1 numerical study of heat transfer enhancement...
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NUMERICAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN ASPHALT
COLLECTOR USING CuO NANOFLUID
GHASAQ ADHEED HASHIM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
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NUMERICAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN ASPHALT
COLLECTOR USING CuO NANOFLUID
GHASAQ ADHEED HASHIM
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Mechanical)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DECEMBER 2014
iii
“To my beloved mother and father”
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, gratefulness of thanks to our creator, “ALLAH” for this
continuous blessing, which make this work neither the first nor the last.
Especially I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my project‟s
supervisor, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nor Azwadi Bin Che Sidik for all the guidance, advice
and support that given to me in the process of completing this thesis.
Last but not the least, my appreciation goes to my wonderful parents for their
moral and financial supports that made me successful in my studies. I wish you long
life and prosperity and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for giving me
the strength and wisdom to finish my thesis, thank you so much.
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ABSTRACT
This study investigates the heat transfer enhancement in asphalt collector by
using CuO nanofluid. In this study the first approach is based on increasing the heat
gain which is captured by solar energy on asphalt pavement. The second approach is
related to accelerate the period of snow melting. Numerical simulation method has
been used to predict the temperature distribution in the asphalt collector. The study
was conducted at unsteady state, laminar fluid flow with small and large scale of
geometry. Certain boundary conditions and assumptions to solve the governing
equations were implemented by using finite volume method. Computational fluid
dynamics software involves ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 was employed to perform the
investigation numerically. Using nanofluid is considered as a positive way to
improve the performance of melting system. The CuO Nanofluid from 1 to 4%
volume fraction with particle diameter of 50 nm dispersed in a base fluid (water)
were used to improve the heat transfer of asphalt collector and thus resulting in an
augmentation of efficiency of asphalt collector. The rise in temperature of nanofluid
as a result of flow through asphalt pavement was used as an indicator of efficiency
enhancement of heat capture. The results of simulation for both small and large scale
geometries show that the use of nanofluid can significantly enhance the efficiency of
heat capture by bringing high amount of solar energy out. It is also noticed that the
asphalt collector provides us a better alternative method for snow melting. Asphalt
pavement temperature distribution was evaluated and the non-uniform temperature in
the asphalt pavement is noticeable.
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ABSTRAK
Kajian ini mengkaji peningkatan pemindahan haba dalam pengumpul asfalt
dengan menggunakan bendalir nano CuO. Dalam kajian ini pendekatan pertama
adalah berdasarkan kepada peningkatan keuntungan haba yang ditangkap oleh tenaga
solar pada turapan asfalt. Pendekatan kedua adalah untuk mempercepatkan tempoh
salji lebur. Kaedah simulasi berangka telah digunakan untuk meramal taburan suhu
dalam pengumpul asfalt. Kajian ini telah dijalankan pada keadaan tak mantap, aliran
bendalir lamina dengan skala geometri yang kecil dan besar. Syarat sempadan
tertentu dan andaian untuk menyelesaikan persamaan yang mengawal telah
dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan kaedah isipadu terhingga. Perisian melibatkan
ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 telah digunakan untuk melakukan siasatan secara berangka.
Penggunaan bendalir nano dianggap sebagai cara yang positif untuk meningkatkan
prestasi sistem lebur. Pecahan isipadu bendalir nano CuO daripada 1 hingga 4%
dengan diameter zarah 50 nm tersebar dalam bendalir asas (air) telah digunakan
untuk meningkatkan pemindahan haba pengumpul asfalt dan seterusnya
meningkatkan kecekapan pengumpul asfalt. Kenaikan suhu bendalir nano yang
terhasil daripada aliran melalui turapan asfalt digunakan sebagai penunjuk kepada
peningkatan kecekapan penangkapan haba. Keputusan daripada simulasi bagi
kedua-dua geometri berskala kecil dan besar menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan
bendalir nano dapat meningkatkan kecekapan penangkapan haba secara signifikan
dengan mengeluarkan sejumlah tenaga solar yang banyak. Kajian juga mendapati
bahawa pengumpul asfalt memberikan kita satu kaedah alternatif yang lebih baik
untuk peleburan salji. Pengedaran suhu bagi turapan asfalt telah dinilai dan suhu
yang tidak seragam dalam turapan asfalt adalah ketara.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xviii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 5
1.3 Application of the Study 6
1.4 Objective of the Study 8
