1 neuroscience and behavior chapter 2. bell ringer - fact or falsehood? 1. a small amount of brain...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Neuroscience and Behavior
Chapter 2
![Page 2: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood?1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person
cannot be distinguished from that of a monkey. 2. The human brain produces its own natural
opiates that elevate mood and ease pain.3. Electrically stimulating a cat’s brain at a certain
point can cause the animal to cower in terror in the presence of a small mouse.
4. Both animals and humans seem to have reward centers located in the brain.
5. We ordinarily use only 10 percent of our brains.6. Some people can write but are unable to read.7. If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille,
the brain area dedicated to that finger expands.8. Adult humans cannot generate new brain cells.9. Some people have had the hemispheres of their
brains split with no apparent ill effect.10. Identical twin pairs are necessarily both left-
handed or both right-handed.
Answers1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F6. T7. T
8. F9. T
10. F
![Page 3: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Answers
• 1.T 6. T
• 2. T 7. T
• 3. T 8. F
• 4. T 9. T
• 5. F 10. F
![Page 4: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Neuroscience and Behavior
Neural Communication Neurons
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
![Page 5: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Neuroscience and Behavior
The Endocrine System
The Brain The Tools of Discovery
Older Brain Structures
The Cerebral Cortex
Our Divided Brain
Left Brain-Right Brain
![Page 6: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
History of Mind
Plato correctly placed the mind in the brain. However, his
student Aristotle believed that the mind was in the heart.
Ancient Conceptions About Mind
Today we believe mind and brain are faces of the same coin.
On one side of the coin is the brain (biological) and the other
is the mind (psychological).
![Page 7: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
History of Mind
In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of
the skull represented mental abilities. His
theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental
abilities were modular.
Phrenology – belief that the bumps of the skull can predict mental ability and character traits
Bettm
an/ Corbis
![Page 8: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How does the brain communicate with the body?
8
![Page 9: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The body consist of the brain and neurons that connect the brain and
all other parts of the bodyBrain Neurons Body
9
When the brain wants to send a message to your foot, it does it through a network of neurons
![Page 10: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Neural Communication Network
The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells
called neurons.
![Page 11: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Need to know
Central nervous system is:
![Page 12: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
There are 3 types of neurons
1. Sensory neurons – carry information from the body’s tissues and organs to the central nervous system
![Page 13: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
There are 3 types of neurons
2. Motor neurons – carry instructions from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
![Page 14: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Interneuron (Relay Neurons)
3. Interneurons in the spinal cord link the motor neurons with the sensory neurons. They also process the additional information present to make sense of what is happening in their body and outside their body
![Page 15: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Neural Communication – How humans and animals compare?
Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are all engaged in information processing.
Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when
processing information.
![Page 16: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Bell ringer – making a Neuron
All students need to get the following
1. One Styrofoam ball
2. Five wood sticks
3. One plastic tie (black)
4. Three pipe cleaner
![Page 17: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Neuron A nerve cell, or a neuron,
consists of many different parts.
![Page 18: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Parts of a Neuron Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.
![Page 19: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Bell ringer
Complete the quiz – 10 minutes –
![Page 20: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Action PotentialA neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out
of channels in the axon’s membrane.
![Page 21: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Depolarization & Hyperpolarization
Depolarization: Depolarization occurs when positive ions enter the neuron,
making it more prone to firing an action potential. Hyperpolarization occurs when negative ions enter the neuron, making it
less prone to firing an action potential.
![Page 22: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Threshold Threshold: Each neuron receives depolarizing and hyperpolarizing
currents from many neurons. When the depolarizing current
(positive ions) minus the hyperpolarizing current (negative ions) exceed minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an
action potential.
![Page 23: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Refractory Period & Pumps Refractory Period: After a neuron
fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to
fire again.
Sodium-Potassium Pumps: Sodium-potassium pumps pump positive ions
out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action
potential.
![Page 24: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Action Potential Properties
All-or-None Response: When the depolarizing current exceeds the
threshold, a neuron will fire. If the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire.
Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the
length of the axon.
![Page 25: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Synapse Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or
cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
![Page 26: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
(chemicals) released from the sending
neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor
sites on the receiving neuron,
thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.
![Page 27: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
ReuptakeNeurotransmitters in the synapse are
reabsorbed into the sending neurons
through the process of reuptake. This
process applies the brakes on
neurotransmitter action.
![Page 28: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Neurotransmitters
![Page 29: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Neurotransmitters:• are endogenous chemicals which allow
the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses.
• They are also found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers.
• They are produced by some glands such as the pituitary and the adrenal glands.
![Page 30: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How neurotransmitters work
• Neuron fires – neurotransmitters go from one neuron to the next
• They are received by receptors
• Some neurotransmitters block receptors (inhibitory), others excite receptors (excitatory)
![Page 31: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1. Acetylcholine (uh-set-le-co-len)• Acetylcholine (ACh) was the first
neurotransmitter to be discovered. It was isolated in 1921 by a German biologist named Otto Loewi, who would later win the Nobel Prize for his work.
