Language Language History and ChangeHistory and Change

CHAPTER 1

GABRIEL FERNANDOJARA MUÑOZ

SECTION 1

Origins: Before we start

30 Family Languages

5000 languages in the World

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN

called

Produced byProduced bysuch as

GermanicItalicCeltic Indo-IranianHellenicBalto-Slavic

seems to have a

COMMON ANCESTOR

Origins: The common Ancestor

PROTO (FIRST)

(original)

INDO

EUROPEAN

How can be hypothesized proto-indo-European as an

ancestor language?• BY: Comparing E.g. Spanish- Italian-Latin

Identifying features Spelling, Pronunciation, Meaning

Analysing History Cultural clashes, invasions , colonisations, Family languages

Common Features: COGNATESCOGNATES

words with a common etymological

origin

E.g. PROTO- INDO-EUROPEAN. Germanic Family. English-German

FORM MEANING

are

presentingsimilar

Influences in future Influences in future English and GermanEnglish and German

English – German angel r Engelmuscle r Muskelmother e Mutterfish n. r Fischfriend m. r Freund

*Etymology Studies the history of words (history, formation, meaning through the time)

Common Features: COGNATESCognate Sets

Comparative Reconstruction

Languages Family Language

Ancestor Language

Common features

the

uses

Reconstruct

Majority Principle

Most Natural Development Principle

Most of the words in a language have the same

sound in the beginning of the utterance

(Common sound changes)

1. Final vowels disappear2. Voiceless sounds become voiced between voiced

vowels3. Stops become fricatives4. Consonants become voiceless at the end of words

of a

from ato

based on

presenting two principles

Language Change: OLD English 7th Century to the end of the 11th Century

Influences

Germanic languageSpoken tribes invadedBritish Isles

5th Century

Anglo Saxons JutesConsequences: English got many of the basic words usedtodayEg. Mann (Man), etan (eat) Drincan (drink), cild (child)

INVADED

6th Century 8th Century

Conversionof the anglo saxonsto Christianity

Religion Vocabulary

Consequences: Because of their new beliefs, anglo saxons integratedreligious vocabulary into English Eg. Church, priest, candle, angel

10th Century

Vikings came across and invaded coastal regions of Britain

Consequences: Because of this Cultural clash, new words were Added to English from Old Norse, Vikings language.Eg. Give, law, skin, leg, sky, they

Language Change: MIDDLE English 1100 to 1500

Norman French Invasion In England

1066

William the Conqueror.

French became the ruling class

Influences

Consequences: French became the language of the Nobility, government, law and civilized behaviour. Eg. Army, court, defence,Faith, prison, tax

Literature

English still remained as it can be seen in Chaucer’s writings, in which a sort of English version of French was used for the reason that was considered a language of prestigue.

Language Change: MODERN English 1500 to Present

1500 to present

Consequences: - Many words were created- It helped to the standardization of English (acceptation)

LiteratureLiterature

Shakespeare as a main exponent of the many changes from old English to Modern English

English experimented many changeschanges

The invention of the Printing Press

New Technology New Technology

Consequences: -Helped to spread the language to the peopleas well as educate them

Features of EnglishFeatures of English Education Education

Sound Changing -Letter “e” at theend of words disappeared (as well as many others like the sound /x/)-“th” became “sSyntactic Changing Lexical Changing

Because of all of the new advanced a great quantity of books started to be printed, therefore

people had the chance to accessed to information as well as language (grammar books, dictionaries)

Language Change: About the CHANGES

Sound Changes

-Change in vowels hu:s haws (house)

-Elimination of some sounds like: /x/ -Reversal of place of two adjoining sounds (Metathesis)

-The addition of a sound into centre of a word (Epenthesis)

-The addition of a sound to the beginning of a word

(Prothesis)

Syntactic Changes

-Changing in word order

( Verb-Subject, to Subject Verb)

-Double Negative

“And not gave you me never a kid”

Lexical Changes

-Borrowed words, which are no longer in use.

-Broadening the meaning and uses of words

E.g. Holy Day (a specific day) Holiday (general break from work) -Narrowing the meaning and uses of words

E.g. Mete (any kind of food) Meat (a certain type of food )

Language Change: The process of change

Social Changes

Wars, invasions

Languagepoint A in time

Languagepoint B in time

AS W

ELL

ASAS

WEL

L AS

Uses of languageaccording to generations

The process of Change

Diachronically Synchronically

Historical Perspective

One languagein different placesat the same time

can be analyzed

which means which means