1.5 Scope of Study 8
1.6 Dissertation Outline 9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Thermal Behavior of Asphalt Collector 11
2.3 Thermal Efficiency of Asphalt Solar Collator 20
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2.3.1 The Effect of Thermal Conductivity 22
2.3.2 The Effect of Pipe Length 26
2.3.3 The Effect of Pipe Spacing 28
2.3.4 The Effect of Fluid Velocity 29
2.3.5 The Effect of Additional Material 31
2.4 Current Progress in Asphalt Solar Collector 32
2.5 Fundamental of Nanofluid 35
2.5.1 Introduction 35
2.5.2 Nanofluid – Definition 36
2.7.3 Nanoparticle and Host Liquid Types 38
2.6 Production of Nanoparticle and Nanofluids 38
2.6.1 One Step Method 39
2.6.2 Two Step Method 40
2.7 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids 41
2.7.1 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids 41
2.7.2 The Effects of Particle Volume
Concentration 45
2.7.3 The Effects of Brownian Motion 45
2.7.4 Viscosity of Nanofluids 46
2.7.5 Temperature Effect 47
2.7.6 Particle Size Effect 47
2.7.7 Heat Capacity 48
3 NUMERICAL METHODOLOGY 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics 50
3.3 Laminar Flow 50
3.4 The CFD Modeling Processes 51
3.5 Mathematical Modeling Assumptions 52
3.5.1 Physical Model 52
3.5.1.1 Small Scale Pavement 52
3.5.1.2 Large Scale Pavement 54
3.5.2 Assumptions 57
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3.5.3 Governing Equations 57
3.5.4 Boundary Conditions 58
3.5.4.1 Snow Melting 58
3.5.4.2 Capturing Solar Energy 58
3.5.5 Numerical Method 59
3.6 The Key Parameters of Heat gain and Energy
efficiency 59
3.7 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids 60
3.8 Summary 62
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 64
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 Code Validation 65
4.2.1 Snow Melting 65
4.2.1.1 Temperature Distribution 66
4.2.1.2 Time of Snow Melting 67
4.2.1.3 Temperature Between the Inlet
and Outlet Water 69
4.2.2 Capturing Solar Energy 71
4.2.2.1 Surface Temperature
Variations 72
4.2.2.2 Temperature Difference
Between the Inlet and Outlet
Water 74
4.2.2.3 Maximum Heat Gain 75
4.3 The Effect of Nanofluid Volume Concentration
Parameters 77
4.3.1 Snow Melting 77
4.3.1.1 Effect of Nanofluid on the
Time of Snow Melting 77
4.3.1.2 Effect of Nanofluid on the Inlet
and Outlet Flow Temperature 79
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4.3.1.3 Effect of Nanofluid on the Heat
Transfer Coefficient 80
4.3.2 Capturing Solar Energy 81
4.3.2.1 Effect of Nanofluid on the
Surface Temperature
Variations 81
4.3.2.2 Effect of Nanofluid on the Inlet
and Outlet Flow Temperature 83
4.3.2.3 Effect of Nanofluid on the Heat
Transfer Coefficient 84
4.3.2.4 Effect of Nanofluid on The
Maximum Heat Gain 85
4.3.2.5 Effect of Nanofluid on Thermal
Efficiency 86
4.4 Capture Solar Energy with Large Scale of Asphalt
Pavement 86
4.5 Summary 89
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 90
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Conclusions 91
5.3 Recommendation for Future Work 91
REFERENCES 92
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Test parameters and typical experimental results of
snow melting 17
2.2 Different melting ice area to different depth of
embedded pipes. 26
3.1 Small scale Geometrical parameters 53
3.2 Large scale Geometrical parameters 56
3.3 Thermophysical properties of (CuO) NPs 61
3.4 Thermophysical properties of base fluid (Water) 62
3.5 Effective thermophysical properties of cuo–water. 62
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE
1.1 The average annual solar radiation variations in
world 2
1.2 Schematic diagrams of the solar collecting device
and snow melting. 3
1.3 Concept of harvesting energy from pavements and
reducing pavement temperature 4
1.4 Roadway power systems 6
1.5 Smart bridge 7
1.6 Air conditioning for buildings by using asphalt
solar collector 7
2.1 Schematic representation of heat transfer in
capturing solar energy from pavement 13
2.2 Plot of pavement temperature 12.7 mm below the
surface at versus time 13
2.3 Plot of pavement temperature, 25 mm below the
surface, versus time 14
2.4 Configuration of testing sample (a): The schematic
of tested slab; (b): Photo of tested specimen. 15
2.5 Effects of the circulating water on the vertical
temperature distribution over the depth of the test
slabs 15
2.6 The schematic of pipes and measuring point in
tested slab 16
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2.7 Images of surface condition during the snow
melting process 17
2.8 Variation of surface condition on slabs during the
snow melting period 18
2.9 2-Dimensional temperature distributions of the
asphalt slab surface were obtained from ITG 19
2.10 Effect of CAC on the temperature distribution of
the slabs surface 20
2.11 Variation of temperature over a period of snow
melting 20
2.12 Plot of surface temperature versus time 21
2.13 Plot of radiative flux versus time 22
2.14 Thermal properties of asphalt concrete with various
contents of conductive fillers 23
2.15 Relation between the beginning melting-snow time
and the thermal conductivity (z: the depth of
installed pipe) 24
2.16 Temperature distributions at certain time to the
