1 kyung hee university prof. choong seon hong transmission of digital data : interfaces and modems
TRANSCRIPT
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Kyung Hee University
Prof. Choong Seon HONG
Transmission of Digital DATA :Transmission of Digital DATA :Interfaces and ModemsInterfaces and Modems
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Kyung Hee University
66 장장 Transmission of Digital Data:Transmission of Digital Data:Interfaces and MODEMsInterfaces and MODEMs
6.1 Digital Data Transmission
6.2 DTE-DCE Interface
6.3 Other Interface Standards
6.4 모뎀 (MODEM)
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6.1 Digital Data Transmission6.1 Digital Data Transmission
Primary concern when considering the transmission of data
from one device to another is the wiring
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Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)
Parallel Transmission
By grouping, we can send data n bits at a time instead of one
장점 : 속도 (speed)
단점 : 고가 (expansive)
전송거리 (short distance): 최대 25 feets
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Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)
Parallel transmission
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Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)
Serial Transmission
one bit follows another
장점 : 단일 channel, 저가
단점 : require interface converter
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Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)
Serial Transmission
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Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)Digital Data Transmission(cont’d)비동기 전송 (Asynchronous Transmission)
send one start bit(0) at the beginning and one or more stop bits(1) at the end of each byte
ex) the connection of a terminal to a computer
장점 : cheap and effective
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Digital Data TransmissionDigital Data Transmission
동기전송 (synchronous transmission)
Sending bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits
The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and groups them in eight-bit units
장점 : 속도 (speed)
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6.2 DTE-DCE Interface6.2 DTE-DCE Interface
DTE(Data Terminal equipment) : 데이터 단말장치
DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) : 데이터 회선 종단 장치
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)
~ is any device that is a source of destination for binary digital data
terminal
Personal computer
printer
fax machine and so on
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment)
~ is any device (functional unit) that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal through a network
Modulator/demodulator
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
표준안 (Standards)
defining the connection between a DTE and DCE
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
Standards
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
EIA-232 EIA-442 EIA-449
ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Sector)
V series ( 전화망에 관한 데이터 통신 ) X series ( 데이터 통신망에 대한 데이터통신 )
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
EIA-232(RS-232)
defining the mechanical, electrical and functional characteristics
기계적인 규격 (mechanical specification)
defining the interface as a 25-wire cable with a male (plug) and a female (receptacle) DB-25 pin connector
length may not exceed 15m(50 feet)
전자적인 규격 (electrical specification)
define voltage levels and the type of signal( 예 : NRZ-L)
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
Sending the data
To be recognized as data, the amplitude of a signal must fall between 3 and 15 volts or between –3 and –15 volts
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)Control and Timing
Only 4 wires out of 25 available in an EIA-232 interface are used for data functions
Signals must be sent using OFF less than –3 volts and ON greater than +3 volts
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
기능 규격 (Functional Specification)
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
Functions of Pins in EIA-232, DB-9
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
예 : synchronous full-duplex transmission
Step1 :preparation
Step2 : Readiness
Step3 : Set up
Step1 :preparation
Step2 : Readiness
Step3 : Set up
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)
Step4:Data Transfer
Step 5 : Clearing
Step4:Data Transfer
Step 5 : Clearing
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)Null Modem
not needed to connect two compatible digital devices directly
Ex) connecting two DTEs in the same building
Using regular data pin connections with and without DCEs
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DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)DTE-DCE Interface(cont’d)Crossing Connections
Null modem pin connection
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6.3 Other Interface Standards6.3 Other Interface Standards
needs more speed and/or distance
EIA-449
EIA-530
X.21
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
EIA-449
DB-37 pin
DB-9 pin
DB-37 and DB-9 connections
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
Pin Functions
category I pins
~ are compatible with those of EIA-232
category II pins
~ have no equivalent in EIA-232
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Other Interface Standards (cont’d)Other Interface Standards (cont’d)
DB-37 pins
Pin Functions Category Pin Functions Category123456789
10111213141516171819
