1. outdoor propagation models –1.1 longley-rice model –1.2 okumura model –1.3. hata model...
TRANSCRIPT
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• 1. Outdoor Propagation Models– 1.1 Longley-Rice Model
– 1.2 Okumura Model
– 1.3. Hata Model
– 1.4. PCS Extension to Hata Model
– 1.5. Walfisch and Bertoni Model
• 2. The concept of Digital Terrain models• 3. The Hungarian Geodetic system• 4. The 50 meter resolution Hungarian Digital
Terrain Model• 5. Results
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Outdoor Propagation Models
• Propagation over irregular terrain.
• The propagation models available for predicting signal strength vary very widely in their capacity, approach, and accuracy.
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Longley-Rice Model
• also referred to as the ITS irregular terrain model
• frequency range from 40 MHz to 100 GHz
• Two version:
• point-to-point using terrain profile.
• area mode estimate the path-specific parameters
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Okumura Model
• Frequency range from150 MHz to 1920 MHz• BS-MS distance of 1 km to 100 km.• BS antenna heights ranging from 30 m 1000 m.
• Lf is the free space propagation loss,
• Amu is the median attenuation relative to free space,
• G(tte ) is the base station antenna height gain factor, G(tre ) is the mobile antenna height gain factor,
• GAREA is the gain due to the type of environment.
AREAretemuf GhGhGdfALdBL )()(),()(50
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Hata Model • Frequency range from150 MHz to 1500 MHz• BS-MS distance of 1 km to 100 km.• BS antenna heights ranging from 30 m 200 m.
• fc is the frequency (in MHz) from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz, • hte is the effective transmitter antenna height (in meters) • hre is the effective receiver (mobile) antenna height (1..10 m)• d is the T-R separation distance (in km),• a(hre ) is the correction factor for effective mobile antenna height
(large city, small to medium size city, suburban, open rural)
dhhahfdBurbanL teretec loglog55.69.44log82.13log16.2655.69)(50
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PCS Extension to Hata Model • Frequency range from1500 MHz to 2000 MHz
• BS-MS distance of 1 km to 20 km.
• BS antenna heights ranging from 30 m 200 m.
• fc is the frequency (in MHz) from 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz,
• hte is the effective transmitter antenna height (in meters)
• hre is the effective receiver (mobile) antenna height (1..10 m)
• d is the T-R separation distance (in km),
• a(hre ) is the correction factor for effective mobile antenna height (large city, small to medium size city, suburban, open rural)
• CM 0 dB for medium sized city and suburban areas,
• 3 dB for metropolitan centers
Mteretec CdhhahfurbanL loglog55.69.44log82.13log9.333.4650
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Walfisch and Bertoni Model
• considered the impact of the rooftops and building height by using diffraction to predict average signal strength at street level
H
hb
db
w
hm
H
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Table 1 Comparison of macrocell propagation
Model Path loss
exponentbh mh cf Distance
Free pace 2 0 0 2 No problem
Planet earth 4 -2 -2 0 No problem
Okumura-Hata
COST231-Hata
4 -2 -2 0 D > 1 km
COST-231
Walfisch-Ikegami
3.8 8.1 1 0.02 km
5 km
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• Digital Terrain Models (DTM)are parts of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
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Overlay of the raster data base
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Hungarian DTM 50 structure
50 meter raster
0... j ...960...
i height(i,j)
.
.
.640... . ....
XEOV
YEOV
50 meter raster
0... j ...959...
i land usage category(i,j)
.
.
.639... . ....
XEOV
YEOV
Elevation data base Land usage data base
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Elevation map (Budapest)
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Land use map (Budapest)
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The two BS positions investigated
BS2
BS1
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BS on the top of hill
BS in the valley
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Seven cells coverage for Pest
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Seven cells coverage for Buda