C: The incidence of class "zero" airway and the impact of Mallampati score, age, sex, and body mass index on prediction of laryngoscopy grade. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1073-1075

5. Gupta S, Pareek S, Dulara SC: Comparison of two methods for predicting difficult intubation in obstetric patients. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2003; 17:275-285

6. Hagberg CA, Vogt-Harenkamp C, Kamal J: A retrospective analysis of airway management in obese patients at a teaching institution. J Clin Anesth 2009; 21:348-351

7. Juvin P, Lavaut E, Dupont H, Dupont H, Lefevre P, Demetriou M, Dumoulin JL, Desmonts JM: Difficult intubation is more common in obese than in lean patients. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:595-600

8. Kheterpal S, Martin L, Shanks AM, Tremper KK: Prediction and outcomes of impossible mask ventilation: a review of 50,000 anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:891-897

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9. Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, Desai SP, Waraksa B, Freiberger D, Liu PL: A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985; 32:429-434

10. McCrory CR, Moriarty DC: Laryngeal mask airway positioning is related to Mallampati grading in adults. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:1001-1004

11. Neligan PJ, Porter S, Max B, Malhotra G, Greenblatt EP, Ochroch EA: Obstructive sleep apnea is not a risk factor for difficult intubation in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:1182-1186

12. Oates JD, Macleod AD, Oates PD, Pearsall FJ, Howie JC, Murray GD: Comparison of two methods for predicting difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66:305-309

13. Pilkington S, Carli F, Dakin MJ, Romney M, De Witt KA, Dore CJ, Cormack RS: Increase in Mallampati score during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74:638-642

14. Rose DK, Cohen M: The airway: problems and predictions in 18,500 patients. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41:372-383

15. Rosenblatt W, Ianus AI, Sukhupragarn W, Fickenscher A, Sasaki C: Preoperative endoscopic airway examination (PEAE) provides superior airway information and may reduce the use of unnecessary awake intubation. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:602-607

16. Savva D: Prediction of difficult tracheal intubation. J Anaesthesia 1994; 73:149-15317. Tremblay MH, Williams S, Robitaille A, Drolet P: Poor visualization during direct

laryngoscopy and high upper lip bite test score are predictors of difficult intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1495-1500

18. Tse JC, Rimm EB, Hussain A: Predicting difficult endotracheal intubation in surgical patients scheduled for general anesthesia: a prospective blind study. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:254-258

19. Wilson ME, Spiegelhalter D, Robertson JA, Lesser P: Predicting difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61:211-216

Diagnostic tests.



1. Aoi Y, Kamiya Y, Shioda M, Furuya R, Yamada Y: Pre-anesthetic evaluation can play a crucial role in the determination of airway management in a child with oropharyngeal tumor. J Anesth 2006; 20:215-219


3. Fahy L, Horton WA, Charters P: Factor analysis in patients with a history of failed tracheal intubation during pregnancy. 1990; Br J Anaesth 65:813-815

4. Heindel DJ: Deep neck abscesses in adults: management of a difficult airway. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:774-776

5. Kawai T, Shimozato K, Ochiai S: Elongated styloid process as a cause of difficult intubation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 48:1225-1228

6. Keenan MA, Stiles CM, Kaufman RL: Acquired laryngeal deviation associated with cervical spine disease in erosive polyarticular arthritis. Anesthesiology 1983; 58:441-449

7. Murashima K, Fukutome T: Jaw thrust manoeuvre for repositioning the epiglottis down folded by the ILM. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:921-922

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8. Pollard BA, El-Beheiry H: Pott's disease with unstable cervical spine, retropharyngeal cold abscess and progressive airway obstruction. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:772-775

9. Sharwood-Smith GH: Difficulty in intubation. Calcified stylohyoid ligament. Anaesthesia 1976; 31:508-510



1. Bellhouse CP, Dor'e C: Criteria for estimating likelihood of difficulty of endotracheal intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anaesth Intens Care 1988; 16:329-337

2. Lyons G: Failed intubation. Six years' experience in a teaching maternity unit. Anaesthesia 1985; 40:759-762

3. White A, Kander PL: Anatomical factors in difficult direct laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47:468-474

II. Basic Preparation for Difficult Airway Management

Preanesthetic preoxygenation by mask.



1. Baillard C, Fosse JP, Sebbane M, Chanques G, Vincent F, Courouble P, Cohen Y, Eledjam JJ, Adnet F, Jaber S: Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:171-177

2. Mort TC, Waberski BH, Clive J: Extending the preoxygenation period from 4 to 8 mins in critically ill patients undergoing emergency intubation. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:68-71


Randomized controlled trials 1. Haynes SR, Allsop JR, Gillies WA: Arterial oxygen saturation during induction of

anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion: prospective evaluation of four techniques. Br J Anaesth 1992; 68:519-522


1. Altermatt FR, Muñoz HR, Delfino AE, Cortínez LI: Pre-oxygenation in the obese patient:

effects of position on tolerance to apnoea. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:706-7092. Drummond GB, Park GR: Arterial oxygen saturation before intubation of the trachea. An

assessment of oxygenation techniques. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56:987-9933. Lane S, Saunders D, Schofield A, Padmanabhan R, Hildreth A, Laws D: A prospective,

randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of pre-oxygenation in the 20 degrees head-up vs supine position. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:1064-1067

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Preanesthetic preoxygenation for 3-5 minutes.


Randomized controlled trials

1. Baraka AS, Taha SK, Aouad MT, El-Khatib M, Kawkabani NI: Preoxygenation: Comparison of maximal breathing and tidal volume breathing techniques. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:612-616

2. Chiron B, Mas C, Ferrandière M, Bonnard C, Fusciardi J, Mercier C, Laffon M: Standard preoxygenation vs two techniques in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17:963-967

3. Gambee AM, Hertzka R, Fisher D: Preoxygenation techniques: Comparison of three minutes and 4 breaths. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:468-470

4. Goldberg ME, Norris MC, Laryani GE, Marr AT, Seltzer JL: Preoxygenation in the morbidly obese: A comparison of two techniques. Anesth Analg 1989; 68:520-522

5. Norris MC, Dewan DM: Preoxygenation for cesarean section: A comparison of two techniques. Anesthesiology 1985; 62:827-829

6. Valentine SJ, Marjot R, Monk CR: Preoxygenation in the elderly: A comparison of the 4-maximal breath and 3-minute techniques. Anesth Analg 1990; 71:516-519

7. Videira RLR, Neto PPR, Gomide do Amaral RV, Freeman JA: Preoxygenation in children: for how long? Acta Anaesth Scand 1992; 36:109-111

8. Xue FS, Tong SY, Wang XL, Deng XM, An G: Study of the optimal duration of preoxygenation in children. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7:93-96

Nonrandomized comparative studies

1. Gold MI, Durate I, Muravchick S: Arterial oxygenation in conscious patients after 5 minutes and after 30 seconds of oxygen breathing. Anesth Analg 1981; 60:313-315

2. McCarthy G, Elliott P, Mirakhur K, McLaughlin C: A comparison of different preoxygenation techniques in the elderly. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:824-827


1. Berthoud M, Read DH, Norman J: Pre-oxygenation: how long? Anaesthesia 1983; 38:96-

1022. Butler PJ, Mujnro HM, Kenny MB: Preoxygenation in children using expired oxygraphy.

Br J anaesth 1996; 77:333-3343. Choiniere A, Girard F, Boudreault D, Ruel M, Girard DC: Voluntary hyperventilation

before a rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia does not decrease postintubation PaCO2. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1277-1280

4. Machlin HA, Myles PS, Berry CB: End-tidal oxygen measurement compared with patient factor assessment for determining preoxygenation time. Anaesth Intens Care 1993; 21:409-413

5. Morrison JE, Collier E, Friesen RH, Logan L: Preoxygenation before laryngoscopy in children: how long is enough? Paediat Anaesth 1998; 8:293-298

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III. Strategies for Intubation/Ventilation

Awake intubation.



1. Abramson SI, Holmes AA, Hagberg CA: Awake insertion of the Bonfils Retromolar Intubation Fiberscope™ in five patients with anticipated difficult airways. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1215-1217

2. Asai T, Matsumoto H, Shingu K: Awake tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask. Can J Anesth 1999; 46:182-184

3. Asai T, Nagata A, Shingu K: Awake tracheal intubation through the laryngeal mask in neonates with upper airway obstruction. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18:77-80

4. Buckland RW, Pedley J. Lingual thyroid--a threat to the airway. Anaesthesia 2000, 55:1103-1105

5. Cohn AI, McGraw SR, King WH: Awake intubation of the adult trachea using the Bullard laryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:246-248

6. Cohn AI, Zornow MH: Awake endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disease: a comparison of the Bullard laryngoscope and the fiberoptic bronchoscope. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:1283-1286

7. Dimitriou VK, Zogogiannis ID, Liotiri DG: Awake tracheal intubation using the Airtraq laryngoscope: a case series. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:964-967

8. Edwards RM, Hunt TL: Blind nasal intubation in an awake patient for cesarean section. Anesth Intens Care 1982; 10:151-153

9. Joo HS, Kapoor S, Rose DK, Naik VN: The intubating laryngeal mask airway after induction of general anesthesia versus awake fiberoptic intubation in patients with difficult airways. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:1342-1346

10. Kim JS, Park SY, Min SK, Kim JH, Lee SY, Moon BK: Awake nasotracheal intubation using fiberoptic bronchoscope in a pediatric patient with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:790-792

11. Kovacs G, Law AJ, Petrie D: Awake fiberoptic intubation using an optical stylet in an anticipated difficult airway. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 49:81-83

12. Kulka PJ, Tryba M, Zenz M: Difficult airway management in a patient with severe aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14:150-153

13. Larson SM, Parks DH: Managing the difficult airway in patients with burns of the head and neck. J Burn Care Rehabil 1988; 9:55-56

14. Lee HC, Andree RA: Cervical spondylosis and difficult intubation. Anesth Analg 1979; 58:434-435

15. Maktabi MA, Hoffman H, Funk G, From RP: Laryngeal trauma during awake fiberoptic intubation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1112-1114

16. McCrirrick A, Pracilio JA: Awake intubation: a new technique. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:661-663

17. McGuire G, El-Beheiry H: Complete upper airway obstruction during awake fibreoptic intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:176-178

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18. Mishkel L, Wang JF, Gutierrez F, Ballard JB: Nasotracheal intubation by fiberoptic laryngoscope. South Med J 1981; 74:1407-1409

19. Mongan PD, Culling RD: Rapid oral anesthesia for awake intubation. J Clin Anesth 1992; 4:101-105

20. Ovassapian A, Krejcie TC, Yelich SJ, Dykes MH: Awake fibreoptic intubation in the patient at high risk of aspiration. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:13-16

21. Palmer JHM, Ball DR: Awake tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:70-78

22. Pandey R, Garg R, Kumar A, Darlong V, Punj J, Singh SA: Case report: Airway management of a patient with popping pedunculated subglottic laryngeal polyp. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2009; 60:251-253

23. Parnell JD, Mills J: Awake intubation using fast-track laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to fiberoptic bronchoscopy: a case report. AANA J 2006; 74:429-431

24. Pellis T, Leykin Y, Albano G, Zannier G, Di Capua G, Marzano B, Gullo A: Perioperative management and monitoring of a super-obese patient. Obes Surg 2004; 14:1423-1427

25. Reasoner DK, Warner DS, Todd MM, Hunt SW, Kirchner J: A comparison of anesthetic techniques for awake intubation in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg Anesth 1995; 7:94-99

26. Redden RL, Biery KA, Campbell RL: Arterial oxygen desaturation during awake endotracheal intubation. Anesth Prog 1990; 37:201-204

27. Saha AK, Higgins M, Walker G, Badr A, Berman L: Comparison of awake endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disease: the lighted intubating stylet versus the fiberoptic bronchoscope. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:477-479

28. Shaw JC, Welchew EA, Harrison BJ, Michael S: Complete airway obstruction during awake fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:582-585

29. Shung J, Avidan MS, Ing R, Klein DC, Pott L: Awake intubation of the difficult airway with the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:645-649

30. Sidhu V, Whitehead E, Ainsworth Q, Smith M, Calder I: A technique of awake fibreoptic intubation: experience in patients with cervical spine disease. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:910-913

31. Suzuki A, Toyama Y, Iwasaki H, Henderson J: Airtraq for awake tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:746-747

32. Teo YK: A difficult airway in a patient with extensive cervical lymphadenopathy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:866-867

33. Wong JK, Tongier WK, Armbruster SC, White PF: Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway to facilitate awake orotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disorders. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:346-348



1. Hawkyard SJ, Morrison A, Doyle A, Croton RS, Wake PN: Attenuating the hypertensive response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation using awake fibreoptic intubation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1992; 36:1-4

2. Kopriva CJ, Eltringham RJ, Siebert PE: A comparison of the effects of intravenous innovar and topical spray on the laryngeal closure reflex. Anesthesiology 1974; 40:596-598

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3. Ovassapian A, Yelich SJ, Dykes MH, Brunner EE: Blood pressure and heart rate changes during awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1983; 62:951-954

4. Sharma D, Bithal PK, Rath GP, Pandia MP: Effect of orientation of a standard polyvinyl chloride tracheal tube on success rates during awake flexible fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:845-848

Rigid laryngoscopic blades of alternative design and size (with adequate face mask ventilation after induction).


