1 mobile networking as applied to any mobile network including aeronautical internets airborne...
TRANSCRIPT
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Mobile Networking
As Applied to Any Mobile Network Including
Aeronautical InternetsAirborne Internet Collaboration Group meeting April 17, 2003
Will Ivancic – [email protected]
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Outline Mobile Networking Solutions Aeronautical Telecommunication
Network (ATN) Mobile-IPv4 Operation Secure Mobile Network Demonstration Mobile-IPv6 Operation Networks In Motion (NEMO) NASA Glenn Research Center Research
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Mobile Networking Solutions Routing Protocols
Route Optimization Convergence Time Sharing Infrastructure – who owns the network?
Mobile-IP Route Optimization Convergence Time Sharing Infrastructure Security – Relatively Easy to Secure
Domain Name Servers Route Optimization Convergence Time Reliability
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Aeronautical Communication Requirements for ATN
Interoperability with existing subnetworks High availability Mobile Communication Message prioritization Policy based routing Security
Just now being considered Bit Efficiency Support for multiple mobile subnetworks Mobile platform forms its own Routing domain
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Aeronautical Communication Requirements – Questions?
How much is politics, how much is technical requirements. Policy based routing
Is this a political or technical requirement? Security – Previously undefined
Can Links handle Authentication, Authorization, Accounting and Encryption?
Bit Efficiency Is this due to limited links.
Load Sharing of RF links Is this specified, implied or not necessary Current (and perhaps future) implementations of
Mobile Networking do not support this.
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ATN Non-Requirements Sharing Infrastructure Multicasting Interoperate with non-ATN applications Unidirectional Link Routing Use of Commodity products and
protocols Cost Effective Flexible Adaptable Evolvable
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ATN Solutions for Mobility Uses Inter-Domain Routing Protocol (IDRP) for
routing Implements distributed IDRP directory using
Boundary Intermediate Systems (BISs) Two level directory
ATN Island concept consisting of backbone BISs Home BISs concept
Scalability obtained by the two level structure Resilience is provided by the distributed
approach
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ATN ATN Routing uses the IDRP Routing
Protocol IDRP supports policy IDRP supports
policy-based based routing which allows administrations to autonomously control use of their network
IDRP supports mobility by permitting aggregate routes to be selectively propagated through the network
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ATN Island Routing Domain Confederation Structure
ATN TRD
Fixed ATN ERD
Mobile RD
Mobile RD
Fixed ATN ERD
ATN TRD
ATN TRD
Non-ATN RD
ATN Island RDC
ATN Backbone RDC
TRD – Transit RD
RDC – RD Confederation
ERD – End RD
To anotherATN Island
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ATN TRD
Mobile RD
Fixed ATN ERD
ATN TRD
ATN Island RDC
ATN Backbone RDC
Pick Your Radio(i.e.802.11)
Pick YourSatellite Service
Suppliers
Internet
Internet
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Moblile-IP Operation
IPv4
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Mobile Node
Foreign Agent Foreign Agent
Home Agent
“ ”
139.88.111.1
143.232.48.1NASA Ames
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
139.88.112.1NASA Glenn
143.232.48.1
Home IP 128.183.13.103Care-Off-Address139.88.111.50
128.183.13.1NASA Goddard
Mobile-IP (IPv4) using Foreign Agents
Bi-directional Tunnel
if Reverse Tunneling
Is specified.
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Mobile Node
Foreign Agent Foreign Agent
Home Agent
“ ”
139.88.111.1
143.232.48.1NASA Ames
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
139.88.112.1NASA Glenn
143.232.48.1
Home IP 128.183.13.103Care-Off-Address139.88.111.50
128.183.13.1NASA Goddard
Mobile-IP (IPv4) using Foreign Agents
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Mobile Node
Foreign Agent Foreign Agent
Home Agent
“ ”
139.88.111.1
143.232.48.1NASA Ames
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
139.88.112.1NASA Glenn
143.232.48.1
Home IP 128.183.13.103Care-Off-Address139.88.111.50
128.183.13.1NASA Goddard
Mobile-IP (IPv4) using Foreign Agents(Reverse Tunneling)
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Mobile Node
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
“ ”
139.88.111.1
143.232.48.1NASA Ames
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
139.88.112.1NASA Glenn
143.232.48.1
Home IP 128.183.13.103Care-Off-Address139.88.111.50
128.183.13.1NASA Goddard
Mobile-IP (IPv4) using Collocated Care-Of-Address
DHCP orConnection Established
Bi-directional Tunnel
if Reverse Tunneling
Is specified.