asphalt pavement 25
2.17 The length influence of the outlet temperature and
the total extracted heat. 27
2.18 The length influence for the efficiency of the
asphalt solar collector 27
2.19 Plots of pipe spacing versus water temperature. 28
2.20 Effect of pipe spacing on the reduction of
temperature in the surface of the asphalt pavement. 29
2.21 The fluid velocity against the pipe diameter in the
border line of a turbulent and laminar fluid flow. 30
2.22 The fluid velocity influence for the outlet
temperature and the total extracted heat. 30
2.23 The fluid velocity influence for the efficiency of
the asphalt solar collector. 30
2.24 Effect of paint on the temperature of water 31
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2.25 Effect of the aggregate type on the temperature of
water 32
2.26 Maximum temperatures in August at different
depths of an asphalt pavement in Houston, TX. 34
3.1 The general modeling step. 52
3.2 Schematic diagrams and parameter of geometry 53
3.3 Drawing geometry in ansys fluent 53
3.4a Mesh of small scale of geometry iso view 54
3.4b Front view 54
3.4c Mesh around the pipe 54
3.5 Schematic diagrams and parameter of geometry 55
3.6 Drawing geometry in ansys fluent 55
3.7a Mesh of large scale geometry iso view 56
3.7b Front view 56
3.7c Mesh around the pipe 56
4.1 Large scale Grid mesh independent test 66
4.2 Surface Temperature distributions on the asphalt
pavement Chen [2] 66
4.3 Surface temperature distributions on the asphalt
pavement current studies for validation 67
4.4 Temperature surface at T1 Chen [2] 68
4.5 Temperature surface at T1 current studies for
validation 68
4.6 Measuring point distribution in the asphalt
pavement [2]. 69
4.7 Temperature between the inlet and outlet water
Chen [2] 70
4.8 Temperature between the inlet and outlet water
current studies for validation 70
4.9 Small scale Grid mesh independent test 71
4.10 Changes of surface temperature at the varying time
Shaopeng study [5] 72
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4.11 Changes of surface temperature at the varying time
current studies for validation 73
4.12 Contour view asphalt pavements without water
circulation after 800 min 73
4.13 Contour view asphalt pavements with water
circulation after 800 min 74
4.14 Temperature between the inlet and outlet water at
varying time Shaopeng study [5] 74
4.15 Temperature between the inlet and outlet water at
varying time current studies for validation 75
4.16 Comparison between maximum heat gain with
different volume flow rate Shaopeng study [5] 76
4.17 Comparison between maximum heat gain with
different flow rate current studies for validation 76
4.18 Influence of (CuO) on the time malting in the
asphalt pavement 77
4.19a Temperature distribution with pure water 78
4.19b Temperature distribution with CuO nanoflouid at
4% volume fraction 78
4.20 Influence of (CuO) on the delta T between
incoming and outgoing flow in the asphalt
pavement 79
4.21 Influence of (CuO) on the on the heat transfer
coefficient at the different volume concentration 80
4.22 Influence of (CuO) on the average surface
temperature in the asphalt pavement at the different
volume concentration 81
4.23a Temperature distribution with pure water
circulation 82
4.23b Temperature distribution with CuO nanoflouid at
4% volume fraction 82
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4.24 Influence of (CuO) on the delta T between
incoming and outgoing flow in the asphalt
pavement 83
4.25 Influence of (CuO) on the on the heat transfer
coefficient at the different volume concentration 84
4.26 Comparison between maximum heat gain with
different flow rate and different nanoparticle
volume concentration 85
4.27 Comparison between efficiency with different
volume concentration 86
4.28 Contour view large asphalt pavements without
water circulation after 800 min 87
4.29 Contour view large asphalt pavements with pure
water circulation after 800 min 88
4.30 Contour view large asphalt pavements with CuO
nanofluid at 4% volume fraction circulation after
800 min 88
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC - Asphalt Collector
Ar - Snow Area Ratio
ASC - Asphalt Solar Collector
CAC - Conductive Asphalt Collector
NF - Nanofluid
NP - Nanoparticle
Nu - Nusselt Number
R - Reynolds number
xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Cp - Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg.K)
H - Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2.K)
K - Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)
L - Liter
M - Molecular Weight of base Fluid
T - Temperature (K)
q - Heat Gain w/m2
t - Time
u - Velocity in x direction
μ - Dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s)
ρ - Density (kg/m3)
Φ - Particle volume fraction
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Heat transfer knowledge has been considered for decades. High efficiency of
heat transfer has improved not only performance of the devices, but also fuel
consumption. The efficiency of many devices which are needed to be heated or
cooled is involved to heat transfer performance. The necessity of high thermal
performance thermal systems has been eventuated finding different ways to enhance
the heat transfer rate.