• Acetylcholine has many functions: It is responsible for much of the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastro-intestinal system.
• It is also found in sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system, and has a part in scheduling REM (dream) sleep.
![Page 32: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Examples for Ach:• When the ACh receptors are blocked
by poisons, paralysis occurs
• Botox – patients use this to eliminate wrinkles – inject directly into muscle to paralyze the area so wrinkles can’t form
• 90% loss of ACh in the brains of people suffering from Alzheimer's
![Page 33: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dopamine:• discovered to be a neurotransmitter in the
1950s by Arvid Carlsson (Nobel Prize in 2000)
• It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that when it finds its way to its receptor sites, it blocks the tendency of that neuron to fire.
• Dopamine is strongly associated with reward mechanisms in the brain.
• If it feels good, dopamine neurons are probably involved!
![Page 34: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Examples for Dopamine:• Drugs like cocaine, opium, heroin, and
alcohol increase the levels of dopamine, as does nicotine
• schizophrenia has been shown to involve excessive amounts of dopamine in the frontal lobes, and drugs that block dopamine are used to help schizophrenics
• too little dopamine in the motor areas of the brain are responsible for Parkinson's disease, which involves uncontrollable muscle tremors
![Page 35: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Serotonin:• Vittorio Erspamer first discovered
what we now call seratonin in the 1930s
• It was found in blood serum in 1948 by Irvine Page, who named it serotonin (from “serum-tonic”)
• an inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood
![Page 36: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Examples for Serotonin:• Too little serotonin has been shown to lead to
depression, problems with anger control, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and suicide. Also eating disorders and trouble sleeping
• It has also been tied to migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia.
• Prozac – drug used to keep serotonin levels up• Impact on perception: Hallucinogens such as
LSD and ecstasy work by attaching to serotonin receptor sites and thereby blocking transmissions
![Page 37: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Norepinephrine- (nor·epi·neph·rine )• In 1946, a Swedish biologist by the name of Ulf
von Euler discovered norepinephrine He also won a Nobel Prize.
• Norepinephrine is strongly associated with bringing our nervous systems into "high alert."
• It is prevalent in the sympathetic nervous system, and it increases our heart rate and our blood pressure. Our adrenal glands release it into the blood stream, along with its close relative epinephrine (aka adrenalin).
• It is also important for forming memories
![Page 38: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Examples for Norepinephrine• Stress tends to deplete our store of
adrenalin
• Exercise tends to increase it
• Amphetamines ("speed") work by causing the release of norepinephrine, as well as other neurotransmitters called dopamine and seratonin
![Page 39: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)- GABA • In 1950, Eugene Roberts and J.
Awapara discovered GABA, which is also usually an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
• GABA acts like a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety
![Page 40: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Examples for GABA• People with too little GABA tend to suffer from
anxiety disorders, and drugs like Valium work by enhancing the effects of GABA
• Lots of other drugs influence GABA receptors, including alcohol and barbituates
• If GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain, epilepsy results.
![Page 41: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Glutamate:• Glutamate was discovered by Kikunae
Ikeda of Tokay Imperial Univ. in 1907, while looking for the flavor common to things like cheese, meat, and mushrooms
• He was able to extract an acid from seaweed – glutamate
• He went on to invent the well known seasoning MSG - monosodium glutamate
• It took decades for Peter Usherwood to identify glutamate as a neurotransmitter (in locusts) in 1994.
![Page 42: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Glutamate – con’t• Glutamate is an excitatory relative of
GABA
• It is the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system - as much as half of all neurons in the brain - and is especially important in regards to memory
• Curiously, glutamate is actually toxic to neurons, and an excess will kill them
![Page 43: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Examples for Glutamate:• Sometimes brain damage or a stroke will
lead to an excess and end with many more brain cells dying than from the original trauma
• ALS, more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, results from excessive glutamate production
• Many believe it may also be responsible for quite a variety of diseases of the nervous system
![Page 44: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Homework• Read Pg 61 -67 (objectives7-10)
• Know the difference between the following in the Nervous System:
–Central Nervous System (CNS)
–Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
You also need to know what consist of each system and the different functions
• You also need to know parts of the endocrine system and their Functions
![Page 45: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Endorphin
• In 1973, Solomon Snyder and Candace Pert of Johns Hopkins discovered endorphin
• Endorphin = "endogenous morphine" • It is structurally very similar to opium,
morphine, and heroin• Inhibitory, it is involved in pain reduction and
pleasure, and the opioid drugs work by attaching to endorphin's receptor sites
• It is also the neurotransmitter that allows bears and other animals to hibernate
• Consider: Heroin slows heart-rate, respiration, and metabolism in general - exactly what you would need to hibernate. Of course, sometimes heroin slows it all down to nothing: Permanent hibernation.