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Mobile Node
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
“ ”
139.88.111.1
143.232.48.1NASA Ames
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
139.88.112.1NASA Glenn
143.232.48.1
Home IP 128.183.13.103Care-Off-Address139.88.111.50
128.183.13.1NASA Goddard
Mobile-IP (IPv4) using Collocated Care-Of-Address
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Mobile Node
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
“ ”
139.88.111.1
143.232.48.1NASA Ames
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
139.88.112.1NASA Glenn
143.232.48.1
Home IP 128.183.13.103Care-Off-Address139.88.111.50
128.183.13.1NASA Goddard
Mobile-IP (IPv4) using Collocated Care-Of-Address(Reverse Tunneling)
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Bi-directional Tunnel
if Reverse Tunneling
Is specified.
Tunnel-0
Tunnel-1
Mobile Router(Mobile Node)
Foreign Agent
Home Agent
Corresponding Node
139.88.112.1Internet WAN
128.184.24.2
128.183.13.1Internet WAN
Internet
10.2.2.1RoamingInterface
128.184.24.1Virtual LANInterface
128.184.25.1HA LoopbackVirtual Interface
139.88.100.1FA WAN
128.184.26.1MR Loopback
Virtual InterfaceCOA 139.88.100.1
Mobile-Router (IPv4)Mobile Router
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Mobile Router(Mobile Node)
Foreign Agent
Home Agent
Corresponding Node
139.88.112.1Internet WAN
Tunnel-0
128.183.13.1Internet WAN
Internet
10.2.2.1RoamingInterface
Tunnel-1
128.184.25.1HA LoopbackVirtual Interface
139.88.100.1FA WAN
Mobile-Router (IPv4)Mobile Router
(Reverse Tunneling)128.184.24.2128.184.24.1
Virtual LANInterface
128.184.26.1MR Loopback
Virtual InterfaceCOA 139.88.100.1
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Mobile Router(Mobile Node)
Home Agent
Corresponding Node
139.88.112.1Internet WAN
Tunnel-0
128.183.13.1Internet WAN
10.2.2.1RoamingInterface
Foreign Agent
Tunnel-1
128.184.25.1HA LoopbackVirtual Interface
139.88.100.1FA WAN
Mobile-Router (IPv4)Collocated Care-Of-Address
Internet No Foreign AgentNo Second Tunnel
128.184.24.2128.184.24.1Virtual LANInterface
128.184.26.1MR Loopback
Virtual InterfaceCOA 139.88.100.1
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Mobile Router(Mobile Node)
Home Agent
Corresponding Node
139.88.112.1Internet WAN
Tunnel-0
128.183.13.1Internet WAN
Internet
10.2.2.1RoamingInterface
128.184.25.1HA LoopbackVirtual Interface
139.88.100.1
Mobile-Router (IPv4)Collocated Care-Of-Address
Access Router
128.184.24.2128.184.24.1Virtual LANInterface
128.184.26.1MR Loopback
Virtual InterfaceCOA 139.88.100.1
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Mobile Networking Additional Features
Geographically Distributed Home AgentsAsymmetrical Pathing
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Secondary Home Agent(reparenting the HA)
PrimaryHome Agent
SecondaryHome Agent
Reparenting Home AgentHelps resolve triangular routingProblem over long distances
X
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Emergency Backup(Hub / Spoke Network)
If primary control site becomesphysically inaccessible but can be electronically connected, asecondary site can be established.
If primary control site is physically incapacitated, there is no backup capability.
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Secondary Home Agent(Fully Meshed Network)
1
2
3
4
5
If primary control site is physically incapacitated, a second or third or forth site take over automatically.
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Asymmetrical Pathing
Mobile Router
MilStar,Globalstar,
Others
DVBSatellite
Internet
Home Agent
Foreign AgentForeign Agent
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Securing Mobile and Wireless Networks
Some ways may be “better” than others!
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Constraints / Tools Policy Architecture Protocols
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PublicInternet
FA
MR
US Coast GuardMobile Network
HA
US Coast GuardOperational Network
(Private Address Space)
CN
IPv4 Utopian Operation
Triangular Routing
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IPv4 Mobile-IP Addressing Source Address is obtained from
Foreign Agent Static Collocated Care-of-Address (CCoA) DHCP via Access Router (Dynamic CCoA)
Private Address space is not routable via the Open Internet
Topologically Incorrect Addresses should be blocked via Ingress or Egress filtering
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PublicInternet
FA
MR
US Coast GuardMobile Network
HA
US Coast GuardOperational Network
(Private Address Space)
CN
IPv4 “Real World” Operation
PROXy
Proxy had not originated the request; therefore, the response is squelched.Peer-to-peer networking becomes problematic at best.
