1 perception vandana

8/3/2019 1 Perception Vandana

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PERCEPTION

Made by :VandanaMFM/11/2098


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Definition

Perception may be defined as the process of selecting,organizing and interpreting or attaching meaning to eventshappening in environment.

Perception is the mental process used to select, organizeand evaluate stimuli from the external environment tomold it into a meaningful experience.

Perception is both physical and psychological. It is theprocesses by which the inputs are received from theenvironment (stimuli) are selected, analyzed, organized

and interpreted and recorded (the recordings can be keptfor future use).


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Factors influencing Perception

Perceiver Target Situation


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PERCEPTION SENSATION

Physical and PsychologicalProcess

Physical Process

Inputs are received from the

environment (selected,analyzed, organized,interpreted and recorded)

Data is received through

sensory organs like hearing,seeing, touching etc.

The recordings are kept for

future use.

The recordings are used

immediately.

More Broader and Complex Less Broader and Complex


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Factors That Influence Perception

Factors in the situation Time

Work setting

Social setting

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives

Interests

Experience

Expectations

Factors in the target Novelty Motion

Sounds

Size

Background

Proximity


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The perceptual process


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Perceptual Process

Stimuli In the form of people, objects, events, information,

conversation

Receiving

Through sensory organs. Recording Through perception (psychological process)

Selection of Stimuli

External Factors size, contrast, movement etc. (chips

packets, big bazaar ads) Internal factors (interest , exp)

Organization of Stimuli figure ground, grouping,

simplification & closure.


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Interpretations & Action

People become judgmental as well and tend to interpret things

as good or bad, beautiful or ugly etc.

Actions are the output aspect of perception process. They are

in terms of Covert (change in attitudes, feelings etc) & Overt

(visible behavior).


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Externals Attention Factors

Intensity

Size

Contrast

Repetition

Motion

Novelty& familiarity


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Internal Set Factors

Learning & perception

Perceptual set in the workplace

Motivation & perception

Personality & perception


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Perceptual selection Consumers are often in a state of sensory overload, exposed to

too much information and are unable or unwilling to process

all of the information at their disposal. Perceptual selectivity occurs when people attend to only a

small portion of the stimuli that they are exposed to.


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Perceptual Organization

Whenever people are over loaded with information,they try to simplify it to make it more meaningful andunderstandable.

Simplification helps to make things moreunderstandable because the perceiver has beenable to reduce the complexity by eliminating some ofthe things which are less important.

When faced with incomplete information, people fillup the Gaps themselves to make the informationmeaningful. This may be done on the basis of pastexperience, past data or hunches.


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Continuity e.g. modifying a new innovation andreleasing into the market.

Proximity e.g. a family or a formal work team

Similarity

e.g. all blue-collared workers Perceptual Constancy recognition of a fruit, printed

photograph etc.

Perceptual Context e.g. gesture of patting the back(home & orgl context)

Perceptual Defense - The people have discomfort toreceive stimuli which are unpleasant to them hence theyadopt defensive posture like denial, modification &distortion, recognition but refusal to change

Perceptual Organization


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Perceptual grouping

Closure

Continuity

Proximity

Similarity


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Perceptual constancy : It gives a person asense of stability in a changing worlds. Thisperception permits the individual to havesome constancy in a tremendously variableand highly complex world.

Perceptual context : The highest most

sophisticated form of perceptual organizationcontext


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Perceptual defense

Denial

Modification and distortion

Change in perception Recognition but refusal to change


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Halo Effect - Drawing a general impression about an individualon the basis of a single characteristic

Stereotyping - Judging someone on the basis of ones

perception of the group to which that person belongs. Attributions - Tendency to find a logic for each and every

action or behavior by interpreting them as caused by certainfactors.

First Impression - People evaluate others on the basis of first

impression. Impression ManagementSelf Presentation

Social Perception


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Impression Management

The process of impression management

Impression motivation

Impression constructions


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Employee impression management strategies

Demotion preventive strategies :

Accounts

Apologies

Dissociation

Promotion enhancing strategies

Entitlements

Enhancements Obstacle disclosures

Association


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Various impression management tactics

One should be on the look out for high probability

impression management

Attempt to minimize personal situational and organization

features

One should look for ulterior motives and avoid being

overly influenced


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Thank you

1 perception vandana

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