Randomized controlled trials: modified blades versus standard blades

1. Beilin B, Yardeni IZ, Smolyarenko V, Zeidel A, Ram E, Mayburd E: Comparison of the Flexiblade levering laryngoscope with the English Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with a poor laryngoscopic view. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:400-405


1. Aoyama K, Nagaoka E, Takenaka I, Kadoya T: The McCoy laryngoscope expands the laryngeal aperture in patients with difficult intubation. Anesthesiology 2000; 92:1855-1856

2. Asai T, Matsumoto S, Shingu K: Use of the McCoy laryngoscope or fingers to facilitate fibrescope-aided tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:903-909

3. Brar MS: Airway management in a bleeding adult following tonsillectomy: a case report. AANA J 2009; 77:428-430

4. Bellhouse CP: An angulated laryngoscope for routine and difficult tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1988; 69:126-129

5. Chisholm DG, Calder I: Experience with the McCoy laryngoscope in difficult laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:906-908

6. Gabbott DA: Laryngoscopy using the McCoy laryngoscope after application of a cervical collar. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:812-814

7. Saruki N, Saito S, Sato J, Takahashi T, Tozawa R: Difficult airway management with the combination of a fibreoptic stylet and McCoy laryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 2001; 48:212-215

8. Sheeran P, Maguire T, Browne G: Mechanical failure of the McCoy laryngoscope during difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:184-185

9. Usui T, Saito S, Goto F: Arytenoid dislocation while using a McCoy laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:1347-1348


Randomized controlled trials: modified blades versus standard blades

1. Arino JJ, Velasco JM, Gasco C, Lopez-Timoneda F: Straight blades improve visualization of the larynx while curved blades increase ease of intubation: a comparison of the Macintosh, Miller, McCoy, Belscope and Lee-Fiberview blades. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:501-506

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2. Timanaykar RT, Anand LK, Palta S: A randomized controlled study to evaluate and compare Truview blade with Macintosh blade for laryngoscopy and intubation under general anesthesia. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27: 199–204

Nonrandomized comparative studies: modified blades versus standard blades

1. Bucx MJ, Snijders CJ, van der Vegt MH, Holstein JD, Stijnen T: Reshaping the Macintosh

blade using biomechanical modelling. a prospective comparative study in patients. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:662-667

2. Cheung RW, Irwin MG, Law BC, Chan CK: A clinical comparison of the Flexiblade and Macintosh laryngoscopes for laryngeal exposure in anesthetized adults. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:626-630

3. Cook TM, Tuckey JP: A comparison between the Macintosh and the McCoy laryngoscope blades. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:977-980

4. McCoy EP, Mirakhur RK, McCloskey MV: A comparison of the stress response to laryngoscopy. The Macintosh versus the McCoy blade. Anaesthesia 1995; 50:943-946

5. McCoy EP, Mirakhur RK, Rafferty C, Bunting H, Austin BA: A comparison of the forces exerted at laryngoscopy: the Macintosh versus the McCoy blade. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:912-915


1. Leary J: Mechanical failure of the McCoy laryngoscope during a difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2001; 56:88-89

2. Perera CN, Wiener PC, Harmer M, Vaughan RS: Evaluation of the use of the Flexiblade. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:890-893

3. Randell T, Maattanen M, Kytta J: The best view at laryngoscopy using the McCoy laryngoscope with and without cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:536-539

4. Singh I, Khaund A, Gupta A: Evaluation of Truview Evo2® laryngoscope in anticipated difficult intubation – a comparison to Macintosh laryngoscope. Indian J Anaesth 2009; 53: 164–168

Video-assisted laryngoscopy.


Randomized controlled trials:

1. Aziz MF, Dillman D, Fu R, Brambrink AM: Comparative effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscopy in the setting of the predicted difficult airway. Anesthesiology 2012; 116:629-636

2. Enomoto Y, Asai T, Arai T, Kamishima K, Okuda Y: Pentax-AWS, a new videolaryngoscope, is more effective than the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with restricted neck movements: a randomized comparative study. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100:544–548

3. Jungbauer A, Schumann M, Brunkhorst V, Borgers A, Groeben H: Expected difficult tracheal intubation: A prospective comparison of direct laryngoscopy and video laryngoscopy in 200 patients. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102:546-550

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4. Karsli C, Armstrong J, John J: A comparison between the GlideScope video laryngoscope and direct laryngoscope in paediatric patients with difficult airways - a pilot study. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:353-357

5. Koh JC, Lee JS, Lee YW, Chang CH: Comparison of the laryngeal view during intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization and mouth opining limitation. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59:314-318

6. Lim Y, Yeo SW: A comparison of the GlideScope with the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated difficult airway. Anaesth Intens Care 2005; 33:243-247

7. Malik MA, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG: Comparison of Macintosh, Truview EVO2, Glidescope, and Airwayscope laryngoscope use in patients with cervical spine immobilization. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:723-730

8. Malik MA, Subramaniam R, Maharaj CH, Garte BH, Laffey JG: Randomized controlled trial of the Pentax AWS, Glidescope, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in predicted difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:761-768

9. Robitaille A, Williams SR, Tremblay MH, Guilbert F, Therieult M, Drolet P: Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization: Direct laryngoscopy versus Glide-Scope videolaryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:935-941

10. Serocki G, Bein B, Scholz J, Dorges V: Management of the predicted difficult airway: a comparison of conventional blade laryngoscopy with video-assisted blade laryngoscopy and the GlideScope. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 24-30


1. Asai T, Liu EH, Matsumoto S, Hirabayashi Y, Seo N, Suzuki A, Toi T, Yasumoto K, Okuda Y: Use of the Pentax-AWS in 293 patients with difficult airways. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:898-904

2. Asai T: Pentax-AWS videolaryngoscope for awake nasal intubation in patients with unstable necks. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:108-111

3. Aziz MF, Healy D, Kheterpal S, Fu RF, Dillman D, Brambrink AM: Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the GlideScope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 GlideScope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions. Anesthesiology 2011; 114:34-41

4. Brar MS: Airway management in a bleeding adult following tonsillectomy: a case report. AANA J 2009; 77:428-430

5. Cavus E, Neumann T, Doerges V, Moeller T, Scharf E, Wagner K, Bein B, Serocki G: First clinical evaluation of the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope during routine and difficult intubation. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:382-385

6. Choi GS, Park SI, Lee EH, Yoon SH: Awake Glidescope® intubation in a patient with a huge and fixed supraglottic mass -A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 59(Suppl): S26–S29.

7. Cooper RM: Complications associated with the use of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54:54-57

8. Cooper RM: Use of a new videolaryngoscope (GlideScope) in the management of a difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:611-613

9. Doyle DJ: Awake intubation using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope: initial experience in four cases. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:520-521

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10. Hernandez AA, Wong DH: Using a Glidescope for intubation with a double lumen endotracheal tube. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:658

11. Hirabayashi Y: Pharyngeal injury related to GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 137:175-176

12. Jeyadoss J, Nanjappa N, Nemeth D: Awake intubation using Pentax AWS videolaryngoscope after failed fibreoptic intubation in a morbidly obese patient with a massive thyroid tumour and tracheal compression. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39:311-312

13. Jones PM, Harle CC: Avoiding awake intubation by performing awake GlideScope laryngoscopy in the preoperative holding area. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:1264-1265

14. Komatsu R, Kamata K, Hoshi I, Sessler DI, Ozaki M: Airway Scope and gum elastic bougie with Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated restricted neck mobility. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:863–869

15. Lai HY, Chen IH, Chen A, Hwang FY, Lee Y: The use of the GlideScope® for tracheal intubation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97:419-422

16. Lange M, Frommer M, Redel A: Comparison of the GlideScope and Airtraq optical laryngoscopes in patients undergoing direct microlaryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2009; 64:323-328

17. Maassen R, Lee R, Hermans B, Marcus M, van Zundert A: A comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: the macintosh laryngoscope blade reduces, but does not replace, routine stylet use for intubation in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:1560-1565

18. Maassen R, Lee R, van Zundert A, Cooper R: The videolaryngoscope is less traumatic than the classic laryngoscope for a difficult airway in an obese patient. J Anesth 2009; 23:445-448

19. Malik AM, Frogel JK: Anterior tonsillar pillar perforation during GlideScope video laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:1610-1611

20. Moore MS, Wong AB: GlideScope® intubation assisted by fiberoptic scope. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:885

21. Noppens RR, Mo ̈bus S, Heid F, Schmidtmann I, Werner C, Piepho T: Evaluation of the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope after failed direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:716-720

22. Rosenstock CV, Thøgersen B, Afshari A, Christensen AL, Eriksen C, Gätke MR: Awake fiberoptic or awake video laryngoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway management: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 2012; 116:1210-1216

23. Sethi S, Arora V: Use of Glidescope and external manipulation in airway management of an unusual retropharyngeal lipoma. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010; 26: 557–558

24. Sukhupragarn W, Churnchongkolkul W: Glidescope intubation after failed fiberoptic intubation. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:901-902

25. Tantia P, Malik S, Jamil S, Samal R: Intubation with Airtraq™ laryngoscope in a morbidly obese patient. Saudi J Anaesth 2011; 5: 85–86

26. Thompson C, Moga R, Crosby ET: Failed videolaryngoscope intubation in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and spinal cord injury. Can J Anaesth 2010; 57:679-682

27. Tomasino S, Tricarico E, Gonano C, Zompicchiatti E, D'Orlando L: Airtraq: new device in patients at increased risk for difficult tracheal intubation. Crit Care 2010; 14 (Suppl 1): P218.

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28. Uslu B, Damgaard Nielsen R, Kristensen BB: McGrath videolaryngoscope for awake tracheal intubation in a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:118-119

29. Vincent RD Jr, Wimberly MP, Brockwell RC, Magnuson JS: Soft palate perforation during orotracheal intubation facilitated by the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19:619-621


Randomized controlled trials:

1. Bilehjani E, Fakhari S: Hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy in ischemic heart disease: Macintosh blade versus Glidescope videolaryngoscope. Rawal Med J 2009; 34: 151-154

2. Cavus E, Thee C, Moeller T, Kieckhaefer J, Doerges V, Wagner K: A randomised, controlled crossover comparison of the C-MAC videolaryngoscope with direct laryngoscopy in 150 patients during routine induction of anaesthesia. BMC Anesthesiology 2011; 11:6

3. Choi GS, Lee EH, Lim CS, Yoon SW: A comparative study on the usefulness of the Glidescope or Macintosh laryngoscope when intubating normal airways. Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 60: 339–343

4. Fiadjoe JE, Gurnaney H, Dalesio N, Sussman E, Zhao H, Zhang X, Stricker PA: A prospective randomized equivalence trial of the GlideScope Cobalt® video laryngoscope to traditional direct laryngoscopy in neonates and infants. Anesthesiology 2012; 116:622-628

5. Jones PM, Armstrong KP, Armstrong PM, Cherry RA, Harle CC, Hoogstra J, Turkstra TP: A comparison of glidescope videolaryngoscopy to direct laryngoscopy for nasotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:144-148

6. Kanchi M, Nair HC, Banakal S, Murthy K, Murugesan C: Haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation in coronary artery disease: Direct versus video laryngoscopy. Indian J Anaesth 2011; 55: 260–265

7. Macnair D, Baraclough D, Wilson G, Bloch M, Engelhardt T: Pediatric airway management: comparing the Berci-Kaplan Video Laryngoscope with direct laryngoscopy. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19:577-580

8. Maruyama K, Yamada T, Kawakami R, Kamata T, Yokochi M, Hara K: Upper cervical spine movement during intubation: fluroscopic comparison of the Air Way Scope, McCoy laryngoscope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100:120–124

9. Morello G, Molino C, Sidoti MT, Parrinello L, Laudani A: Glidescope medium blade vs macintosh blade: laryngoscopy and intubation in 300 patients. Anesthesiology 2009: A475

10. Siddiqui N, Katznelson R, Friedman Z: Heart rate/blood pressure response and airway morbidity following tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy, GlideScope and trachlight: a randomized control trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 740-745

11. Sun DA, Warriner CB, Parsons DG, Klein R, Umedaly HS, Moult M: The GlideScope® video laryngoscope: randomized clinical trial in 200 patients. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94:381-384

12. Teoh WH, Saxena S, Shah MK, Sia AT: Comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: Pentax Airway Scope, C-MAC, Glidescope vs the Macintosh laryngoscope for trachea lintubation. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:1126-1132

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13. Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW: Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:910-915

14. Turkstra TP, Eng M, Peiz DM, Jones PM: Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison of the AirTraq Laryngoscope versus the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:97–101

15. Vlatten A, Aucoin S, Litz S, Macmanus B, Soder C: A comparison of the Storz video laryngoscope and standard direct larkyngoscopy for intubation in the pediatric airway: a randomized clinical trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19:1102-1107

16. Walker L, Brampton W, Halai M, Hoy C, Lee E, Scott I, McLernon DJ: Randomized controlled trial of intubation with the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope by inexperienced anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:440-445

17. Xue FS, Zhang GH, Li XY, Sun HT, Li P, Li CW: Comparison of hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh direct laryngoscope. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19: 245-250

18. Yeatts D, Grissom T, Dutton R, Hu P, Chang YW, Scalea T: Video laryngoscopy does not improve outcomes in emergency intubation. Crit Care Med 2010: A929


1. Hsiao WT, Lin YH, Wu HS, Chen CL: Does a new videolaryngoscope (glidescope) provide better glottic exposure? Acta Anaesthesiologica Tiawan 2005; 43:147-151

2. Nouruzi-Sedeh P, Schumann M, Groeben H: Laryngoscopy via Macintosh blade versus GlideScope: success rate and time for endotracheal intubation in untrained medical personnel. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:32-37


1. Asai T, Enomoto Y, Shimizu K, Shinguu K, Okuda Y: The Pentax video-laryngoscope: the first experience in one hundred patients. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:257-259

2. Cavus E, Kieckhaefer J, Doerges V, Moeller T, Thee C, Wagner K: The C-MAC videolaryngoscope: first experiences with a new device for videolaryngoscopy-guided intubation. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:473-477