Glenn Research Center Policy:No UDP, No IPSec, etc…Mobile-IP stopped in its tracks.What’s your policy?
Ingress or Egress Filtering stopsTransmission due to topologicallyIncorrect source address. IPv6 Corrects this problem.
USCG Requires 3DES encryption.WEP is not acceptable due to known deficiencies.
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PublicInternet
FA
MR
US Coast GuardMobile Network
HA
US Coast GuardOperational Network
(Private Address Space)
CN
Current Solution – Reverse Tunneling
PROXy
Anticipate similar problems for IPv6.
Adds Overhead and kills route optimization.
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PublicInternet
FA
FA
MR
MR
MR
US Coast Guard
Canadian Coast Guard ACME Shipping
HA
HA
HA
HA
ACMESHIPPING
MR
US Navy
Shared Network Infrastructure
Encrypting wireless links makes it very difficult to share infrastructure.This is a policy issue.
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Security• Security Bandwidth Utilization • Security Performance • Tunnels Tunnels Tunnels and more Tunnels• Performance Security
User turns OFF Security to make system usable!• Thus, we need more bandwidth to ensure
security.
PAYLOADHEADER
ORIGINAL PACKET
HEADER
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK
HEADER
ENCRYPTION AT THE NETWORK LAYER
HEADER
ENCRYPTION ON THE RF LINK
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Additional and FutureSecurity Solutions AAA
Routers (available today) Wireless bridges and access points
(available 2002) IPSec on router interface Encrypted radio links
IPSec, type1 or type2, and future improved WEP
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Conclusions Security Breaks Everything
At least it sometimes feels like that. Need to change policy where appropriate. Need to develop good architectures that
consider how the wireless systems and protocols operate.
Possible solutions that should be investigated: Dynamic, Protocol aware firewalls and proxies.
Possibly incorporated with Authentication and Authorization.
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USCGC Neah Bay Project
Mobile Networking in an Operational Network
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Mobile Network Design Goals Secure Scalable Manageable Ability to sharing network
infrastructure Robust
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Neah Bay / Mobile Router ProjectNeah Bay / Mobile Router Project
Cleveland
Detroit
Foreign-Agent
Foreign-AgentSomewhere, USA
Foreign-Agent
Home-AgentAnywhere, USA
Internet
Neah BayOutside of wireless LAN range, connected to FA via Inmarsat.
Neah BayConnected to FA via wireless LAN at Cleveland harbor
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Why NASA/USCG/Industry Real world deployment issues can only be
addressed in an operational network. USCG has immediate needs, therefore
willingness to work the problem. USCG has military network requirements. USCG is large enough network to force full us
to investigate full scale deployment issues USCG is small enough to work with. NASA has same network issues regarding
mobility, security, network management and scalability.
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Mobile-Router Advantages Share wireless and network resources with
other organizations $$$ savings
Set and forget No onsite expertise required However, you still have to engineer the network
Continuous Connectivity (May or may not be important to your
organization) Robust
Secondary Home Agent (Reparenting of HA)
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PublicInternet
FA
FA
MR
MR
MR
US Coast Guard
Canadian Coast Guard ACME Shipping
HA
HA
HA
HA
ACMESHIPPING
MR
US Navy
Shared Network Infrastructure
Encrypting wireless links makes it very difficult to share infrastructure.This is a policy issue.
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We Are Running with Reverse Tunneling Pros
Ensures topologically correct addresses on foreign networks
Required as requests from MR LAN hosts must pass through Proxy inside main firewall
Greatly simplifies setup and management of security associations in encryptors
Greatly simplifies multicast – HA makes for an excellent rendezvous point.
Cons Uses additional bandwidth Destroys route optimization
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MobileLAN
10.x.x.x
INTERNET USCGINTRANET
10.x.x.x
FA - Detroit
FA – Cleveland
HA
Encryption
PR
OX
Y
En
cryp
tio
n
802.11b link
FIR
EW
AL
LPublic Address
MRTunnel
Endpoint(Public Space)
HATunnel Endpoint(Public Space)
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MobileLAN
10.x.x.x
INTERNET USCGINTRANET
10.x.x.x
FA - Detroit
FA Cleveland
HA
Encryption
PR
OX
Y
En
cryp
tio
n
802.11b link
FIR
EW
AL
LPublic Address
USCG Officer’s Club
EAST
WEST
Dock
EAST
WEST
Dock
Open NetworkData Transfers
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MobileLAN
10.x.x.x
INTERNET USCGINTRANET
10.x.x.x
FA - Detroit
FA Cleveland
HA
Encryption
PR
OX
Y
En
cryp
tio
n
802.11b link
FIR
EW
AL
LPublic Address
USCG Officer’s Club
EAST
WEST
Dock
EAST
WEST
Dock
Encrypted NetworkData Transfers
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MobileLAN
10.x.x.x
En
cryp
tio
n
EAST
WEST
Dock
RF Bandwidth
1.0 Mbps (manually set)
1.0 Mbps (manually set)
11.0 Mbps (auto-negotiated and shared with Officer’s Club)
7 Kbps to 56 Kbps in 7 Kbps chunks (1 to 2.5 seconds delay)
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Globalstar/Sea Tel MCM-8 Initial market addresses maritime and
pleasure boaters. Client / Server architecture
Current implementation requires call to be initiated by client (ship).