![Page 46: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us?
Serotonin pathways are involved with
mood regulation.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
![Page 47: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases such
as schizophrenia
and Parkinson’s disease.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
![Page 48: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Lock & Key MechanismNeurotransmitters bind to the
receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.
![Page 49: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Agonists
![Page 50: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Antagonists
![Page 51: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Nervous System
CentralNervousSystem(CNS)
PeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)
![Page 52: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
The Nervous System
Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
![Page 53: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
The Nervous System
![Page 54: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Kinds of NeuronsSensory Neurons carry incoming information from
the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons.
Sensory Neuron(Bipolar)
Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar)
Motor Neuron(Multipolar)
![Page 55: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Kinds of Glial Cells
Astrocytes provide nutrition to neurons.
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells insulate neurons as
myelin.
Astrocytes
![Page 56: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.
![Page 57: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral
nervous system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous
system.
![Page 58: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.
![Page 59: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)
![Page 60: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Simple Reflex
![Page 61: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Central Nervous System
The Brain and Neural Networks
Complex Neural Network
Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience.
![Page 62: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow”
chemical communication
system. Communication is
carried out by hormones
synthesized by a set of glands.
![Page 63: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Hormones
Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the
bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body.
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood
sugar and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.
![Page 64: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that
regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.
![Page 65: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.
![Page 66: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and
emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate
metabolism.
![Page 67: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Gonads
Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily
development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.
![Page 68: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
The Brain
Techniques to Study the Brain
A brain lesion experimentally
destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction.
Hubel (1990)
![Page 69: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Clinical ObservationClinical observations have shed light on a
number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and
psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued.
Tom
Landers/ B
oston Globe
![Page 70: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Electroencephalogram (EEG)An amplified recording of the electrical waves
sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
AJ P
hoto/ Photo R
esearchers, Inc.
![Page 71: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
PET Scan
PET (positron emission tomography)
Scan is a visual display of brain
activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the
brain performs a given task.
Courtesy of N
ational Brookhaven N
ational Laboratories
![Page 72: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
MRI ScanMRI (magnetic
resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-
generated images that distinguish among
different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a
schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a
participants lies.
Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH
James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations
![Page 73: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Older Brain Structures
The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival
functions.
![Page 74: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Brain Stem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base
of the brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling
arousal.
![Page 75: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Brain Stem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs
messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits
replies to the cerebellum and
medulla.
![Page 76: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It
helps coordinate voluntary movements
and balance.
Cerebellum
![Page 77: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural
structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and
drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
The Limbic System
![Page 78: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and
anger.
![Page 79: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating,
drinking, body temperature, and
control of emotions. It helps govern the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
![Page 80: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
Rats cross an electrified grid for self-
stimulation when electrodes are placed
in the reward (hypothalamus) center (top picture). When the
limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb
up a tree (bottom picture).
Reward CenterS
anjiv Talw
ar, SU
NY
Dow
nstate
![Page 81: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
![Page 82: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four
lobes that are separated by
prominent fissures. These lobes are the
frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of
head).
![Page 83: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
Functions of the Cortex
The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives
information from skin surface and sense organs.
![Page 84: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.
Courtesy of V
.P. Clark, K
. Keill, J. M
a. M
aisog, S. Courtney, L
.G.
Ungerleider, and J.V
. Haxby,
National Institute of M
ental Health
![Page 85: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the
auditory cortex is active in patients who
hallucinate.
![Page 86: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the
cortex.
Association Areas
![Page 87: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
LanguageAphasia is an impairment of language,
usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking)
or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).
![Page 88: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Specialization & Integration
Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words
![Page 89: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.
The Brain’s Plasticity
![Page 90: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Our Divided Brain
Our brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere processes reading,
writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was
termed as the dominant brain.
![Page 91: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
Splitting the BrainA procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
(mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
Corpus Callosum
Ma
rtin M
. Ro
the
r
Courtesy of T
erence William
s, University of Iow
a
![Page 92: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named.
Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.
![Page 93: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
Divided Consciousness
![Page 94: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
Try This!
Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand,
simultaneously.B
BC
![Page 95: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
Non-Split Brains
People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental
abilities.
A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right
brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a
linguistic task.
![Page 96: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
Brain Organization & Handedness
Is handedness inherited? Yes. Archival and historic studies, as well as modern
medical studies, show that the right hand is preferred. This suggests genes and/or prenatal factors influence handedness.
![Page 97: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97
Is it Alright to be Left Handed?
Being left handed is difficult in a right-handed world.
![Page 98: 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2. Bell Ringer - Fact or Falsehood? 1. A small amount of brain tissue from a person cannot be distinguished from that](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e195503460f94b06222/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98
Is it Alright to be Left Handed?
The percentage of left-handed individuals decreases sharply in samples of older
people (Coren, 1993).