3. Cavus E, Neumann T, Doerges V, Moeller T, Scharf E, Wagner K, Bein B, Serocki G: First clinical evaluation of the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope during routine and difficult intubation. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:382-385

4. Choo MK, Yeo VS, See JJ: Another compliaction associated with videolaryngoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54:322-324

5. Cooper RM, Pacey JA, Bishop MJ, McCluskey SA: Early clinical experience with a new videolaryngoscope (GlideScope) in 728 patients. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:191-198

6. Cortellazzi P, Minati L, Falcone C, Lamperti M, Caldiroli D: Predictive value of the El-Ganzouri multivariate risk index for difficult tracheal intubation: a comparison of Glidescope videolaryngoscopy and conventional Macintosh laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:906-911

7. Hirabayashi Y, Fujita A, Seo N, Sugimoto H: A comparison of cervical spine movement during laryngoscopy using the Airtraq or Macintosh laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:635–640

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8. Hsu WT, Hsu SC, Lee YL, Huang JS, Chen CL: Penetrating injury of the soft palate during GlideScope intubation. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:1609-1610

9. Jeon WJ, Kim KH, Yeom JH, Bang MR, Hong JB, Cho SY: A comparison of the Glidescope® to the McGrath® videolaryngoscope in patients. Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 61: 19–23

10. Kaplan MB, Hagberg CA, Ward DS, Brambrink A, Chhibber AK, Heidegger T, Lozada L, Ovassapian A, Parsons D, Ramsay J, Wilhelm W, Zwissler B, Gerig HJ, Hofstetter C, Karan S, Kreisler N, Pousman RM, Thierbach A, Wrobel M, Berci G: Comparison of direct and video-assisted views of the larynx during routine intubation. J Clin Anesth 2006; 18:357-362

11. Liu EH, Goy RW, Tan BH, Asai T: Tracheal intubation with videolaryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization: A randomized trial of the Airway Scope and the GlideScope. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:446-451

12. Rai MR, Dering A, Verghese C: The Glidescope® system: a clinical assessment of performance. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:60-64

13. Teoh WH, Shah MK, Sia AT: Randomised comparison of Pentax AirwayScope and Glidescope for tracheal intubation in patients with normal airway anatomy. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 1125-1129

14. Van Zundert A, Maassen R, Lee R, Williems R, Timmerman M, Siemonsma M, Buise M, Wiepking M: A Macintosh laryngoscope blade for videolaryngoscopy reduces stylet use in patients with normal airways. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:825-831

Lighted stylet or light wand.


Randomized controlled trials: lighted stylet or light wand vs laryngoscopic intubation

1. Berns SD: Oral intubation using a lighted stylet vs direct laryngoscopy in older children with cervical immobilization. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3:34-40

2. Rhee KY, Lee JR, Kim J, Park S, Kwon WK, Han S: A comparison of lighted stylet (Surch-Lite) and direct laryngoscopic intubation in patients with high Mallampati scores. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:1215-1219


1. Agrò F, Totonelli A, Gherardi S: Planned lightwand intubation in a patient with a known difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:1051-1052

2. Ainsworth QP, Howell TH: Transilluminated tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:494-497

3. Dimitriou V, Voyagis GS, Brimacombe JR: Flexible lightwand-guided tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask Fastrach in adults after unpredicted failed laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:296-299

4. Dimitriou V, Voyagis GS, Douma A: Unexpected resistance during tracheal tube insertion through the intubating laryngeal mask. Eur J Anaesth 1999; 16:419-420

5. Holzman RS, Nargozian CD, Florence FB: Lightwand intubation in children with abnormal upper airways. Anesthesiology 1988; 69:784-787

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6. Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, Murphy M, Stewart RD: Lightwand intubation: II - Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:826-830

7. Jain M, Gupta A, Garg M, Rastogi B, Chauhan H: Innovative lighted stylet - succeeds where conventional lighted stylet fails. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2009; 20:447-450


9. Shukry M, Hanson RD, Koveleskie JR, Ramadhyani U: Management of the difficult pediatric airway with Shikani Optical Stylet. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:342-345

10. Stone DJ, Stirt JA, Kaplan MJ, McLean WC: A complication of lightwand-guided nasotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1984; 61:780-781

11. Uakritdathikarn T: Lightwand-assisted nasotracheal intubation in awake ankylosing spondylitis. J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89:1976-1980

12. Weis RF, Hatton MN: Intubation by use of the light wand: experience in 253 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 47:577-580

13. Wong DT, Woo JA, Arora G: Lighted stylet-guided intubation via the intubating laryngeal airway in a patient with Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:147-150

14. Xue FS, Yang QY, Liao X, He N, Liu HP: Lightwand guided intubation in paediatric patients with a known difficult airway: a report of four cases. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:520-525


Randomized controlled trials: lighted stylet or light wand vs laryngoscopic intubation

1. Cheng KI, Chang MC, Lai TW, Shen YC, Lu DV, Lai ST, Chen CH: A modified lightwand-guided nasotracheal intubation technique for oromaxillofacial surgical patients. J Clin Anesth 2009; 21:258-263

2. Ellis DG, Jakymec A, Kaplan RM, Stewart RD, Freeman JA, Bleyaert A, Berkebile PE: Guided orotracheal intubation in the operating room using a lighted stylet: a comparison with direct laryngoscopic technique. Anesthesiology 1986; 64:823-826

3. Friedman PG, Rosenberg MK, Lebenbom-Mansour M: A comparison of light wand and suspension laryngoscopic intubation techniques in outpatients. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:578-582

4. Hirabayashi Y, Hiruta M, Kawakami T, Inoue S, Fukuda H, Saitoh K, Shimizu R: Effects of lightwand (Trachlight) compared with direct laryngoscopy on circulatory responses to tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81:253-255

5. Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, Murphy M, Launcelott G, Stevens S, MacKay W, Stewart RD: Clinical trial of a new lightwand device (Trachlight) to intubate the trachea. Anesthesiology 1995; 83:509-514

6. Kanaide M, Fukusaki M, Tamura S, Takada M, Miyako M, Sumikawa K: Hemodynamic and catecholamine responses during tracheal intubation using a lightwand device (Trachlight) in elderly patients with hypertension. J Anesth 2003; 17:161-165

7. Knight RG, Castro T, Rastrelli AJ, Maschke S, Scavone JA: Arterial blood pressure and heart rate response to lighted stylet or direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1988; 69:269-272

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8. Montes FR, Giraldo JC, Betancur LA, Rincón JD, Rincón IE, Vanegas MV, Charris H: Endotracheal intubation with a lightwand or a laryngoscope results in similar hemodynamic variations in patients with coronary artery disease. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:824-828

9. Nishikawa K, Kawana S, Namiki A: Comparison of the lightwand technique with direct laryngoscopy for awake endotracheal intubation in emergency cases. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13:259-263

10. Nishikawa K, Omote K, Kawana S, Namiki A: A comparison of hemodynamic changes following endotracheal intubation using the lightwand device and the laryngoscope in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:1203-1207

11. Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW: Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:910-915

Randomized controlled trials: lighted stylet or light wand vs blind intubation

1. Dimitriou V, Voyagis GS: Light-guided tracheal intubation using a prototype illuminated flexible catheter through the intubating laryngeal mask. Eur J Anaesth 1999; 16:448-453

2. Fan KH, Hung OR, Agro F: A comparative study of tracheal intubation using an intubating laryngeal mask (Fastrach) alone or together with a lightwand (Trachlight). J Clin Anesth 2000; 12:581-585

3. Fox DJ, Castro TJ, Rastrelli AJ: Comparison of intubation techniques in the awake patient: the Flexi-lum surgical light (lightwand) versus blind nasal approach. Anesthesiology 1987; 66:69-71

4. Inoue Y, Koga K, Shigematsu A: A comparison of two tracheal intubation techniques with Trachlight and Fastrach in patients with cervical spine disorders. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:667-671

5. Kihara S, Brimacombe J, Yaguchi Y, Watanabe S, Taguchi N, Komatsuzaki T: Hemodynamic responses among three tracheal intubation devices in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:890-895

6. Kihara S, Watanabe S, Taguchi N, Suga A, Brimacombe JR: A comparison of blind and lightwand-guided tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:427-431

7. Siddiqui N, Katznelson R, Friedman Z: Heart rate/blood pressure response and airway morbidity following tracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy, GlideScope and trachlight: a randomized control trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 740-745

8. Verdile VP, Chiang JL, Bedger R, Stewart RD, Kaplan R, Paris PM: Nasotracheal intubation using a flexible lighted stylet. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19:506-510


1. Agro F, Brimacombe J, Carassiti M, Morelli A, Giampalmo M, Cataldo R: Use of a lighted stylet for intubation via the laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:556-560

2. Ainsworth QP, Howell TH: Transilluminated tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:494-497

3. Cheng KI, Chu KS, Chau SW, Ying SL, Hsu HT, Chang YL, Tang CS: Lightwand-assisted intubation of patients in the lateral decubitus position. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:279-283

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4. Debo RF, Colonna D, Dewerd G, Gonzalez C: Cricoarytenoid subluxation: complication of blind intubation with a lighted-stylet. Ear Nose Throat J 1989; 68:517-520

5. Dimitriou V, Tsiganos G, Pratsas K, Douma A, Lavdas K, Voyagis GS, Latrou C: Use of a lighted flexible catheter as a detector for accidental oesophageal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask: a preliminary study. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2002; 16:405-410

6. Dimitriou V, Voyagis GS, Iatrou C, Brimacombe J: Flexible lightwand-guided intubation using the intubating laryngeal mask airway in the supine, right, and left lateral positions in healthy patients by experienced users. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:896-898

7. Dimitriou V, Voyagis GS: Use of an illuminated flexible catheter for light-guided tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask by nurses. Eur J Anaesth 2000, 17:46-49

8. Fisher QA, Tunkel DE: Lightwand intubation of infants and children. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9:275-279

9. Hung OR, Pytka S, Morris I, Murphy M, Stewart RD: Lightwand intubation: II - Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:826-830

Intubating stylet or tube-changer.



1. Aro L, Takki S, Aromaa U: Technique for difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 43:1081-1083, 1971

2. Carr RJ, Belany KG: Clinical assessment of the Augustine guide for endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:983-987

3. deLima LG, Bishop MJ: Lung laceration after tracheal extubation over a plastic tube changer. Anesth Analg 1991; 73:350-351

4. Fetterman D, Dubovoy A, Reay M: Unforeseen esophageal misplacement of airway exchange catheter leading to gastric perforation. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:1111-1112

5. Kidd JF, Dyson A, Latto IP: Successful difficult intubation. Use of the gum elastic bougie. Anaesthesia 1988; 43:437-438

6. Kovac AL: Use of the Augustine stylet anticipating difficult tracheal intubation in Treacher-Collins syndrome. 1992; J Clin Anesth 4:409-412

7. Krafft P, Fitzgerald, RD, Pernerstorfer T, Kapral S, Weinstabl C: A new device for blind oral intubation in routine and difficult airway management. Eur J Anaesth 1994; 11:207-212

8. MacQuarrie K, Hung OR, Law JA: Tracheal intubation using Bullard laryngoscope for patients with a simulated difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:760-765

9. McCrirrick A, Pracilio JA: Awake intubation: a new technique. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:661-663

10. Rao TL, Mathru M, Gorski DW, Salem MR: Experience with a new intubation guide for difficult tracheal intubation. Crit Care Med 1982; 10:882-883

11. Weiss M, Hartmann K, Fischer J, Gerber AC: Video-intuboscopic assistance is a useful aid to tracheal intubation in pediatric patients. Can J Anaesth 2001; 48:691-696

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1. Carr RJ, Belany KG: Clinical assessment of the Augustine guide for endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:983-987

2. Cooper SD, Benumof JL, Ozaki GT: Evaluation of the Bullard laryngoscope using the new intubating stylet: comparison with conventional laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 1994; 79:965-970

3. Fitzgerald RD, Krafft P, Skrbensky G, Pernerstorfer T, Steiner E, Kapral S, Weistabl C: Excursions of the cervical spine during tracheal intubation: blind oral intubation compared with direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:111-115

4. Hammarskjold F, Lindskog G, Blomqvist P: An alternative method to intubate with laryngeal mask and see-through-bougie. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43:634-636

5. Harris K, Chalhoub M, Maroun R, Elsayegh D: Endotracheal tube exchangers: Should we look for safer alternatives? Heart Lung 2012; 41:67-69

6. Kadry M, Popat M: Pharyngeal wall perforation--an unusual complication of blind intubation with a gum elastic bougie. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:404-405

7. Kovac AL, Maye JP, Devane GG, Calkins JW: Hemodynamic comparison of direct vision versus blind oral endotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7:411-416

8. Krafft P, Fitzgerald, RD, Pernerstorfer T, Kapral S, Weinstabl C: A new device for blind oral intubation in routine and difficult airway management. Eur J Anaesth 1994; 11:207-212

9. Krafft P, Krenn CG, Fitzgerald, RD, Pernerstorfer T, Fridrich P, Weinstabl C: Clinical trial of a new device for fiberoptic orotracheal intubation (Augustine Scope). Anesth Analg 1997; 84:606-610

10. Nolan JP, Wilson ME: An evaluation of the gum elastic bougie. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:878-881

11. Pernerstorfer T, Krafft P, Fitzgerald RD, Krenn CG, Chiari A, Wagner O, Weinstabl C: Stress response to tracheal intubation: direct laryngoscopy compared with blind oral intubation. Anaesthesia 1995; 50:17-22

12. Sahin M, Anglade D, Buchberger M, Janjowski A, Albaladejo P, Ferretti GR: Case reports: Iatrogenic bronchial rupture following the use of endotracheal tube introducers. Can J Anaesth 2012; 59: [Epub ahead of print];

13. Vacanti CA, Roberts JT: Blind oral intubation: the development and efficacy of a new approach. J Clin Anesth 1992; 4:399-401

Laryngeal mask airway.