Multiplexes eight channels to obtain 56 kbps total data throughput.
Full bandwidth-on-demand. Requires use of Collocated Care-of-
Address
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RF Technologies Globalstar (L-Band)
Globalstar MCM-8 (Client/Server) Seatel MCM-3 (Client/Server) Qualcomm MDSS-16
Boeing Connex (Ku-Band) INMARSAT Swift 64 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 802.11 VHF
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Hot Spot Partners – 2500+ sites (4/1/03)
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What’s Next
The End Game
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Mobile Networks Share Network Infrastructure
USCG, Canadian Coast Guard, Commercial Shipping, Pleasure Boaters
Open Radio Access / Restricted Network Access Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
Architecture Limited, experimental deployment onboard
Neah Bay Move RIPv2 routing from Fed. Bldg to Neah Bay
Move to full scale deployment Requires full commitment
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MRPublic
MobileLAN
10.x.x.x
INTERNET
INTRANET10.x.x.x
FA – ClevelandPublic
HAPublic
PIX- 506 – until we install our PIX FWThen we should not need the babyPIX.
PR
OX
Y
PIX-506
802.11b link
FA - Detroit
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HA Outside Main Firewall Firewall between MR interfaces and
public Internet as well as the HA and Private Intranet.
Reverse tunneling required as requests from MR LAN hosts must pass through Proxy inside main firewall.
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Areas that need to be addressed Home Agent Placement
Inside or Outside the Firewall AAA Issues
Open Radio Access / Restricted Network Access Secure Key Management
IPv6 Mobile Networking Development Work with industry and IETF
Develop radio link technology Enable better connectivity throughout the world
for both military and aeronautical communications (voice, video and data).
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Relevant NASA Aeronautics Programs Advanced Air Transportation
Technology (AATT) Weather Information
Communication (WINCOMM) Small Aircraft Transportation
System (SATS)
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Aeronautic Networking Issues
Move to IPv6 IPv6 Mobile Networking
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
Bandwidth, Bandwidth, Bandwidth Media Access Policy
Sending of Operations over Entertainment Channels
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IPv6 Mobile-IP
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Mobile-IPv6 No "foreign agent“ routers Route optimization is a fundamental part of the
protocol Mobile IPv6 route optimization can operate securely
even without pre-arranged security associations Route optimization coexists efficiently with routers
that perform "ingress filtering" The movement detection mechanism in Mobile IPv6
provides bidirectional confirmation of a mobile node's ability to communicate with its default router in its current location
Most packets sent to a mobile node while away from home in Mobile IPv6 are sent using an IPv6 routing header rather than IP encapsulation
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IPv6
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Options ExamplesFragmentation Header
Authentication Header
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Mobility Header Extension header used by mobile
nodes, correspondent nodes, and home agents in all messaging related to the creation and management of bindings
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Mobility Message Types Binding Refresh Request Message Home Test Init Message Care-of Test Init Message Home Test Message Care-of Test Message Binding Update Message Binding Acknowledgement Message Binding Error Message
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Mobility Options Pad1 PadN Binding Refresh Advice Alternate Care-of Address Nonce Indices Binding Authorization Data Home Address Option Type 2 Routing Header
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Mobile-IPv6 Modes for communications between the
mobile node and a correspondent node Bidirectional tunneling
Does not require Mobile IPv6 support from the correspondent node
“Route Optimization“ Requires the mobile node to register its current
binding at the correspondent node. Packets from the correspondent node can be
routed directly to the care-of address of the mobile node
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Mobile Node
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
“ ”
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
Mobile-IPv6 using Reverse Tunneling
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Mobile Node
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
“ ”
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
Mobile-IPv6 using Route Optimization
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Mobile Node
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
“ ”
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
Mobile-IPv6 Binding Updates
xBindingUpdates
Link UPThe number of
Binding Updates isA Scalability Problem
forMobile Networks
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Mobile IPv6 Security Binding Updates use IPsec extension
headers, or by the use of the Binding Authorization Data option
Prefix discovery is protected through the use of IPsec extension headers
Mechanisms related to transporting payload packets - such as the Home Address destination option and type 2 routing header have been specified in a manner which restricts their use in attacks
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NEMO
NEtworks in Motionhttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/nemo-
charter.htmlhttp://www.nal.motlabs.com/nemo/
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Networks In Motion (NEMO) Working Group established in IETF
in December 2002 Concerned with managing the
mobility of an entire network, which changes, as a unit, its point of attachment tothe Internet and thus its reachability in the topology.
