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Notes 3/25Essays back end of classQuiz Thursday 3/27 No items todayWhat about those boxes?

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The Seams of Pangea Close!!!

The End of Prehistory!!

World Systems Begin!!

Today:

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Spanish and MexicanSW Environmental History

• Historical Documents Methods• Spanish Explorers & Climate• Huge cultural & Technological

differences• Spanish History and Institutions

– Crown and Church

• Mexican Period (very brief)

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Historical Methods: Examples

• Inscriptions– El Morro NM• Diaries, including indirect

observations– First robin of spring etc.

• Governmental records (census)• Church Records

(birth/death/marriage)• Private estate records (taxes)• Land survey records/scarred trees

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Historical Methods: Eyewitness Accounts

• Temporal proximity?• Spatial proximity?• Expert or amateur?• Changes in recorders?• Scaled data or

opinions?– 28°F. vs. “Very cold”

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Historical Documents: Can They Be Trusted?

• Purpose of document?• Biased recorder?

– Extreme events– Budget motives

• Was the witness willing to tell the truth?

• Independent corroboration** KEY***

Worlds Collide: Columbian Consequences

• Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502

7http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/

Cortez—1521--Mexico

Pizarro—1532--Peru

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Spanish Explorers/Colonizers of the Southwest

• Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca

don Diego de Vargas

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

don Juan de Oñate

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Spanish Explorers of the Southwest

• Francisco Vázquez de Coronado– Search for 7

Cities of Cibola– 1540-1542– 300 Spaniards– 700 Indian

Auxiliaries– 1000s of head

of Livestock– An INVASION

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Coronado’sRoute in AZ?

• Maps lost• Documents vague• Names ambiguous

– Despoblado ???– Disease???

• Native guides may have been lost– No longer familiar

with AZ Highlands?

to Pecos

Zuni

Culiacan

Tucson

Coronado and Climate Chama=Red,

Jemez=Black

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1598: Don Juan de Oñate

• Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico

• Livestock, supplies • Traveled through Rio

Grande Pueblo country • First Spanish

settlement in the American Southwest, near Santa Fe.

• Fighting between the Spanish and Native Americans--- Acoma

Onate and ClimateChama=Red, Jemez=Black

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15981610

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Revolt and Reconquestencomienda= tribute

repartimiento=paid forced labor

• 1680 Pueblo Revolt– Puebloans organized and

revolted against Spanish settlements

– Pope-- Pecos– Spaniards retreated to El Paso

• 1692 Reconquest– don Diego de Vargas

Conflict and Climate

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1680

1692

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Yalu’s Question?

• Intelligence?– Racist

• Technological ability?– Proximate

• Cold vs. warm climate?– Exceptions exist

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Continental Axes Differ• Easier to share ideas & plants across longitude• Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate,

environmental barriers

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Domestication dates• Early in Eurasia• Late in the Americas

– Little independent domestication in SW

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Mammalian Domestication• Few candidates in the Americas (Llama,

Alpaca)• In the SW: turkey and dog only

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Infectious Disease• Eurasians evolved with it, Americans

didn’t• Germs could invade prior to the people• Devastating– 95% Mortality?

Modern Homework: Disease

• Killed: 20 M world wide• Infected 25% of pop• Killed 600,000 US

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Influenza Pandemic 1918

Most deaths: 20-40 y/olds

Most deaths:Sept-Nov

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According to Diamond:

• Environmental determinism– Grand-scale geography key

• Eurasians had environmental advantages– Domesticated plants and animals

early– Shared ideas easily– Developed metallurgy and writing– Co-evolved with infectious diseases

• Dominated Americans at first contact

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Environmental Determinism (ED) vs. Environmentalism

• ED = Environment sole determinant – Equatorial cultures unproductive:

hot– Temperate cultures productive

cooler– Racist, now discredited

• Environmentalism– Environmental exerts influence,

but not sole determinant– Culture plays a major role

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More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest

• Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino– 1692-1711– Reached

Tucson– Jesuit– Technology– Livestock– Agriculture

What did he see?

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Spanish Presidios

• Military Forts• Protection

– Indian Raiding• Livestock (cattle,

horses) abundant• Farming nearby• Tucson, Tubac, El

Paso• Ended in 1821.

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Spanish Missions• San Xavier del Bac

(White Dove of the Desert)– Kino 1692– 1770s rebuilt by

Franciscans– Just SW of Tucson– Still active church– Still active

farming• Tumacácori.

http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/

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European Native American Exchange

• Cattle, Horses• Sheep, Goats, Pigs• Citrus, Figs• Metal tools• Guns• Distilled Alcohol• Epidemic Diseases• Writing

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Native American European Exchange

• Corn• Beans• Squash• Turkey• Chili Pepper• Tomatillo• Sunflower

• Walnut• Acorn• Mesquite Bean• Agave• Pine Nut• Amaranth• Chocolate

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1800s Historical Dates• Mexican Independence 1821• Mexican-American War 1846• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848• Gadsden Purchase 1854

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Mexican Independence, 1821

• Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s

• Abandoned 1830s and 1840s– Apache raiding

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Spanish-Mexican SW

• Historical observations of people and environments– Not without limitations

• Introduction of new environmental facets– Domesticated animals– Wheat– Diseases

• Beginning of grazing in SW