Randomized controlled trials: laryngeal mask airway vs tracheal tube

1. Ferrari LR, Goudsouzian NG: The use of the laryngeal mask airway in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:310-313

2. Pennant JH, Pace NA, Gajraj NM: Role of the laryngeal mask airway in the immobile cervical spine. J Clin Anesth 1993; 5:226-230

20

Randomized controlled trials: ProSeal™ LMA vs standard LMA

1. Asai T, Murao K, Shingu K: Efficacy of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway during manual in-line stabilisation of the neck. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:918-920


1. Allen JG, Flower EA: The Brain laryngeal mask. An alternative to difficult intubation. Br Dent J 168:202-204, 1990

2. Asai T, Fujise K, Uchida M: Use of the laryngeal mask in a child with tracheal stenosis. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:903-904

3. Augoustides JG, Groff BE, Mann DG, Johansson JS: Difficult airway management after carotid endarterectomy: utility and limitations of the laryngeal mask airway. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19:218-221

4. Bahk JH, Han SM, Kim SD. Management of difficult airways with a laryngeal mask airway under propofol anaesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 1999; 9:163-166

5. Baraka A: Laryngeal mask airway in the cannot-intubate, cannot-ventilate situation. Anesthesiology 1993; 79:1151-1152

6. Beveridge ME: Laryngeal mask anaesthesia for repair of cleft palate. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:656-657

7. Brain AI: Three cases of difficult intubation overcome by the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1985; 40:353-355

8. Brimacombe J, Newell S, Bergin A, McCarthy J, Barry J: The laryngeal mask for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Anesth Analg 2000, 91:635-636

9. Calder I, Ordman AJ, Jackowski A, Crockard HA: The Brain laryngeal mask airway: an alternative to emergency tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:137-139

10. Castresana MR, Stefansson S, Cancel AR, Hague KJ: Use of the laryngeal mask airway during thoracotomy in a pediatric patient with Cri-du-Chat syndrome. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:810

11. Chadd GD, Ackers JWL, Bailey PM: Difficult intubation aided by the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:1015

12. Chadwick I, Vohra A: Anesthesia for emergency caesarean section using the Brain laryngeal mask airway. Anaesth 1989; 44:261-262

13. Cruickshanks GF, Brown S, Chitayat D: Anesthesia for Freeman-Sheldon syndrome using a laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:783-787

14. DeMello WF, Kocan M: The laryngeal mask in failed intubation. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:689-690

15. Fundingsland BW, Benumof JL: Difficulty using a laryngeal mask airway in a patient with lingual tonsil hyperplasia. Anesthesiology 1996; 84:1265-1266

16. Hollos L, Bhala BB: The intubating laryngeal mask and distorted airway anatomy. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82:811

17. Jones JR: Laryngeal mask airway: an alternative for the difficult airway. AANA 1995; 63:444-449

18. Kidani DC, Shah NK: The use of a laryngeal mask airway after a prolonged suspension laryngoscopy to preserve a vocal cord fat graft. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1753-1754

19. Logan AS: Use of the laryngeal mask in a patient with an unstable fracture of the cervical spine. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:987

21

20. McClune S, Regan M, Moore J: Laryngeal mask airway for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:227-228


22. Mizushima A, Wardell GJ, Simpson DL: The laryngeal mask airway in infants. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:849-851


24. Nagai K, Sakuramoto C, Goto F: Unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis following the use of the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:603-604

25. Osses H, Poblete M, Asenjo F: Laryngeal mask for difficult intubation in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1999; 9:399-401

26. Parmet JL, Colonna-Romano P, Horrow JC, Miller F, Gonzales J, Rosenberg H: The laryngeal mask airway reliably provides rescue ventilation in cases of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation along with difficult mask ventilation. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:661-665

27. Pinosky ML, Hardin CL, Bach DE, Shuman K: The reinforced laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as an alternative airway device to manage the difficult airway. Pediatr Dent 1998; 20:422-424

28. Priscu V, Priscu L: Laryngeal mask for failed intubation in emergency Caesarean section. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39:893

29. Ravalia A, Goddard JM: The laryngeal mask and difficult tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:168

30. Rowbottom SJ, Simpson DL, Grubb D: The laryngeal mask airway in children: a fiberoptic assessment of positioning. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:489-491

31. Thomson KD, Ordman AJ, Parkhouse N, Morgan BD: Use of the Brain laryngeal mask airway in anticipation of difficult tracheal intubation. Br J Plastic Surg 1989; 42:478-480

32. Walker RWM: The laryngeal mask airway in the difficult paediatric airway: an assessment of positioning and use in fibreoptic intubation. Paediatric Anaesthesia 2000; 10:53-58


Randomized controlled trials: laryngeal mask airway vs face mask

1. Dingley J, Whitehead MJ, Wareham K: A comparative study of the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:251-254

2. Johnston DF, Wrigley SR, Robb PJ, Jones HE: The laryngeal mask airway in paediatric anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:924-927

3. Owens TM, Robertson P, Twomey C, Doyle M, McDonald N, McShane AJ: The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux with the laryngeal mask: a comparison with the face mask using esophageal lumen pH electrodes. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:980-984

4. Smith I, White PF: Use of the laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to a face mask during outpatient arthroscopy. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:850-855

22

Randomized controlled trials: laryngeal mask airway vs vs oropharyngeal (Guedel) airway

1. Barker P, Langton JA, Murphy PJ, Rowbotham DJ: Regurgitation of gastric contents during general anaesthesia using the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69:314-315

2. Casati A, Fanelli G, Torri G: Physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio during face mask, laryngeal mask, and cuffed oropharyngeal airway spontaneous ventilation. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10:652-655

3. Dashfield AK, Bree SE, Weiss AM, Langton JA: The site of airway irritation during induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:1106-1110

4. Harnett M, Kinirons B, Heffernan A, Motherway C, Casey W: Airway complications in infants: comparison of laryngeal mask airway and the facemask-oral airway. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47:315-318

5. Hickey S, Cameron AE, Asbury AJ: Cardiovascular response to insertion of Brain's laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:629-633

6. Ho-Tai LM, Devitt JH, Noel AG, O'Donnell MP: Gas leak and gastric insufflation during controlled ventilation: face mask versus laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:206-211

7. Ivens D, Verborgh C, Phan-Thi H, Camu F: The quality of breathing and capnography during laryngeal mask and facemask ventilation. Anaesthesia 1995; 50:858-862

8. Rabey PG, Murphy PJ, Langton JA, Barker P, Rowbotham DJ: Effect of the laryngeal mask airway on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in patients during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69:346-348

9. Watcha MF, Garner FT, White PF, Lusk R: Laryngeal mask airway vs face mask and Guedel airway during pediatric myringotomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120:877-880

Randomized controlled trials: laryngeal mask airway vs cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA)

1. Brimacombe JR, Brimacombe JC, Berry AM, Morris R, Mecklem D, Clarke G, Barry J, Kirk T: A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway and cuffed oropharyngeal airway in anesthetized adult patients. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:147-152

2. Casati A, Fanelli G, Torri G: Physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio during face mask, laryngeal mask, and cuffed oropharyngeal airway spontaneous ventilation. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10:652-655

3. Ezri T, Ady N, Szmuk P, Glanz L, Shklar B, Katz J, Geva D: Use of cuffed oropharyngeal vs laryngeal mask airway in elderly patients. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:363-367

4. Greenberg RS, Brimacombe J, Berry A, Gouze V, Piantadosi S, Dake EM: A randomized controlled trial comparing the cuffed oropharyngeal airway and the laryngeal mask airway in spontaneously breathing anesthetized adults. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:970-977

5. Heringlake M, Doerges V, Ocker H, Schmucker P: A comparison of the cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA) with the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) during manually controlled positive pressure ventilation. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:590-595

6. van Vlymen JM, Fu W, White PF, Klein KW, Griffin JD: Use of the cuffed oropharyngeal airway as an alternative to the laryngeal mask airway with positive-pressure ventilation. Anesthesiology 1999; 90:1306-1310

23

7. Versichelen L, Struys M, Crombez E, Fonck K, Mortier E, Rolly G: Haemodynamic and electroencephalographic response to insertion of a cuffed oropharyngeal airway: comparison with the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81:393-397

Randomized controlled trials: laryngeal mask airway vs tracheal tube

1. Akhtar TM, McMurray P, Kerr WJ, Kenny GN: A comparison of laryngeal mask airway with tracheal tube for intraocular opthalmic surgery. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:668-671

2. Berry A, Brimacombe J, Keller C, Verghese C: Pulmonary airway resistance with the endotracheal tube versus laryngeal mask airway in paralyzed anesthetized adult patients. Anesthesiology 1999; 90:395-397

3. Boisson-Bertrand D, Hannhart B, Rousselot JM, Duvivier C, Quilici N, Peslin R: Comparative effects of laryngeal mask and tracheal tube on total respiratory resistance in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:846-849

4. Braude N, Clements EA, Hodges UM, Andrews BP: The pressor response and laryngral mask insertion: a comparison with tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:551-554

5. Cork RC, Depa RM, Standen JR: Prospective comparison of use of the laryngeal mask and endotracheal tube for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1994; 79:719-727

6. Davies PR, Tighe SQM, Greenslade GL, Evans GH: Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel. Lancet 1990; 336:977-979

7. Denny NM, Gadelrab R: Complications following general anaesthesia for cataract surgery: a comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with tracheal intubation. J R Soc Med 1993; 86:521-522

8. Dyer RA, Llewellyn RL, James MF: Total i.v. anaesthesia with propofol and the laryngeal mask for orthopaedic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74:123-128

9. Frohlich D, Schwall B, Funk W, Hobbhahn J: Laryngeal mask airway and uncuffed tracheal tubes are equally effective for low flow or closed system anaesthesia in children. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79:289-292

10. Fung ST, Cheung HK, Jawan B, Tsai PS, Chen CC, Lee JH: Use of the laryngeal mask in off-floor anesthesia for hepatic angiography in pediatric liver transplant candidates. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1723-1724

11. Harris TM, Johnston DF, Collins SRC, Heath ML: A new general anaesthetic technique for use in singers: the Brain laryngeal mask airway verses endotracheal intubation. J Voice 1990; 4:81-85

12. Ho BY, Skinner HJ, Mahajan RP: Gastro-oesophageal reflux during day case gynaecological laparoscopy under positive pressure ventilation: laryngeal mask vs. tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:921-924

13. Hohlrieder M, Brimacombe J, von Goedecke A, Keller C: Postoperative nausea, vomiting, airway morbidity, and analgesic requirements are lower for the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway than the tracheal tube in females undergoing breast and gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:576-580

14. Holden R, Morsman CD, Butler J, Clark GS, Hughes DS, Bacon PJ: Intra-ocular pressure changes using the laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:922-924

15. Imai M, Hanaoka Y, Kemmotsu O: Comparison of cardiovascular responses to airway management: fiberoptic intubation using a new adapter, laryngeal mask insertion, or conventional laryngoscopic intubation. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7:14-18

24

16. Joshi GP, Inagaki Y, White P, Taylor-Kennedy L, Wat LI, Gevirtz C, McCraney JM, McCulloch DA: Use of the laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to the tracheal tube during ambulatory anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:573-577

17. Joshi GP, Morrison SG, Okonkwo NA, White PF: Continuous hypopharyngeal pH measurements in spontaneously breathing anesthetized outpatients: laryngeal mask airway versus tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:254-257

18. Joshi GP, Morrison SG, White PF, Miciotto C, Hsia CCW: Work of breathing in anesthetized patients: laryngeal mask airway versus tracheal tube. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10:268-271

19. Keller C, Brimacombe J: Bronchial mucus transport velocity in paralyzed anesthetized patients: a comparison of the laryngeal mask airway and cuffed tracheal tube. Anesth Analg 1998; 86:1280-1282

20. Kim ES, Bishop MJ: Endotracheal intubation, but not laryngeal mask airway insertion, produces reversible bronchoconstriction. Anesthesiology 1999; 90:391-394

21. Lamb K, James MF, Janicki PK: The laryngeal mask airway for intraocular surgery: effects on intraocular pressure and stress responses. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69:143-147

22. Lee SK, Hong KH, Choe H, Song HS: Comparison of the effects of the laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation on vocal function. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71:648-650

23. Maltby JR, Beriault MT, Watson NC, Liepert DJ, Fick GH: LMA-Classic and LMA-ProSeal are effective alternatives to endotracheal intubation for gynecologic laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:71-77

24. Marietta DR, Lunn JK, Ruby EI, Hill GE: Cardiovascular stability during carotid endarterectomy: endotracheal intubation versus laryngeal mask airway. J Clin Anesth 1998; 10:54-57

25. Natalini G, Franceschetti ME, Pletti C, Recupero D, Lanza G, Bernardini A: Impact of laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube on pulmonary function during the early postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:525-528

26. Oczenski W, Krenn H, Dahaba AA, Binder M, El-Schahawi-Kienzl I, Jellinek H, Schwarz S, Fitzgerald RD: Hemodynamic and catecholamine stress responses to insertion of the Combitube, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1389-1394

27. Oczenski W, Krenn H, Dahaba AA, Binder M, El-Schahawi-Kienzl I, Kohout S, Schwartz S, Fitzgerald RD: Complications following the use of the Combitube, tracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:1161-1165

28. Pace NA, Gajraj NM, Pennant JH, Victory RA, Johnson ER, White PF: Use of the laryngeal mask airway after oesophageal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:688-689

