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L 25 Electricity & Magnetism L 25 Electricity & Magnetism [2][2] static electricitystatic electricity

– the charging processthe charging process– the van de Graff generatorthe van de Graff generator– electrostatic shieldingelectrostatic shielding

lightninglightning batteries and frogs legsbatteries and frogs legs electric circuitselectric circuits

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review – electric charge• Matter has two basic properties

• mass gravitational force• charge electric and magnetic forces

– positive charge– negative charge

• electric forces• like charges repel +/+ or - / -• unlike charges attract + / -

• charge is measured in Coulombs [C]

• all charge is a multiple of the basic unit of charge – we call this e = 1.6 x10-19 C charges cannot be divided into smaller units than this.

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One Coulomb is a HUGE charge

• To get a charge of one Coulomb on an object we would have to remove

6.250 x 1018

electrons from it!• In the capacitor discharge demo, only

0.01 C of charge were involved.

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Where is the charge?

• the charge is in atoms– positive protons– negative electrons

• matter is usually electrically neutral it has the same amount of positive and negative charge

• electrons (not protons) can be transferred from one object to another by rubbing (friction)

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Charging by friction(triboelectric effect)

• If you rub plastic with cat’s fur, electrons are rubbed onto the plastic making it negative

• if you rub glass or plastic with silk, electrons are rubbed off the glass making it positive

• the charge can be transferred to other objects.

• only the electrons can be transferred

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The charging process

• an object is charged positive (has a net positive charge ) if electrons are removed from it

• an object is charged negative (has a net negative charge) if electrons are transferred to it

• charges can be transferred from conductors or non-conductors, but theycan only move through conductors.

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Example• Initially, object A has a charge of -5 C and object B has

a charge of +5 C. If -10 Coulombs of negative charge are transferred from object A to object B. What is the final charge on each object?

• ANSWER: Removing -5 C from A leaves it with no net charge. Removing -5 more leaves it with a net +5C. So, object A has a net charge of +5 C and object B has a net charge of -5 C.

• Note that the net charge (= 0) is the same before and after.A B

–5 C+5 C

A B

-10 C +5 C-5 C

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Attracting uncharged objects

unchargedmetal sphere

+

+

+

+ • A negatively chargedrod will push the electrons to the far side leaving the nearside positive.• The force is attractivebecause the positivecharges are closer tothe rod than the negativecharges

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Can attract nonconductors also

• Even though nonconductors do not have free electrons that can move around, the molecules can be polarized – the positive and negative charges can be separated slightly

++++

++++

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The Magic Wand

2 x 4

We can cause the 2 x 4 to move with electric forces

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You can bend water with charge!

charged rod•The water moleculehas a positive end anda negative end; it is always polarized

•When a negative rod isbrought near the streamof water, all the positiveends of the water mole-cules turn to the right and are attracted to thenegative rod.

stream of water

O- -

+ +H H

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Seeing the effects of charge: the electroscope

• the electroscope is a simple device for observing the presence of electric charge

• it consists of a small piece of metal foil (gold if possible) suspended from a rod with a metal ball at its top

• If a negatively charged rod is placed near the ball, the electrons move away because of the repulsion. The two sides of the metal foil then separate.

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Danger High Voltage !

• The van de Graff can charge the sphere to more than 50,000 volts!

• This is enough to cause discharges to the surrounding air ionization or breakdown

• The sparks excite air molecules which give off light

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Electric Potential voltage• The amount of charge on a

charged sphere can be measured in terms of its

electric potential or voltage• the more charge that is on the

sphere, the higher its voltage• electric potential is measured in VOLTS

• if I connect a 9 V battery to the sphere and the ground, it will have a potential of 9 V

9 Voltbattery

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Lightning- big outdoor spark• National Weather Service:

about 25 million lightning flashes each year in the US

• NWS reports that over the last 30 years, on average, 58 people were killed each year

• causes 100 million dollars in damage each year in the US

• lasts only a thousandth of a second, with up to 200,000 A(typical hairdryer uses 10 A)

• causes the thunder!

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development of a lightning bolt

steppedleader

leader &streamer

leader meetsstreamer

lightningbolt

chargeseparation

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Electrostatic shielding

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Electrostatic shielding

• The effect of the high voltage on the van de Graff generator stops on the outside of the metal cage Homer is SAFE!

• Being inside your car during a lightning storm offers you some protection

• radio signals cannot penetrate through a metal enclosure

• the metal bars (rebar) that reinforce the concrete in walls can also interfere

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Conductors and Non- Conductors

Metals (copper, aluminum, iron) are conductors of electricity they allow current (moving free electrons) to pass through them

Plastics, wood, ceramics, and glass are non-conductors (or insulators) they do not let electricity flow through them they have no free electrons to move around

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Pure water is non-conducting

• clean water will not conduct electricity

• if salt or acid is added, however, it will conduct electricity

H2O carbon electrodes

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A salt water solution is a conductor

• When salt NaCl (sodium chloride) is added to water H2O, the NaCl molecule dissociates into a positive ion Na+, and a negative ion Cl- .

• Thus the solutions contains both positive and negative ions, both of which can conduct electricity.

• Electric current can pass through dirty bath water and through you also!

• we are conductors – water + Na+ + Cl–

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Gas discharges

High VoltageSource

Gas in tube

When a high voltage is applied to a gas-filled tube, the gascan become ionized, one or more electrons are separated fromeach atom. Since positive and negative charges are presentthe ionized gas conducts electricity. The gas atoms are excited and emit light of a color characteristic of the gas.

PLASMA

not blood!

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examples of electrical discharges

fluorescent lampthe Aurora

neon lights

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applications of electrostatics• Xerox copiers use

electrostatic attraction to put the ink droplets on the paper

• electrostatic precipitators use the attraction of charged dust to remove dust particles from smoke.

• can be used to hold balloons on your head

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Removing soot particles

Chimneystack

Charging unitsspray electrons

on the sootparticles

Positivecylinder

soot