The reduction of fossil fuel consumption and gas emission to the atmosphere
motivates research and development of new energy generation methods: renewable,
clean, and respectful of the environment. Asphalt pavement has gained more and
more attention in recent years as an interesting new renewable energy source [1].
The sun provides a cheap and abundant source of clean and renewable energy.
The radiation from the Sun reaching the Earth generates heat on the ground.
The solar radiation depends on the latitude and the angle of incidence. From a
2
Meteorological perspective, radiation variation in world for horizontal surfaces and
as it seems the central and northern world. As shown in Figure 1.1, this is
measurements of the NASA Research Center.
Figure 1.1 The average annual solar radiation variations in world
In asphalt solar collector (ASC), the fluid is circulated through a series of
pipe circuits laid below pavement surface. The irradiation from the sun and the
atmosphere is absorbed by the pavement and then the fluid through the pipes brings
the solar energy out and stored in the ground over summer time. Hence, the energy
is used for the heating of adjacent buildings as well as to keep the pavement, ice-free
directly in winter [4]. Numerous studies have been conducted on the amount of
energy that can be extracted, the amount of energy that is needed to keep an asphalt
road free of ice, and the effect of energy transfer on temperature distribution along
the depth of asphalt pavements [5]. ASC provides us a better alternative method for
snow melting because of such system generally has higher energy efficiency than
boilers or electrical heaters. Furthermore, by extracting heat in the summer and
providing heat in the winter as shown in Figure 1.2.
3
Figure 1.2 Schematic diagrams of the solar collecting device and snow melting
Asphalt solar collector (ASC) provides us a better alternative method for
snow melting. The higher fluid temperature is a positive way to improve the
performance of snow melting system. Asphalt concrete is widely used in parking
lots, tarmacs, airport runway, bridge deck, roadways, etc. Therefore, it is desirable
that ice and snow be removed effectively to keep asphalt pavement free [2].
Asphalt solar collectors consist of pipes embedded in the pavement with a
circulating fluid inside as shown in Figure 1.3 Solar radiation causes an increase in
pavement temperature. Due to the temperature gradient between the fluid circulating
through the pipes and the pavement, a heat transfer process occurs from pavement to
a fluid which leads to a drop in pavement temperature and an increase in fluid
temperature. This drop in asphalt temperature contributes to mitigate the heat island
effect and reduce the risk of permanent deformations. However, what makes asphalt
solar collectors really interesting is their ability to use the temperature rise undergone
by the circulating fluid to harness energy. Asphalt solar collectors are usually
coupled with low temperature geothermal heat pumps, obtaining reasonable
efficiency and operating costs. The energy obtained from asphalt solar collectors is
generally used for snow-melting systems or to maintain thermal comfort of adjacent
buildings. There are also concrete solar collectors, but because of the black color, the
asphalt solar absorption coefficient is higher than concrete [6].
4
Figure 1.3 Concept of harvesting energy from pavements and reducing pavement
temperature
The passive techniques include methods to modify the fluids‟ properties, surface
shape, roughness or external attachment to increase the surface area, and make the flow
laminar and turbulent. However, conventional heat transfer fluids such as water his poor
thermal performance due to his low thermal conductivity, therefore it should add the
nanoparticles to change the fluid character to be nanofluid to increase the thermal
conductivity of the these fluids.
Nanofluids are colloidal mixtures of nanometric metallic or ceramic particles
in a base fluid, such as water, ethylene glycol or oil. Nanofluids possess immense
potential to enhance the heat transfer character of the original fluid due to improved
thermal transport properties and according to passive studies that the Non-metallic
materials, such as alumina Al2O3, CuO, TiO2 and carbon that possess higher thermal
conductivities than the conventional heat transfer fluids.