29. Reignier J, Ameur MB, Ecoffey C: Spontaneous ventilation with halothane in children. A comparative study between endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 1995; 83:674-678

30. Rieger A, Brunne B, Hass I, Brummer G, Spies C, Striebel HW, Eyrich K: Laryngo-pharyngeal complaints following laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9:42-47

31. Splinter WM, Smallman B, Rhine EJ, Komocar L: Postoperative sore throat in children and the laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41:1081-1083

32. Stanley GD, Bastianpillai BA, Mulcahy K, Langton JA: Postoperative laryngeal competence. Anaesthesia 1995; 50:985-986

25

33. Swann DG, Spens H, Edwards SA, Chestnut RJ: Anaesthesia for gynaecological laparoscopy--a comparison between the laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:431-434

34. Tait AR, Pandit UA, Voepal-Lewis T, Munro HM, Malviya S: Use of the laryngeal mask airway in children with upper respiratory tract infections: a comparison with endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1998; 86:706-711

35. Thomson KD: The effect of the laryngeal mask airway on coughing after eye surgery under general anesthesia. Ophthalmic Surg 1992; 23:630-631

36. Valentine J, Stakes AF, Bellamy MC: Reflux during positive pressure ventilation through the laryngeal mask. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:543-544

37. Voyagis GS: Comparison of laryngeal mask airway with endotracheal tube for airway control. Middle East J Anesthesiol 1997; 14:25-31

38. Wappler F, Frings DP, Scholz J, Mann V, Koch C, Schulte am Esch J: Inhalational induction of anaesthesia with 8% sevoflurane in children: conditions for endotracheal intubation and side-effects. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003; 20:548-554

39. Watcha MF, White PF, Tychsen L, Stevens JL: Comparative effects of laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube insertion on intraocular pressure in children. Anesth Analg 1992; 75:355-360

40. Webster AC, Morley-Forster PK, Dain S, Ganapathy S, Ruby R, Au A, Cook MJ: Anaesthesia for adenotonsillectomy: a comparison between tracheal intubation and the armoured laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40:1171-1177

41. Webster AC, Morley-Forster PK, Janzen V, Watson J, Dain SL, Taves D, Dantzer D: Anesthesia for intranasal surgery: a comparison between tracheal intubation and the flexible reinforced laryngeal mask airway. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:421-425

42. Whitford AM, Hone SW, O'Hare B, Magner J, Eustace P: Intra-ocular pressure changes following laryngeal mask airway insertion: a comparative study. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:794-796

43. Williams PJ, Bailey PM: Comparison of the reinforced laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation for adenotonsillectomy. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70:30-33

44. Williams PJ, Tompsett C, Bailey PM: Comparison of the reinforced laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation for nasal surgery. Anaesthesia 1995; 50:987-989

45. Wilson IG, Fell D, Robinson SL, Smith G: Cardiovascular responses to insertion of the laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:300-302

46. Wood ML, Forrest ETS: The haemodynamic response to the insertion of the laryngeal mask airway: a comparison with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38:510-513

47. Zimmert M, Zwinert P, Kruse E, Braun U: Effects on vocal function and incidence of laryngeal disorder when using a laryngeal mask airway in comparison with an endotracheal tube. Eur J Anaesth 1999; 16:511-515

48. Zoremba M, Aust H, Eberhart L, Braunecker S, Wulf H: Comparison between intubation and the laryngeal mask airway in moderately obese adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:436-442

Randomized controlled trials: ProSeal™ LMA vs standard LMA

1. Brain AIJ, Verghese C, Strube PJ: The LMA "ProSeal" - a laryngeal mask with an oesophageal vent. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:650-654

26

2. Brimacombe J, Keller C, Fullekrug B, Agro F, Rosenblatt W, Dierdorf SF, Garcia de Lucas E, Capdevilla X, Brimacombe N: A multicenter study comparing the ProSeal and classic laryngeal mask airway in anesthetized, nonparalyzed patients. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:289-295

3. Brimacombe J, Keller C: The ProSeal laryngeal mask airway: A randomized, crossover study with the standard laryngeal mask airway in paralyzed, anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 2000, 93:104-109

4. Cook TM, Nolan JP, Verghese C, Strube PJ, Lees M, Millar JM, Baskett PJ: Randomized crossover comparison of the ProSeal with the classic laryngeal mask airway in unparalysed anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88:527-533

5. Keller C, Brimacombe J: Mucosal pressure and oropharyngeal leak pressure with the ProSeal versus laryngeal mask airway in anaesthetized paralysed patients. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85:262-266


1. Acalovschi I, Miclescu A, Bugov L: The effects of propofol on laryngeal reactivity and the haemodynamic response to laryngeal mask insertion. Eur J Anaesth 1995; 12:351-356

2. Agro F, Brimacombe J, Verghese C, Carassiti M, Cataldo R: Laryngeal mask airway and incidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux in paralysed patients undergoing ventilation for elective orthopaedic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81:537-539

3. Ahmad NS, Yentis SM: Laryngeal mask airway and lingual nerve injury. Anaesthesia 1996: 51:707-708

4. Akhtar TM, Street MK: Risk of aspiration with the laryngeal mask. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72:447-450

5. Alexander R, Hodgson P, Lomax D, Bullen C: A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway and Guedel airway, bag and facemask for manual ventilation following formal training. Anaesthesia 48:231-234, 1993

6. Alexander R, Swales H, Pickford A, Smith GB: The laryngeal mask airway: safe in the x-ray department? Anaesthesia 48:734, 1993

7. Asai T, Barclay K, McBeth C, Vaughan RS: Cricoid pressure applied after placement of the laryngeal mask prevents gastric insufflation but inhibits ventilation. Br J Anaesth 1996; 76:772-776

8. Bailie R, Barnett MB, Fraser JF: The Brain laryngeal mask. A comparative study with the nasal mask in paediatric dental outpatient anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:358-360

9. Bein B, Carstensen S, Gleim M, Claus L, Tonner PH, Steinfath M, Scholz J, Dörges V: A comparison of the proseal laryngeal mask airway, the laryngeal tube S and the oesophageal-tracheal combitube during routine surgical procedures. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22:341-346

10. Brain AI, McGhee TD, McAteer EJ, Thomas A, Abu Saad MA, Bushman JA: The laryngeal mask airway. Development and preliminary trials of a new type of airway. Anaesthesia 1985; 40:356-361

11. Brain AI: The laryngeal mask--a new concept in airway management. Br J Anaesth 1983; 55:801-805

12. Brimacombe J, Berry A: Laryngeal mask airway cuff pressure and position during anaesthesia lasting one to two hours. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41:589-593

13. Brimacombe J, Sher M, Laing D, Berry A: The laryngeal mask airway: a new technique for fiberoptic guided vocal cord biopsy. J Clin Anesth 1996; 8:273-275

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14. Brimacombe J, Tucker P, Simons S: The laryngeal mask airway for awake diagnostic bronchoscopy: a retrospective study of 200 consecutive patients. Eur J Anaesth 1995; 12:357-361

15. Brimacombe J: Analysis of 1500 laryngeal mask users by one anaesthetist in adults undergoing routine anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:76-80

16. Brimacombe JR: Positive pressure ventilation with the size 5 laryngeal mask. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9:113-117

17. Brodrick PM, Webster NR, Nunn JF: The laryngeal mask airway. A study of 100 patients during spontaneous breathing. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:238-241

18. Burgoyne L, Cyna A: Laryngeal mask vs intubating laryngeal mask: insertion and ventilation by inexperienced resuscitators. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29:604-608

19. Campbell JR: The laryngeal mask: cautionary tales. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:167-16820. Carron M, Freo U, Ori C: Sensory nerve damage after the use of the LMA supreme.

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23. Cros AM, Pitti R, Conil C, Giraud MD, Verhulst J: Severe dysphonia after use of a laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 1997; 86:498-500

24. Cyna AM, MacLeod DM: The laryngeal mask: cautionary tales. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:16725. Daya H, Fawcett WJ, Weir N: Vocal fold palsy after use of the laryngeal mask airway. J

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30. Figueredo E, Vivar-Diago M, Munoz-Blanco F: Laryngo-pharyngeal complaints after use of the laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:220-225

31. George JM, Sanders GM. The reinforced laryngeal mask in paediatric outpatient dental surgery. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:546-551

32. Giraud O, Bourgain JL, Marandas P, Billard V: Limits of laryngeal mask airway in patients after cervical or oral radiotherapy. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44:1237-1241

33. Goldberg PL, Evans PF, Filshie J: Kinking of the laryngeal mask airway in two children. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:487-488

34. Goldmann K, Hechtfischer C, Malik A, Kussin A, Freisburger C: Use of ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway in 2114 adult patients: a prospective study. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1856-1861

35. Grebenik CR, Ferguson C, White A: The laryngeal mask airway in pediatric radiotherapy. Anesthesiology 1990; 72:474-477

36. Griffin RM, Hatcher IS: Aspiration pneumonia and the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:1039-1040

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37. Gursoy F, Algren JT, Skjonsby BS: Positive pressure ventilation with the laryngeal mask airway in children. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:33-38

38. Hagberg CA, Gollas A, Berry JM: The laryngeal mask airway for awake craniotomy in the pediatric patient: report of three cases. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16:43-47

39. Hagberg CA, Vartazarian TN, Chelly JE, Ovassapian A: The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux and tracheal aspiration detected with pH electrodes is similar with the Laryngeal Mask Airway and Esophageal Tracheal Combitube--a pilot study. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:243-249

40. Hobbiger HE, Allen JG, Greatorex RG, Denny NM: The laryngeal mask airway for thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Anaesth 1996; 51:972-974

41. Hwang JW, Park HP, Lim YJ, Do SH, Lee SC, Jeon YT: Comparison of two insertion techniques of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway: standard versus 90-degree rotation. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:905-907

42. Inomata S, Nishikawa T, Suga A, Yamashita S: Transient bilateral vocal cord paralysis after insertion of a laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 1995; 82:787-788

43. John RE, Hill S, Hughes TJ: Airway protection by the laryngeal mask - a barrier to dye placed in the pharynx. Anaesth 1991; 46:366-367

44. Jones LFR, Hegab A: Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after laryngeal mask airway insertion. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:171-172

45. Joshi S, Sciacca RR, Solanki DR, Young WL, Mathru MM: A prospective evaluation of clinical tests for placement of laryngeal mask airways. Anesthesiology 1998; 89:1141-1146

46. Keller C, Brimacombe J: Mucosal pressure, mechanism of seal, airway sealing pressure, and anatomic position for the disposable versus reusable laryngeal mask airways. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1418-1420

47. Keller C, Brimacombe J: Pharyngeal mucosal pressures, airway sealing pressures, and fiberoptic position with the intubating versus the standard laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 1999; 90:1001-1006

48. Kikuchi T, Kamiya Y, Ohtsuka T, Miki T, Goto T: Randomized prospective study comparing the laryngeal tube suction II with the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in anesthetized and paralyzed patients. Anesthesiology 2008; 109:54-60

49. Kleine-Brueggeney M, Theiler LG, Luyet C, Greif R: Acute airway obstruction caused by the new single use Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:189-190

50. Koehli N: Aspiration and the laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:41951. Lack A: Regurgitation using a laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:73452. Laxton CH, Kipling R: Lingual nerve paralysis following the use of the laryngeal mask

airway. Anaesth 1996; 51:869-87053. Lee JJ: Laryngeal mask and trauma to uvula. Anaesthesia 44:1014, 198954. Lloyd Jones FR, Hegab A: Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after laryngeal mask airway

insertion. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:171-17255. Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Alvarez M: Safety and efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway.

A prospective survey of 1400 children. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:969-97256. Maltby JR, Loken RG, Watson NC: The laryngeal mask airway: clinical appraisal in 250

patients. Can J Anaesth 1990; 37:509-51357. Maroof M, Khan RM, Siddique MS: Intraoperative aspiration pneumonitis and the

laryngeal mask airway. Anesth Analg 1993; 77:409-41058. Mason DG, Bingham, RM: The laryngeal mask airway in children. Anaesthesia 1990;

45:760-763

29

59. McCrirrick A, Ramage DT, Pracilio JA, Hickman JA: Experience with the laryngeal mask airway in two hundred patients. Anaesth Intens Care 1991; 19:256-260



62. Molloy ME, Orr I: Defect in the wiring of reinforced laryngeal mask leading to airway obstruction. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:712-713

63. Morris GN, Marjot R: Laryngeal mask airway performance: effect of cuff deflation during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1996; 76:456-458

64. Nanji GM, Maltby JR: Vomiting and aspiration pneumonitis with the laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39:69-70

65. Nott MR, Noble PD, Parmar M: Reducing the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesth 1998; 15:153-157

66. O'Neill B, Templeton JJ, Caramico L, Schreiner MS: The laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients: factors affecting ease of use during insertion and emergence. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:659-662

67. Pothmann W, Fullekrug B, Schulte am Esch J: Fiberoptic assessment of the laryngeal mask airway position. Anaesthetist 1992; 41:779-784

68. Ramachandran SK, Mathis MR, Tremper KK, Shanks AM, Kheterpal S: Predictors and clinical outcomes from failed Laryngeal Mask Airway UniqueTM : a study of 15,795 patients. Anesthesiology 2012; 116:1217-1226

69. Reddy SVG, Win N: Brain laryngeal mask: study in 50 spontaneously breathing patients. Singapore Med J 1990; 31:338-340

70. Rieger A, Brunne B, Streibel HW: Intracuff pressures do not predict laryngopharyngeal discomfort after use of the laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:63-67

71. Ripart J, Cohendy R, Eledjam JJ: The laryngeal mask and intraocular surgery. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70:704

72. Rowbottom SJ, Simpson DL, Grubb D: The laryngeal mask airway in children: a fiberoptic assessment of positioning. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:489-491

