1 lesson 9 world war i: end of the war, seeds of the next
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson 9
World War I: End of the War,Seeds of the Next
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Lesson Objectives
• Understand the situation Germany faced as it entered 1918.
• Be able to describe the changes in the war on the Western front in 1918.
• Understand the role the US played in the fighting in Europe.
• Be able to describe the operations of the US military in Europe in the years immediately following the armistice.
• Be able to discuss the major provisions of the Versailles Treaty and how this document sowed the seeds for World War II.
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
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Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
Late 1916 Germany realizes it cannot win
• Adopts strategy to wear down Britain
• strong defense
• stormtrooper tactics
• unrestricted submarine warfare
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Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917
US declares war on Germany6 April 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed24 Feb 1917
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The Commanders
Marshal Ferdinand Foch
1851-1929
Enlisted for the Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Commissioned from École Polytechnique 1873
Cautioned against reckless attacks in writings
Corps commander in Battle of the Frontiers 1914
Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Armies
March 26,1918
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The Commanders
General of the Armies John J. Pershing1860 - 1948
West Point Class of 1886
Combat ExperienceIndian WarsSpanish-American WarPhilippine-American WarRusso-Japanese War (observer)Mexican Punitive ExpeditionWorld War I
Promoted by President T. Roosevelt (1905)
Captain => Brigadier General
Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (1917-1919)
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The Commanders
French wanted to integrate US forces into their formations
Pershing insisted on US formations integrated into Allied command
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Western Front 1917
Germans retire to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917
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PasschendaeleThird Battle of Ypres July - November 1917
Strategic Objectives
Further bleed the German army
British offensive
Capture German submarine bases
Remove German bomber threat
Ghotha bomberFirst raid June 13, 1917
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PasschendaeleThird Battle of Ypres July - November 1917
Battlefield was reclaimed marshland - damp in dry weather
Area experienced heaviest rains in decades as battle started
Battlefield became a sea of mud
“Flanders Fields”
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PasschendaeleThird Battle of Ypres July - November 1917
Another bloodbath
Total Casualties *
UK Germany
508,800 348,300
* Numbers very controversial
Haig
British commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haigbelieved the Germans could not tolerate the losses as well as the British could
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Western Front 1917
British breakthrough at Cambrai Nov 1917
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Eastern FrontMeanwhile, …
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Eastern Front
Huge Russian losses exacerbated social unrest
Tzar at the front;
Russian Revolution (1917) effectively took Russia out of the war
Dec 15, 1917 - Russia negotiated armistice with Central Powers
• Began negotiations for peace treaty one week later
tzarina not able to exercise control
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Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918
Ended war between Russia & Central Powers
Russia ceded large territory to Germany
Most significant:
One million German troops released to Western Front
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Special weapons & equipment
Body Armor
Machinegewehr 18 MG18 Schmeiser
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Bypassed strong points to attack from rear
Blitzkrieghttp://www.bellum.nu/basics/concepts/blitzkrieg.htm
Strumtruppenhttp://www.worldwar1.com/arm011.htm
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StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Major impact during Offensive of 1918
but …
Too little, too late!
A
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Western Front 1917-1918
German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18, 1918
Ludendorff Offensive or Kaiserschlacht (“Emperor’s Slaughter”)
Spring Offensive
~ 500,000 US troops in France by March 1918
… and increasing by 300,000/month
Last ditch effort by Germany
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Western Front 1917-1918
Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918
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Western Front 1917-1918
Allied offensive Aug-Nov 1918
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Americans In Europe
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
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Battle of Cantiny
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
May 28, 1918
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Battle of Cantiny
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
May 28, 1918
First offensive action by US troops in France
28th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division (3,500 men)
· Supported by French artillery, Schneider tanks
US took 1,000 casualties(dead, wounded, missing)
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Battle of Belleu Wood
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
June 1-26, 1918
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Battle of Belleu Wood
June 1-26, 1918
2nd Division
3nd Division
Allied Casualties: 1,800 dead, 8,000 wounded
French, British elements
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Battle of Belleu Wood
4th U. S. MarinesBattle of Belleu Wood - June 1918
Frank Schoonover
2nd Division
Where legends were born
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Battle of Belleu Wood
Battle of Belleu Wood - June 1918
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Battle of Château-Thierry
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
July 16, 1918
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Battle of Château-Thierry
July 16, 1918
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Battle of Saint-Mihiel
Allied Offensive - 1918
September 12-15, 1918
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Battle of Saint-Mihiel
September 12-15, 1918
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Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Allied Offensive - 1918
September 26-November 11, 1918
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Meuse-Argonne Offensive
September 26-November 11, 1918
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Americans In Europe
US soldiers escort German prisoners
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Armistice
Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918
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Armistice
Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918
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Irony
French surrendered at Compiègne – June 20, 1940
Same place, same railroad car
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Occupation of Germany
Allied Occupation Zones
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Occupation of Germany
U.S. artillerymen cross the Rhine River for occupation dutyLate November 1918
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The Cost of War
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The Cost of War
US 4,744,000 126,000
Participants Deaths
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The Cost of WarAll Nations
By number of dead
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The Cost of WarAll Nations
By percent mobilized
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Summary of War’s End
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
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The Cost of War
Somme American Cemetery
Tyne Cote Cemetery (Ypres) Belgium
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The Cost of War
Douaumont OssuaryVerdun
Contains the bones of an estimated 130,000 unidentified French and German soldiers
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Seeds of the Next War
Versailles Treaty
Influences on World War II
Lessons of World War I
Great Depression
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Treaty of Versailles
• Significant territorial concessions
• Huge reparations
• Severe limitations on military
• German admission of responsibility for war
Extremely harsh conditions
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Treaty of Versailles
Florida Holocaust Museumhttp://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/thirdreich/treaty_versailles.cfm
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Treaty of Versailles
• 269 billion gold marks ( £ 24 billion)
• Later reduced to 132 B gold marks ( £ 6.6 B)
• Equivalent to $339 B (based on CPI)*
* 2013
Many feel this led to the economic collapse of the 1920’s that sewed the seeds of Fascism
Reparations
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Treaty of Versailles
Military Provisions
• German army restricted to 100,000 men (long term contract)
• No conscription or training
• No tanks or heavy artillery
• Navy limited to 15,000 men
• 6 small battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, no U-boats
• No air force
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Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause
``The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.''
Article 231
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Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
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Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917
US declares war on Germany6 April 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed24 Feb 1917
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Review of the War
First American troops arrive in FranceJune 1917
Germans Spring Offensive
3 Mar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war)
21 Mar - 18 Jul 1918
Armistice11 Nov 1918
Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive8 Aug - 11 Nov 1918
28 Jun 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed
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Review of World War I
Start Animation
Animated Maps
( 6:43 )
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Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
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What Would Weinberger Do?How would US decision to enter World War I have stood up against the test of the Weinberger Doctrine?
Vital to our national interest?
Clear intent to win?
Clearly defined political & military objectives?
Objectives, forces committed continuously reassessed?
Support of the American people?
Last resort?
The U.S. was not directly attacked during WW I.
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Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9
Review Slides
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Study Notes
These slides are provided to help you identify the key topics covered in the lectures. They will assist you in understanding the material but should not be your only review source.
Of equal importance are the slides leading up to these summaries. Study these preliminary slides will help you understand the context and importance of the “Buzzword” summary slides.
Another valuable review source is the study guide questions for each lesson. Some of the exam questions will come from these.
I wish you all the best of success!
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End