5
1.2 Problem Statement
It is a major societal problem to provide a sustainable supply of energy. To
make good use of solar energy, researches into asphalt pavements used as solar
collector have been conducted. It is indicated that Asphalt Solar Collector (ASC)
could be used for heating and cooling the adjacent buildings as well as keeping the
pavement ice free. To improve traffic safety in the late fall, winter, and early spring,
during periods of snow, sleet, and freezing rain. Preventing the snow accumulation
and ice formation on roads, especially on some critical sections including bridges and
ramps, is of high priority to improve winter transportation safety [2].
On the other hand the Asphalt pavement surface temperature can reach up to
70 °C in summer inducing a rise in temperature of the air above, which is generally
known as the heat island effect. It causes an increase in power consumption due to
the use of air conditioning and a decrease in air quality in cities. Moreover,
pavements under such high temperatures are prone to suffer from rutting. In
particular, the thermal oxidation rate doubles with each 10 K increment in
temperature [7].
Moreover, the routine heat transfer fluid does not satisfy the necessity of a
great heat transfer with high efficiency. In this case, many investigations have been
done to enhance the heat transfer by using water as a working fluid. However, water
has low thermal conductivity. So the investigators are turning to the solids with high
thermal conductivities and methods to mix these materials with water as a base fluid.
The composite material in nanoscale mixed with base fluid to produce medium has a
term of "nanofluid" to enhance the heat transfer properties. Until now no research
reported on using nanofluid in asphalt solar collator. This project will focus on heat
transfer enhancement using nanofluid.
6
1.3 Application of the Study
The sun provides a cheap and abundant source of clean and renewable
energy. Solar cells have been used to capture this energy and generate electricity. A
more useful form of “cell” could be asphalt pavements, which get heated up by solar
radiation. The “road” energy solar cell concept takes advantage of a massive acreage
of installed parking lots, tarmacs, and roadways. The heat retained in the asphalt
mixture can continue to produce energy after nightfall, when traditional solar cells do
not function. The idea of capturing energy from pavement not only turns areas such
as parking lots into an energy source, but also could cool the asphalt pavements, thus
reducing the urban heat island effect, the type of asphalt solar collector combined
with turbine to produce electrical energy is called (Roadway power system) as shown
in figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 Roadway power systems
One of the pioneer applications on an asphalt solar collector in Switzerland
they are called (smart bridge) as shown in figure 1.5, this system combined with
borehole heat exchanger of ground source heat pump system.
7
Figure 1.5 Smart Bridge
The main task was to investigate the application of an asphalt solar collector
for heat capture and a ground source heat pump with borehole storage with the
intention of using that heat for domestic hot water and air condition as shown below
in figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 Air conditioning for buildings by using asphalt solar collector
The system uses an existing lot, so does not require purchase or lease of new
real estate (as would be needed for a solar “farm” installation). The system has no
visible signature that is; the parking lot looks the same. This compares well against
rooftop silicon panels that are often bulky and unattractive. The energy system can
8
be installed. The captured energy from heated asphalt pavements can be used for
relatively simple applications, such as heating of water, to sophisticated applications,
such as snow melting in the winter, generating electricity through thermo-electric
generators in the summer [8].
1.4 Objective of the Study
The objective of the present study is
To improve the thermal efficiency of asphalt collector using nanofluid.
To analyze the performance of asphalt collector.
1.5 Scope of Study
The scope of the present study is
Using CuO nanofluid with volume fraction at the range from 0% to 4%.
Incompressible fluid flow.
Laminar flow.
Unsteady state flow.
Using CFD Ansys fluent 14.0.
9
1.6 Dissertation Outline
This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows:
Chapter 1 represents the problem statement and scope of this study.
Applications of the study and the objectives of the project are reported.
Chapter 2 contains the literature review which is related to the temperature
distribution and enhances heat transfer in asphalt collector geometries involving
experimental and numerical studies for three-dimensional geometries. The
parameters that related to the thermal conductivity, pipe length, pipe spacing and
inlet temperature fluid, while the last section is related to nanoparticles and
nanofluids parameters, application, production and thermo physical properties.
Chapter 3 focuses on the mathematical and theoretical aspects governing the
convection heat transfer for three-dimensions in asphalt collector. This chapter
shows the numerical procedures for solving the present problem in details as well as
the assumptions and limitations of boundary conditions for the computational
domain are also mentioned. Furthermore, the analysis and equations of nanofluids
thermophysical properties are presented according to their diameter and volume
fraction.
Chapter 4 the first section presents the code validation results. The second
section introduces the results of the present numerical work to investigate the effects
of nanofluid with different nanoparticle volume fractions.
Chapter 5 summarizes the conclusions obtained from the numerical
simulation with related suggestions for future work.
92
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