73. Sarma VJ: The use of a laryngeal mask airway in spontaneously breathing patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 1990; 34:669-672

74. Seet E, Yousaf F, Gupta S, Subramanyam R, Wong DT, Chung F: Use of manometry for laryngeal mask airway reduces postoperative pharyngolaryngeal adverse events: a prospective, randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2010; 112;652-657

75. Sinha A, Sharma B, Sood J: ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in infants and toddlers with upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized control trial of spontaneous vs pressure control ventilation. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2009; 20:437-442

76. Skinner HJ, Ho BYM, Mahajan RP: Gastro-oesophageal reflux with the laryngeal mask during day-case gynaecological laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80:675-676

77. Szmuk P, Ghelber O, Matuszczak M, Rabb MF, Ezri T, Sessler DI: A prospective, randomized comparison of cobra perilaryngeal airway and laryngeal mask airway unique in pediatric patients.Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1523-1530

78. Timmermann A, Cremer S, Eich C, Kazmaier S, Bräuer A, Graf BM, Russo SG: Prospective clinical and fiberoptic evaluation of the Supreme laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:262-265

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79. Tobias JD, Holcomb GW, Rasmussen GE, Lowe S, Morgan WM: General anesthesia using the laryngeal mask airway during brief, laparoscopic inspection of the peritoneum in children. J Laparoendosc Surg 1996; 6:175-180

80. Van Damme E: The value of the laryngeal mask in day-case anesthesia. Anaesthetist 1992; 41:297-300

81. Van Dongen VCPC, Langemeijer JJM: An unusual complication of the laryngeal mask airway? Anaesthesia 1994; 49:1097-1098

82. Verghese C, Brimacombe JR: Survey of laryngeal mask airway usage in 11,910 patients: safety and efficacy for conventional and non-conventional usage. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:129-133

83. Verghese C, Smith TGC, Young E: Prospective survey of the use of the laryngeal mask airway in 2359 patients. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:58-60

84. Wakeling HG, Butler PJ, Baxter PJC: The laryngeal mask airway: a comparison between two insertion techniques. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:687-690

85. Wilkinson PA: The laryngeal mask: cautionary tales. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:16786. Wynn JM, Jones KL: Tongue cyanosis after laryngeal mask airway insertion.

Anesthesiology 1994; 80:140387. Young TM: The laryngeal mask in dental anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesth 1991; (Suppl 4):53-59

Laryngeal tube/laryngeal tube suction.



1. Winterhalter M, Kirchhoff K, Groschel W, Lullwitz E, Heermann R, Hoy L, Heine J, Hagberg C, Piepenbrock S: The laryngeal tube for difficult airway management: a prospective investigation in patients with pharyngeal and laryngeal tumours. Eur J Anaesth 2005; 22:678-82



1. Asai T, Goy RW, Liu EH: Cricoid pressure prevents placement of the laryngeal tube and laryngeal tube-suction II. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:282-285

2. Asai T, Marfin AG, Thompson J, Popat M, Shingu K: Ease of insertion of the laryngeal tube during manual-in-line neck stabilisation. Anaesthesia 2004; 59:1163-1166

3. Bein B, Carstensen S, Gleim M, Claus L, Tonner PH, Steinfath M, Scholz J, Dörges V: A comparison of the proseal laryngeal mask airway, the laryngeal tube S and the oesophageal-tracheal combitube during routine surgical procedures. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22:341-346

4. Schalk R, Engel S, Meininger D, Zacharowski K, Holzer L, Scheller B, Byhahn C: Disposable laryngeal tube suction: standard insertion technique versus two modified insertion techniques for patients with a simulated difficult airway. Resuscitation 2011; 82:199-202

5. Yildiz TS, Solak M, Toker K: Comparison of laryngeal tube with laryngeal mask airway in anaesthetized and paralysed patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007; 24:620-625

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I-gel™ noninflatable supraglottic airway device.



1. Dangelser G, Dincq AS, Lawson G, Collard E: Case report: Severe laryngeal hemorrhage after withdrawal of a size 5 I-gel in elective surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2009; 60:255-257

2. Kleine-Brueggeney M, Theiler L, Urwyler N, Vogt A, Greif R: Randomized trial comparing the i-gel™ and Magill tracheal tube with the single-use ILMA™ and ILMA™ tracheal tube for fibreoptic-guided intubation in anaesthetized patients with a predicted difficult airway. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:251-257

3. Theiler LG, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Kaiser D, Urwyler N, Luyet C, Vogt A, Greif R, Unibe MM: Crossover comparison of the laryngeal mask supreme and the i-gel in simulated difficult airway scenario in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:55-62



1. Richez B, Saltel L, Banchereau F, Torrielli R, Cros AM: A new single use supraglottic airway device with a noninflatable cuff and an esophageal vent: an observational study of the i-gel. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1137-1139

2. Teoh WH, Lee KM, Suhitharan T, Yahaya Z, Teo MM, Sia AT: Comparison of the LMA Supreme vs the i-gel in paralysed patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic surgery with controlled ventilation. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:1173-1179

Intubation through laryngeal mask or intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA).


Randomized controlled trials: ILMA versus fiberoptic intubation

1. Bein B, Worthmann F, Scholz J, Brinkmann F, Tonner PH, Steinfath M, Dörges V: A comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the Bonfils intubation fibrescope in patients with predicted difficult airways. Anaesthesia 2004; 59:668-674

2. Langeron O, Semjen F, Bourgain JL, Marsac A, Cros AM: Comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway with the fiberoptic intubation in anticipated difficult airway management. Anesthesiology 2001; 94:968-972


1. Agrawal S, Sharma JP, Jindal P, Sharma UC, Rajan M: Airway management in prone position with an intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19:293-295

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2. Agro F, Brimacombe J, Brain AI, Marchionni L, Cataldo R: The intubating laryngeal mask for maxillo-facial trauma. Eur J Anaesth 1999; 16:263-264

3. Asai T, Matsumoto H, Shingu K: Awake tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask. Can J Anesth 1999; 46:182-184

4. Asai T: Intubating laryngeal mask airway after failed insertion of a Classic laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:303

5. Brimacombe J: Difficult airway management with the intubating laryngeal mask. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:1173-1175

6. Brimacombe J, Keller C: Awake fibreoptic-guided insertion of the ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:719

7. Cook TM, Bigwood B, Cranshaw J: A complication of transtracheal jet ventilation and use of the Aintree intubation catheter during airway resuscitation. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:692-697

8. Degler SM, Dowling RD, Sucherman DR, Leighton BL: Awake intubation using an intubating laryngeal mask airway in a parturient with spina bifida. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005; 14:77-78

9. D'Mello J, Pagedar R, Butani M, Kurkal P, Pandey K: Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in a case of ankylosing spondylitis for coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002; 19:298-302

10. Ferson DZ, Rosenblatt WH, Johansen MJ, Osborn I, Ovassapian A: Use of the intubating LMA-Fastrach in 254 patients with difficult-to-manage airways. Anesthesiology 2001; 95:1175-1181

11. Frappier J, Guenoun T, Journois D, Philippe H, Aka E, Cadi P, Silleran-Chassany J, Safran D: Airway management using the intubating laryngeal mask airway for the morbidly obese patient. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:1510-1515

12. Fukutome T, Amaha K, Nakazawa K, Kawamura T, Noguchi H: Tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach) in patients with difficult airways. Anaesth Intens Care 1998; 26:387-391

13. Gaitini L, Fradis M, Croitoru M, Somri M, Vaida S: The intubating laryngeal mask. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 126:87-88

14. Godley M, Reddy ARR: Use of LMA for awake intubation for Cesarean section. Can J Anaesth 1996; 43:299-302

15. Hsin ST, Chen CH, Juan CH, Tseng KW, Oh CH, Tsou MY, Tsai SK: A modified method for intubation of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis using intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach)--a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2001; 39:179-182

16. Joo HS, Kapoor S, Rose DK, Naik VN: The intubating laryngeal mask airway after induction of general anesthesia versus awake fiberoptic intubation in patients with difficult airways. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:1342-1346

17. Joo H, Rose DK: Fastrach: a new intubating laryngeal mask airway - successful use in patients with difficult airways. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:253-256

18. Kannan S, Chestnutt N, McBride G: Intubating LMA guided awake fibreoptic intubation in severe maxillofacial injury. Can J Anesth 2000; 47:989-991

19. Kapila A, Addy EV, Verghese C, Brain AIJ: The intubating laryngeal mask: an initial assessment of performance. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79:710-713

20. Kihara S, Watanabe S, Brimacombe J, Taguchi N, Yaguchi Y, Yamasaki Y: Segmental cervical spine movement with the intubating laryngeal mask during manual in-line stabilization in patients with cervical pathology undergoing cervical spine surgery. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:195-200

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21. King KP, Stolp BW, Borel CO: Damage to an armored endotracheal tube introduced via the intubating laryngeal mask airway induced by biting. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:1324-1325

22. McQuibban GA: LMA-FasTrach. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45:95-9623. Nakazawa K, Tanaka N, Ishikawa S, Ohmi S, Ueki M, Saitoh Y, Makita K, Amaha K:

Using the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach) for blind endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine operations. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:1319-1321

24. Palmer JHM, Ball DR: Awake tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:70-78

25. Parnell JD, Mills J: Awake intubation using fast-track laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to fiberoptic bronchoscopy: a case report. AANA J 2006; 74:429-431

26. Parr MJA, Gregory M, Baskett PJF: The intubating laryngeal mask. Use in failed and difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:343-348

27. Peiris K, Traynor M, Whyte S: Intubation via the intubating laryngeal airway in two pediatric patients with predicted difficult airways. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:202-204

28. Portereiko JV, Perez MM, Hojman H, Frankel HL, Rabinovici R: Acute upper airway obstruction by an over-inflated Combitube esophageal obturator balloon. J Trauma 2006; 60:426-427

29. Preis C, Czerny C, Preis I, Zimpfer M: Variations in ILMA external diameters: another cause of device failure. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47:886-889

30. Saini S, Hooda S, Nandini S, Sekhri C: Difficult airway management in a maxillofacial and cervical abnormality with intubating laryngeal mask airway. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62:510-513

31. Sarma J: Awake intubation with the Fastrach laryngeal mask airway. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19:322

32. Selim M, Mowafi H, Al-Ghamdi A, Adu-Gyamfi Y: Intubation via LMA in pediatric patients with difficult airways. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:891-893

33. Shung J, Avidan MS, Ing R, Klein DC, Pott L: Awake intubation of the difficult airway with the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:645-649

34. Theiler L, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Urwyler N, Graf T, Luyet C, Greif R: Randomized clinical trial of the i-gel™ and Magill tracheal tube or single-use ILMA™ and ILMA™ tracheal tube for blind intubation in anaesthetized patients with a predicted difficult airway. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:243-250

35. Voyagis GS, Dimitriou V, Koukou E: Light-guided tracheal intubation with a double lumen endobronchial tube assisted by the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesth 1999; 16:420-421

36. Wakeling HG, Nightingale J: The intubating laryngeal mask airway does not facilitate tracheal intubation in the presence of a neck collar in simulated trauma. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:254-256

37. Watson NC, Hokanson M, Matlby JR, Todesco JM: The intubating laryngeal mask airway in failed fibreoptic intubation. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:376-378

38. Wiesel S, Warm T: Fastrach uses a low-volume, high-pressure cuff for the endotracheal tube system. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:592-593

34


Randomized controlled trials: ILMA versus laryngoscopic intubation

1. Avidan MS, Harvey A, Chitkara N, Ponte J: The intubating laryngeal mask airway compared with direct laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83:615-617

2. Bilgin H, Bozkurt M: Tracheal intubation using the ILMA, C-Trach™ or McCoy laryngoscope in patients with simulated cervical spine injury. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:685-691

3. Joo HS, Rose DK: The intubating laryngeal mask airway with and without fiberoptic guidance. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:662-666

4. Kihara S, Brimacombe J, Yaguchi Y, Watanabe S, Taguchi N, Komatsuzaki T: Hemodynamic responses among three tracheal intubation devices in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:890-895

5. Kihara S, Watanabe S, Taguchi N, Suga A, Brimacombe JR: Tracheal intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope versus intubating laryngeal mask airway in adults with normal airways. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28:281-286

6. Siddiqui NT, Khan FH: Haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation via intubating laryngeal mask airway versus direct laryngoscopic tracheal intubation. J Pak Med Assoc 2007; 57:11-14

7. Timmermann A, Russo SG, Crozier TA, Eich C, Mundt B, Albrecht B, Graf BM: Novices ventilate and intubate quicker and safer via intubating laryngeal mask than by conventional bag-mask ventilation and laryngoscopy. Anesthesiology 2007; 107:570-576

8. Wahlen BM, Gercek E: Three-dimensional cervical spine movement during intubation using the Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscopes, the Bonfils fibrescope and the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004; 21:907-913

9. Zhang GH, Xue FS, Sun HY, Li CW, Sun HT, Li P, Liu KP: Comparative study of hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006; 119:899-904

Randomized controlled trials: ILMA versus fiberoptic intubation

1. Wahlen BM, Gercek E: Three-dimensional cervical spine movement during intubation using the Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscopes, the bonfils fibrescope and the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004; 21:907-913


1. Agro F, Brimacombe J, Carassiti M, Marchionni L, Cataldo R: The intubating laryngeal mask. Clinical appraisal of ventilation and blind tracheal intubation in 110 patients. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:1084-1090

2. Asai T: Use of the laryngeal mask for tracheal intubation in patients at increased risk of aspiration of gastric contents. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:1029-1030

3. Baskett PJF, Parr MJA, Nolan JP: The intubating laryngeal mask. Results of a multicentre trial with experience of 500 cases. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:1174-1179