ShieldSignal rate indicatorUnassignedSend dataSend timingReceive dataRequest to sendReceive timingClear to sendLocal loopbackData modeTerminal readyReceive readyRemote loopbackIncoming callSelect frequencyTerminal timingTest modeSignal ground
202122232425262728293031323334353637
Receive CommonUnassignedSend dataSend timingReceive dataRequest to sendReceive timingClear to sendTerminal in serviceData modeTerminal readyReceive readySelect readySignal qualityNew signalTerminal timingStandby indicatorSend common
IIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIII
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
DB-9 pins
Pin Function EIA-232 Equivalent
123456789
ShieldSecondary receive readySecondary send dataSecondary receive dataSignal groundReceive commonSecondary request to sendSecondary clear to sendSend common
1
14167
121913
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
Electrical specification : RS-423 and RS-422
EIA-449 uses two other standards to define its electrical specification
RS-423 (unbalanced circuits)
RS-422 (balanced circuits)
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
RS-423 : Unbalanced Mode
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
RS-422 : Balanced Mode
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
Canceling of noise in balanced mode
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)
EIA-530
is a new version of EIA-449 that uses DB-25 pins
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Other Interface Standards(cont’d)Other Interface Standards(cont’d)X.21
~ is an interface designed by the ITU-T to address many of the problems existing in the EIA
eliminating most of the control circuits of the EIA standards
DB-15 connector
Byte timing (pins 7 and 14) : byte synchronization
Control and indication
– Pin 3 : equivalent of request to send (control)– Pin 5 : equivalent of clear to send (indication)
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Other Interface StandardsOther Interface Standards
DB-15 pins
Pin Function
12345678
Pin
9101112131415
Function
ShieldTransmit data or controlControlReceive data or controlIndicationSignal element timingBye timingSignal ground
Transmit data or controlControlReceive data or controlIndicationSignal element timingByte timingReserved
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6.4 MODEMs6.4 MODEMs
The most familiar type of DCE
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
MODEM
stands for modulator/demodulator
Modulator : converts a digital signal to an analog signal
using the digital-to-analog mechanism of ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM
Demodulator : converts an analog signal to a digital signal
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Transmission Rate
Bandwidth
Each line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequencies of the signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d) Telephone line bandwidth
A telephone line has bandwidth of almost 3000 Hz
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Modem speed
The bandwidth required for ASK transmission is equal to baud rate of signal
in half-duplex ASK, because the effective bandwidth of a telephone line is 2400Hz, the maximum bit rate is also 2400.
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Baud rate in full-duplex ASK
Although ASK has a good bit rate, it is not used today because of noise
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
FSK(Frequency Shift Keying)
Baud rate in half-duplex FSK
Baud rate in full-duplex FSK
Max baud rate = Max bit rate = [2400 – (fc1 – fc0)]/2
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Baud Rate in Full-Duplex FSK
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
PSK and QAM( 비교 )
Encoding Half-Duplex Full-Duplex
ASK, FSK, 2-PSK4-PSK, 4-QAM8-PSK, 8-QAM16-QAM32-QAM64-QAM128-QAM
256-QAM
2400480072009600
12,00014,40016,800
1200240036004800600072008400
19,200 9600
Theoretical bit rates for modemsTheoretical bit rates for modems
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Modem Standards
Bell modem
The first commercial modems in the early 1970s
ITU-T modem
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Bell Modems(cont’d)
For flow control or error control
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Bell Modems
212 --> 201 : Same technology, data rate double
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
ITU-T Modem Standards(cont’d)
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
ITU-T Modem Standards
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
ITU-T/Bell Compatibility
ITU-T Bell Baud Rate Bit Rate Modulation
V.21
V.22
V.23
V.26
V.27
V.29
103
212
202
201
208
209
300
600
1200
1200
1600
2400
300
1200
1200
2400
4800
9600
FSK
4-PSK
FSK
4-PSK
8-PSK
16-QAM
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Intelligent Modems
~ contain software to support a number of additional function, such as automatic answering and dialing
AT Command[parameter] command[parameter]…
Ex) ATDT4088648902
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
AT commands
Command Meaning Parameters
ABDEHLPT
Put modem in answer modeUse V.22bis at 1200 bpsDial the numberEnable/disable echo printingPut modem on/off hookAdjust speaker volumeUse pulse dialingUse tone dialing
The number to dial0 or 10 or 1n
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d) Traditional Modems
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
56K Modem
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MODEMs(cont’d)MODEMs(cont’d)
Cable Modem