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Goals Standardizing some basic
support mechanisms based on the bidirectional tunneling approach
Study the possible approaches and issues withproviding more optimal routing
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Milestones MAR 03 Submit terminology and
requirements documents (for Basic support).
MAY 03 Submit Threat analysis and security requirements for NEMO.
AUG 03 Submit solution for basic support NOV 03 Submit MIB for Basic support MAR 04 Submit the analysis of the
solution space for route optimization JUN 04 Shut down or recharter the WG to
solve the route optimization
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draft-ietf-nemo-requirements-00.txt
The basic solution MUST use bi-directional tunnels MNNs MUST be reachable at a permanent IP address and name. MUST maintain continuous sessions (both unicast and multicast)
between MNNs and arbitrary CNs after IP handover of (one of) the MR.
The solution MUST not require modifications to any node other than MRs and HAs.
The solution MUST support fixed nodes, mobile hosts and mobile routers in the mobile network.
The solution MUST not prevent the proper operation of Mobile IPv6 (i.e. the solution MUST support MIPv6-enabled MNNs and MUST also allow MNNs to receive and process Binding Updates from arbitrary Mobile Nodes.)
The solution MUST treat all the potential configurations the same way (whatever the number of subnets, MNNs, nested levels of MRs, egress interfaces, ...)
The solution MUST support mobile networks attaching to other mobile networks (nested mobile networks).
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Not Yet required Route Optimization Load Sharing Policy Based Routing Multiple Home Agents from different
Service Providers Security Issues Desirable for some applications (i.e. air
traffic control, airline maintenance, entertainment)
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Mobile Network
Access Router Access Router
Home Agent
Corresponding Node
Internet or Intranet
Basic Mobile Network Support for IPv6
xLink UP
Mobile Network
NodesBindingUpdate
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NEMO Experiments
IPv4&
IPv6
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PublicInternet
PrivateIntranet
PROXY
ENCRYPTOR
ENCRYPTOR
Secure Mobile LAN
Mobile Router
CorrespondingPublic Node
CorrespondingPrivate Node
HomeAgent
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PublicInternet
PrivateIntranet
PROXY
ENCRYPTOR
ENCRYPTOR
Secure Mobile LAN
Mobile Router
CorrespondingPublic Node
CorrespondingPrivate Node
HomeAgent
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PublicInternet
PrivateIntranet
PROXY
ENCRYPTOR
ENCRYPTOR
Secure Mobile LAN Mobile Router
CorrespondingPublic Node
CorrespondingPrivate Node
HomeAgent
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PublicInternet
PrivateIntranet
PROXY
ENCRYPTOR
ENCRYPTOR
Secure Mobile LAN Mobile Router
CorrespondingPublic Node
CorrespondingPrivate Node
HomeAgent
xProxy blocks
Communication Initiated outside the
Firewall
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PublicInternet
PrivateIntranet
PROXY
ENCRYPTOR
ENCRYPTOR
Secure Mobile LAN Mobile Router
CorrespondingPublic Node
CorrespondingPrivate Node
HomeAgent
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Additional Possibilities Joint work with Eurocontrol Wireless Cabin work being
performed by European Consortium using IPv6
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NASA’s Space-Based Needs
Mobile Networks
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Earth Observation
T1T2?
T3
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Space Flight Implementation Sharing Infrastructure
Common Media Access Common Ground Terminal Capabilites Common Network Access
AAA Common Modulation and Coding
Software Radio
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Backup
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Neah Bay
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Layer 2 Technology
GlobalstarMCM-8
Hypergain802.11b
Flat Panel
8 dBiDipole
L3-Comm15 dBic
Tracking Antenna
Sea Tel Tracking Antenna
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Satellite Coverage
Globalstar
From SaVi
INMARSAT
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Papers and Presentationshttp://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/papers_presentations/
papers.html or
http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/ and pick
“Papers and Presentations”