4. Brain AIJ, Verghese C, Addy EV, Kapila A, Brimacombe J: The intubating laryngeal mask. II: a preliminary clinical report of a new means of intubating the trachea. Br J Anaesth 79:704-709, 1997

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5. Branthwaite MA: An unexpected complication of the intubating laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:166-171

6. Chan WE, Kong CF, Kong CS, Hwang NC, Ip-Yam PC: The intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA): initial experience in Singapore. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81:610-611

7. Darlong V, Chandrashish C, Chandralekha, Mohan VK: Comparison of the performance of 'Intubating LMA' and 'Cobra PLA' as an aid to blind endotracheal tube insertion in patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2011; 49:7-11

8. Harry RM, Nolan JP: The use of cricoid pressure with the intubating laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:656-659

9. Heath ML, Allagain J: Intubation through the laryngeal mask: a technique for unexpected difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 1991; 46:545-548

10. Kanazi GE, El-Khatib M, Nasr VG, Kaddoum R, Al-Alami A, Baraka AS, Ayoub CM: A comparison of a silicone wire-reinforced tube with the Parker and polyvinyl chloride tubes for tracheal intubation through an intubating laryngeal mask airway in patients with normal airways undergoing general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2008; 107;994-997

11. Kapila A, Addy EV, Verghese C, Brain AIJ: The intubating laryngeal mask: an initial assessment of performance. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79:710-713

12. Karim YM, Swanson DE: Comparison of blind tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA Fastrach™) and the Air-Q™. Anaesthesia 2011; 66:185-190

13. Kihara S, Yaguchi Y, Brimacombe J, Watanabe S, Taguchi N, Hosoya N: Intubating laryngeal mask airway size selection: a randomized triple crossover study in paralyzed, anesthetized male and female adult patients. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1023-1027

14. Komatsu R, Nagata O, Kamata K, Yamagata K, Sessler DI, Ozaki M: Comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway and laryngeal tube placement during manual in-line stabilisation of the neck. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:113-117

15. Law-Koune JD, Liu N, Szekely B, Fischler M: Using the intubating laryngeal mask airway for ventilation and endotracheal intubation in anesthetized and unparalyzed acromegalic patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2004; 16:11-13

16. Lim SL, Tay HB, Thomas E: A comparison of three types of tracheal tube for use in laryngeal mask assisted blind orotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:255-257

17. Liu EH, Goy RW, Lim Y, Chen FG: Success of tracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airways: a randomized trial of the LMA Fastrach and LMA CTrach. Anesthesiology 2008; 108:621-626

18. Lu PP, Yang CH, Ho ACY, Shyr MH: The intubating LMA: a comparison of insertion techniques with conventional tracheal tubes. Can J Anesth 2000; 47:849-853

19. Murashima K, Fukutome T, Brimacombe J: A comparison of two silicone-reinforced tracheal tubes with different bevels for use with the intubating laryngeal mask. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:1198-2000

20. Seto A, Aoyama K, Takenaka I, Kadoya T: Ventilation difficulties through the intubating laryngeal mask. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1181-1182

21. Takenaka I, Aoyama K, Nagaoka E, Seto A, Niijima K, Kadoya T: Malposition of the epiglottis after tracheal intubation via the intubating laryngeal mask. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83:962-963

22. Thee C, Serocki G, Doerges V, Ilies C, Wallenius K, Bein B, Steinfath M, Cavus E: Laryngeal tube S II, laryngeal tube S disposable, Fastrach laryngeal mask and Fastrach laryngeal mask disposable during elective surgery: a randomized controlled comparison

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between reusable and disposable supraglottic airway devices. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27:468-472

23. van Vlymen JM, Coloma M, Tongier WK, White PF: Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Are muscle relaxants necessary? Anesthesiology 2000; 93:340-345

Fiberoptic-guided intubation.


Randomized controlled trials: fiberoptic-guided intubation vs blind tracheal or nasotracheal intubation

1. Kihara S, Yaguchi Y, Taguchi N, Brimacombe JR, Watanabe S: The StyletScope is a better intubation tool than a conventional stylet during simulated cervical spine immobilization. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:105-110

2. Van Elstraete AC, Mamie JC, Mehdaoui H: Nasotracheal intubation in patients with immobilized cervical spine: a comparison of tracheal tube cuff inflation and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:400-402

Randomized controlled trials: fiberoptic-guided intubation vs laryngoscopic intubation

1. Fridrich P, Frass M, Krenn CG, Weinstabl C, Benumof JL, Krafft P: The UpsherScope in routine and difficult airway management: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:1377-1381

2. Smith CE, Pinchak AB, Sidhu TS, Radesic BP, Pinchak AC, Hagen JF: Evaluation of tracheal intubation difficulty in patients with cervical spine immobilization: fiberoptic (WuScope) versus conventional laryngoscopy. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1253-1259

3. Watts AD, Gelb AW, Bach DB, Pelz DM: Comparison of the Bullard and Macintosh laryngoscopes for endotracheal intubation of patients with a potential cervical spine injury. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1335-1342

Randomized controlled trials: fiberoptic ILMA versus fiberoptic tracheal intubation

1. Asai T, Eguchi Y, Murao K, Niitsu T, Shingu K: Intubating laryngeal mask for fibreoptic intubation - particularly useful during neck stabilization. Can J Anesth 2000; 47:843-848

2. Bhatnagar S, Mishra S, Jha RR, Singhal AK, Bhatnagar N: The LMA Fastrach facilitates fibreoptic intubation in oral cancer patients. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:641-645

Nonrandomized comparative studies: fiberoptic-guided intubation vs laryngoscopic intubation

1. Cohn AI, Zornow MH: Awake endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disease: a comparison of the Bullard laryngoscope and the fiberoptic bronchoscope. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:1283-1286

2. Messeter KH, Pettersson KI: Endotracheal intubation with the fibre-optic bronchoscope. Anaesthesia 1980; 35:294-298

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1. Abramson SI, Holmes AA, Hagberg CA: Awake insertion of the Bonfils Retromolar Intubation Fiberscope™ in five patients with anticipated difficult airways. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1215-1217

2. Berthelsen P, Prytz S, Jacobsen E: Two-stage fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in infants: a new approach to difficult pediatric intubation. Anesthesiology 1985; 63:457-458

3. Blanco G, Melman E, Cuairan V, Moyao D, Ortiz-Monasterio F: Fibreoptic nasal intubation in children with anticipated and unanticipated difficult intubation. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11:49-53

4. Borland LM, Casselbrant M: The Bullard laryngoscope. A new indirect oral laryngoscope (pediatric version). Anesth Analg 1990; 70:105-108

5. Chan CS: Anaesthetic management during repair of tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Anaesthesia 1984; 39:158-160

6. Cumpston PH: Fibreoptic intubation under general anaesthesia--a simple method using an endotracheal tube as a conduit. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:296-300


8. Delaney KA, Hessler R: Emergency flexible fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation: a report of 60 cases. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17:919-926


10. Fuchs G, Schwarz G, Baumgartner A, Kaltenbock F, Voit-Augustin H, Planinz W: Fiberoptic intubation in 327 neurosurgical patients with lesions of the cervical spine. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1999; 11:11-16

11. Gorback MS: Management of the challenging airway with the Bullard laryngoscope. J Clin Anesth 1991; 3:473-477

12. Hakala P, Randell T, Valli H: Laryngoscopy and fibreoptic intubation in acromegalic patients. Br J Anaesth 81998; 0:345-347

13. Hemmer D, Lee TS, Wright BD: Intubation of a child with a cervical spine injury with aid of a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Anaesth Intens Care 1982; 10:163-165

14. Hotchkiss RS, Hall JR, Braun IF, Schisler JQ: An abnormal epiglottis as a cause of difficult intubation--airway assessment using magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology 1988; 68:140-142

15. Kleeman PP, Jantzen JP, Bonfils P: The ultra-thin bronchoscope in management of the difficult paediatric airway. Can J Anaesth 1987; 34:606-608

16. Kulka PJ, Tryba M, Zenz M: Difficult airway management in a patient with severe aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14:150-153

17. Larson SM, Parks DH: Managing the difficult airway in patients with burns of the head and neck. J Burn Care Rehabil 1988; 9:55-56

18. Levine R, Kissoon N, Froese N: Fibreoptic and videoscopic indirect intubation techniques for intubation in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2009; 25:479

19. McGuire G, El-Beheiry H: Complete upper airway obstruction during awake fibreoptic intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:176-178

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20. Michalek P, Hodgkinson P, Donaldson W: Fiberoptic intubation through an I-gel supraglottic airway in two patients with predicted difficult airway and intellectual disability. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1501-1504

21. Mishkel L, Wang JF, Gutierrez F, Ballard JB: Nasotracheal intubation by fiberoptic laryngoscope. South Med J 1981; 74:1407-1409

22. Ovassapian A, Doka JC, Romsa DE: Acromegaly--use of fiberoptic laryngoscopy to avoid tracheostomy. Anesthesiology 1981; 54:429-430

23. Ovassapian A, Krejcie TC, Yelich SJ, Dykes MH: Awake fibreoptic intubation in the patient at high risk of aspiration. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:13-16

24. Ovassapian A, Yelich SJ, Dykes MH, Brunner EE: Fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation--incidence and causes of failure. Anesth Analg 1983; 62:692-695

25. Ovassapian A: Failure to withdraw flexible fiberoptic laryngoscope after nasotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1985; 63:124-125

26. Pandey R, Garg R, Kumar A, Darlong V, Punj J, Singh SA: Case report: Airway management of a patient with popping pedunculated subglottic laryngeal polyp. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2009; 60:251-253

27. Patel A, Venn PJ, Barham CJ: Fibreoptic intubation through a laryngeal mask airway in an infant with Robin sequence. Eur J Anaesth 1998; 15:237-239

28. Pellis T, Leykin Y, Albano G, Zannier G, Di Capua G, Marzano B, Gullo A: Perioperative management and monitoring of a super-obese patient. Obes Surg 2004; 14:1423-1427

29. Reasoner DK, Warner DS, Todd MM, Hunt SW, Kirchner J: A comparison of anesthetic techniques for awake intubation in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg Anesth 1995; 7:94-99

30. Rogers SN, Benumof JL: New and easy techniques for fiberoptic endoscopy-aided tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1983; 59:569-572


32. Shigematsu T, Miyazawa N, Kobayashi M, Yorozu T, Toyoda Y, Morisaki H: Nasal intubation with Bullard laryngoscope: a useful approach for difficult airways. Anesth Analg 1994; 79:132-135

33. Shulman GB, Connelly NR: A comparison of the Bullard laryngoscope versus the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope during intubation in patients afforded inline stabilization. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13:182-185

34. Shulman MS, Trollope M: The fiberoptic gastroscope for difficult endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:476

35. Sidhu V, Whitehead E, Ainsworth Q, Smith M, Calder I: A technique of awake fibreoptic intubation: experience in patients with cervical spine disesae. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:910-913

36. Smith M, Crockyard A, Calder I, Isert P, Nicol ME: Oxygen saturation and cardiovascular changes during fibreoptic intubation under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:158-161

37. Takenaka I, Aoyama K, Kadoya T, Sata T, Shigematsu A: Fiberoptic assessment of laryngeal aperture in patients with difficult laryngoscopy. Can J Anesth 1999; 46:226-231

38. Tassonyi E, Lehmann C, Gunning K, Coquoz E, Montandon D: Fiberoptically guided intubation in children with gangrenous stomatitis (noma). Anesthesiology 1990; 73:348-349

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39. Watson NC, Hokanson M, Matlby JR, Todesco JM: The intubating laryngeal mask airway in failed fibreoptic intubation. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46:376-378


41. Wolf LH, Gravenstein D: Capnography during fiberoptic bronchoscopy to verify tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:701-703


Randomized controlled trials: fiberoptic-guided intubation vs laryngoscopic intubation

1. Cole AF, Mallon JS, Rolbin SH, Ananthanarayan C: Fiberoptic intubation using anesthetized, paralyzed, apneic patients. Results of a resident training program. Anesthesiology 1996; 84:1101-1106

2. Finfer SR, Mackenzie SP, Saddler JM, Watking TGL: Cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation: A comparison of direct laryngoscopy and fiberoptic intubation. Anaesth Intens Care 1989; 17:44-48


4. Imai M, Hanaoka Y, Kemmotsu O: Comparison of cardiovascular responses to airway management: fiberoptic intubation using a new adapter, laryngeal mask insertion, or conventional laryngoscopic intubation. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7:14-18

5. Roth AG, Wheeler M, Stevenson GW, Hall SC: Comparison of a rigid laryngoscope with the ultrathin fibreoptic laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in infants. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41:1069-1073

6. Smith JE, Mackenzie AA, Sanghera SS, Scott-Knight VCE: Cardiovascular effects of fibrescope-guided nasotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:907-910

7. Smith JE, Mackenzie AA, Scott-Knight VC: Comparison of two methods of fibrescope-guided tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66:546-550

8. Wahlen BM, Gercek E: Three-dimensional cervical spine movement during intubation using the Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscopes, the bonfils fibrescope and the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004; 21:907-913


Nonrandomized comparative studies: fiberoptic-guided intubation vs blind tracheal or nasotracheal intubation

1. Hastings RH, Vigil AC, Hanna R, Yang BY, Sartoris DJ: Cervical spine movement during

laryngoscopy with the Bullard, Macintosh, and Miller laryngoscopes. Anesthesiology 1995; 82:859-869

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Nonrandomized comparative studies: fiberoptic-guided intubation vs laryngoscopic intubation

1. Schaefer HG, Marsch SCU: Comparison of orthodox with fibreoptic orotracheal intubation under total i.v. aneaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66:608-610


1. Baraka A, Muallem M, Sibai AN: Facilitation of difficult tracheal intubation by the fiberoptic Bullard laryngoscope. Middle East J Anesthesiol 1991; 11:73-77

2. Brull SJ, Wiklund R, Ferris C, Connelly NR, Ehrenwerth J, Silverman DG: Facilitation of fiberoptic orotracheal intubation with a flexible tracheal tube. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:746-748

3. Cook TM, Baylis RJ, Marjot R: Nasal fibreoptic tracheal intubation in anaesthetised patients breathing via a modified laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:975-979

4. Hawkins M, O'Sullivan E, Charters P: Fibreoptic intubation using the cuffed oropharyngeal airway and Aintree intubation catheter. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:891-894

5. Hawkyard SJ, Morrison A, Doyle A, Croton RS, Wake PN: Attenuating the hypertensive response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation using awake fibreoptic intubation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1992; 36:1-4

6. Hughes S, Smith JE: Nasotracheal tube placement over the fibreoptic laryngoscope. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:1026-1028

7. Kim HS, Woo SJ, Kim JH: A comparison of Bonfils intubation fiberscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in difficult airways assisted with direct laryngoscopy. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58: 249–255

8. Nichols KP, Zornow MH: A potential complication of fiberoptic intubation. Anesthesiology 1989; 70:562-563

9. Ovassapian A, Yelich SJ, Dykes MH, Brunner EE: Blood pressure and heart rate changes during awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1983; 62:951-954

10. Pearce AC, Shaw S, Macklin S: Evaluation of the Upsherscope. a new rigid fibrescope. Anaesthesia 1996; 51:561-564

11. Pribble CG, Dean JM: An unusual cause of intraoperative hypoxemia. J Clin Anesth 1994; 6:247-249

12. Randell T, Valli H, Hakala P: Comparison between the Ovassapian intubating airway and the Berman intubating airway in fibreoptic intubation. Eur J Anaesth 1997; 14:380-384

13. Shigematsu T, Miyazawa N, Kobayashi M, Yorozu T, Toyoda Y, Morisaki H: Nasal intubation with Bullard laryngoscope: a useful approach for difficult airways. Anesth Analg 1994; 79:132-135

Fiberoptic intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA).




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2. Bhatnagar S, Mishra S, Jha RR, Singhal AK, Bhatnagar N: The LMA Fastrach facilitates fibreoptic intubation in oral cancer patients. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:641-645


1. Asai T, Murao K, Tsutsumi T, Shingu K: Ease of tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask during manual in-line head and neck stabilisation. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:82-85

2. Asai T, Shingu K: Tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask in a patient with a fixed flexed neck and deviated larynx. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:1199-1208

3. Asai T, Shingu K: Tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask in patients with unstable necks. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45:818-822

4. Cook TM, Asif M, Sim R, Waldron J: Use of a ProSeal laryngeal mask airway and a Ravussin cricothyroidotomy needle in the management of laryngeal and subglottic stenosis causing upper airway obstruction. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:554-557

5. Kelly FE, Gatward JJ, Howes BW, Gould TH: Kinking of intubating laryngeal mask tracheal tubes following fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:653.

6. Lesmes C, Siplovich L, Katz Y: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children using the laryngeal mask airway. Pediatr Surg Int 2000; 16:179-181

7. Nguyen NH, Morvant EM, Mayhew JF: Anesthetic management for patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congentia and severe micrognathia: case reports. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12:227-230

8. Preis CA, Hartmann T, Zimpfer M: Laryngeal mask airway facilitates awake fiberoptic intubation in a patient with severe oropharyngeal bleeding. Anesth Analg 1998; 87;728-729

9. Schuschnig C, Waltl B, Erlacher W, Reddy B, Stoik W, Kapral S: Intubating laryngeal mask and rapid sequence induction in patients with cervical spine injury. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:793-797

10. Silk JM, Hill HM, Calder I: Difficult intubation and the laryngeal mask. Eur J Anaesth 1991; 4:47-51

11. Sizlan A, Ozhan MO, Cekmen N, Suzer MA, Orhan ME, Comak I, Sahin S, Sahin I: Nasogastric tube aided fiberoptic intubation through laryngeal mask airway (case report). Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2009; 60:185-188

12. Wakeling HG, Ody A, Ball A: Large goitre causing difficult intubation and failure to intubate using the intubating laryngeal mask airway: lessons for next time. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81:979-981

13. Wong JK, Tongier WK, Armbruster SC, White PF: Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway to facilitate awake orotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disorders. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:346-348




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2. Koga K, Asai T, Latto IP, Vaughan RS: Effect of the size of a tracheal tube and the efficacy of the use of the laryngeal mask for fibrescope-aided tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1997; 52:131-135

Randomized controlled trials: fiberoptic ILMA versus blind ILMA intubation

1. Joo HS, Rose DK: The intubating laryngeal mask airway with and without fiberoptic guidance. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:662-666

2. Pandit JJ, MacLachlan K, Dravid RM, Popat MT: Comparison of times to achieve tracheal intubation with three techniques using the laryngeal or intubating laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:128-132

Randomized controlled trials: fiberoptic ILMA versus fiberoptic LMA

1. Aoyama K, Yasunaga E, Takenaka I, Kadoya T, Sata T, Shigematsu A: Positive pressure ventilation during fibreoptic intubation: comparison of the laryngeal mask airway, intubating laryngeal mask and endoscopy mask techniques. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88:246-254

2. Pandit JJ, MacLachlan K, Dravid RM, Popat MT: Comparison of times to achieve tracheal intubation with three techniques using the laryngeal or intubating laryngeal mask airway. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:128-132

Nonrandomized comparative studies: fiberoptic ILMA versus laryngoscopic intubation

1. Rudolph C, Schneider JP, Wallenborn J, Schaffranietz L: Movement of the upper cervical spine during laryngoscopy: a comparison of the Bonfils intubation fibrescope and the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:668-672


1. Halligan M, Charters P: A clinical evaluation of the Bonfils intubation fibrescope. Anaesthesia 2003; 58:1087-1091

Capnography or end-tidal CO2 detection to confirm tracheal intubation.



1. Dohi S, Inomata S, Tanaka M, Ishizawa Y, Matsumiya N: End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during awake blind nasotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth 1990; 2:415-419

2. Earl DS, Shinde S, Bullen KE, Carter JA: Novel use of capnography during an awake fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia 2002; 57:194-195

3. Spencer RF, Rathmell JP, Viscome CM: A new method for difficult endotracheal intubation: the use of a jet stylet introducer and capnography. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:1079-1083

4. Williamson JA, Webb RK, Russell WJ, Szekely S, Gilles ERN, Dreosti AV: Difficult intubation: An analysis of 2000 incident reports. Anaesth Intens Care 1993; 21:602-607

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5. Wolf LH, Gravenstein D: Capnography during fiberoptic bronchoscopy to verify tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:701-703



1. Artru AA, Schultz AB, Bonneu JJ: Modification of an Eschmann introducer to permit measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide. Anesth Analg 1989; 68:129-131

2. Bourke DL, Biehl J: The laryngotracheal topical anesthesia kit with capnography for difficult endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:943-945

3. Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, Kelen GD: Esophageal detector device versus detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27:595-599

4. Cheng KI, Tang CS, Tsai EM, Wu CH, Lee JN. Correlation of arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing patients during ambulatory gynecologic laparoscopy. J Formos Med Assoc 1999; 98:814-819

5. Chhibber AK, Kolano JW, Roberts WA: Relationship between end-tidal and arterial carbon-dioxide with laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tubes in children. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:247-250

6. Denman WT, Hayes M, Higgins D, Wilkinson DJ: The Fenem CO2 detector device. An apparatus to prevent unnoticed oesophageal intubation. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:465-467

7. Gilbert D, Benumof JL: Biphasic carbon dioxide elimination waveform with right mainstem bronchial intubation. Anesth Analg 1989; 69:829-832

8. Guggenberger H, Lenz G, Federle R: Early detection of inadequate oesophageal intubation: pulse oximetry vs. capnography. Acta Anaesth Scand 1989; 33:112-115

9. Hicks IF, Sonin C, Shepard JN: Comparison of end-tidal and arterial carbon dioxide measurements during anaesthesia with the laryngeal mask ariway. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71:734-735

10. Higgins D, Hayes M, Denman W, Wilkinson DJ: Effectiveness of using end tidal carbon dioxide concentration to monitor cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Br Med J 1990; 300:581

11. Holland R, Webb RK, Runciman WB: Oesophageal intubation: an analysis of 2000 incident reports. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993; 21:608-610

12. Linko K, Paloheimo M, Tammisto T: Capnography for detection of accidental oesophageal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1983; 27:199-202

13. Linko K, Paloheimo M: Capnography facilitates blind nasotracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1983; 34:117-122

14. MacLeod BA, Heller MB, Gerard J, Yealy DM, Menegazzi JJ: Verification of endotracheal tube placement with colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:267-270

15. Ramaswamy KK, Frerk C: Monitoring end-tidal carbon dioxide in the recovery room. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:97

16. Sanders KC, Clum WB, Nguyen SS, Balasubramaniam S: End-tidal carbon dioxide detection in emergency intubation in four groups of patients. J Emerg Med 1994; 12:771-777

17. Sivilotti ML, Messenger DW, van Vlymen J, Dungey PE, Murray HE: A comparative evaluation of capnometry versus pulse oximetry during procedural sedation and analgesia on room air. CJEM 2010; 12:397-404

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18. Takki S, Aromaa U, Kauste A: The validity and usefulness of the end tidal PCO2 during anaesthesia Ann Clin Res 1972; 4:278-284

19. Vukmir RB, Heller MB, Stein KL: Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: a miniaturized infrared qualitative CO2 detector. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:726-729

20. Williamson JA, Webb RK, Cockings J, Morgan C: The capnograph: applications and limitations: An analysis of 2000 incident reports. Anaesth Intens Care 1993; 21:551-557

21. Zaleski L, Abello D, Gold MI: The esophageal detector device: does it work? Anesthesiology 1993; 79:244-247

IV. Supplemental Oxygen

Intraoperative supplemental oxygen by mask or insufflation.



1. Teller LE, Alexander CM, Frumin MJ, Gross JB: Pharyngeal insufflation of oxygen prevents arterial desaturation during apnea. Anesthesiology 1988; 69:980-982


1. Baraka AS, Taha SK, Siddik-Sayyid SM, Kanazi GE, El-Khatib MF, Dagher CM, Chehade JM, Abdallah FW, Hajj RE: Supplementation of pre-oxygenation in morbidly obese patients using nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:769-773

Supplemental oxygen after extubation, by mask, blow-by, or nasal cannulae.



1. Hoffman C, Nakamoto D, Okal R, Clochesy JM: Effect of transport time and FiO2 on SpO2 during transport from the OR to the PACU. Nurse Anesth 1991; 2:119-125

2. Mathes DD, Conaway MR, Ross WT: Ambulatory surgery: room air versus nasal cannula oxygen during transport after general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:917-921

3. Papageorge MB, Hunter MJ, Norris LH, Rosenberg MB: Supplemental oxygen after outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery. Anesth Prog 1993; 39:24-27

4. Patel R, Norden J, Hannallah RS: Oxygen administration prevents hypoxemia during post-anesthetic transport in children. Anesthesiology 1988; 69:616-618

5. Smith DC, Crul JF: Early postoperative hypoxia during transport. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61:625-627

6. Vegfors M, Cedarholm I, Lennmarken C, Lofstrom JB: Should oxygen be administered after laparoscopy in healthy patients? Acta Anaesth Scand 1988; 32:350-352

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1. Hardeman JH, Sabol SR, Goldwasser MS: Incidence of hypoxemia in the postanesthetic recovery room in patients having undergone intravenous sedation for outpatient oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 48:942-944

2. Laycock GJ, McNicol LR: Hypoxaemia during recovery from anaesthesia--an audit of children after general anaesthesia for routine elective surgery. Anaesthesia 1988; 43:985-987

3. Smith DC, Canning JJ, Crul JF: Pulse oximetry in the recovery room. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:345-348


1. Amar D, Brodman LE, Winikoff SA, Hollinger I: An alternative oxygen delivery system for infants and children in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38:49-53

2. Ayhan H, Iyigun E, Tastan S, Orhan ME, Ozturk E: Comparison of two different oxygen delivery methods in the early postoperative period: randomized trial. J Adv Nurs 2009; 65:1237-1247

3. Canet J, Ricos M, Vidal F: Early postoperative arterial oxygen desaturation. Determining factors and response to oxygen therapy. Anesth Analg 1989; 69:207-212

4. Daley MD, Norman PH, Colmenares ME, Sandler AN: Hypoxaemia in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38:740-746

5. Greif R, Laciny S, Rapf B, Hickle RS, Sessler DI: Supplemental oxygen reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1246-1252

6. Hudes ET, Marans HJ, Hirano GM, Scott AC, Ho K: Recovery room oxygenation: a comparison of nasal catheters and 40 per cent oxygen masks. Can J Anaesth 1989; 36:20-24

7. Renner M, Hohlrieder M, Wölk T, Pühringer F, Kleinsasser AT, Keller C, Benzer A: Administration of 100% oxygen before removal of the laryngeal mask airway does not affect postanesthetic arterial partial pressure of oxygen. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:257-259

8. Scuderi PE, Mims GR, 3rd, Weeks DB, Harris LC, Lipscomb L, James RL: Oxygen administration during transport and recovery after outpatient surgery does not prevent episodic arterial desaturation. J Clin Anesth 1996; 8:294-300

9. Vijayakumar HR, Metriyakool K, Jewell MR: Effects of 100 percent oxygen and a mixture of oxygen and air on oxygen saturation in the immediate postoperative period in children. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:181-184

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