1 PGM Department

IK and ISK

Respect for Indigenous Spatial Knowledge

Understanding mental maps

2 PGM Department

Naive Geography – “real space”

Real space tightly coupled with Time

Distances are non linear

Distances are asymmetric

Key nodes are the interest, not the space between – space jumps

Fuzzy, Flexible, boundaries & zones

Layered zones

Continuous or discrete space

Uncertain and Restricted spaces

3 PGM Department

Representing Real Space

Natural language uses near, far, islotaed, crowded, etc.

3 Dimensions of space not universal. E.gs. of Ethnospace adding diurnal, seasonl, centrality, zenith, nadir

Jumping scale

Spatial learning – Landmarks, Routes, Survey Area

Space includes soundscape, smellscape

4 PGM Department

Gendered ISK & Genderising GIS

GIS as ‘masculinist’, materialist positivist technology

handles only discrete, bounded, pre-defined units of analysis, and

unable to cope with ambiguity, fuzziness, abstract concepts or synthesis, and

straight-jacketing emotions and spiritual values.

GIS is missing reflexivity, & ignoring qualitative info

“feminisation of GIS”. Hall 1996, Kwan 2002, …

5 PGM Department

Reproducing Cosmo space

Incorporating or Inscribing

Incorporating: ceremony, stories, dance, song Singing geospatial pictograms - songlines

Inscribing: reports, maps, cadastres

6 PGM Department

Stewardship of the Land

Maori :

Tapu – respect for resources

Mana - authority

Mauri - Life force life energy

Stewardship - Land is held in trust:

NZ, India, islamic law, Solomon Islands, First Nations

International Court of Justice, FoE : “our grandchildren´s grandchildren”

7 PGM Department

Representing land tenure

Customary Land Tenure System

e.g. Aboriginal Australia

Market-oriented Land Tenure

e.g. Australian Cadastral System

Spiritual physical connection to land Land as a marketable commodity

Communal Ownership. Stewardship. Register land with cadastre. Exclusive ownership.

Land transferred through inheritance Transfer land sale, lease, inheritance.

Evidence tenure via song, dance, stories, pictures, ceremony – ‘incorporating’

Written Records by Certificate of Title granted by state. Long-term ‘inscribed’ storage in databases.

Boundaries are ‘limits of influence’ topography, sacred spaces.

Boundaries geodetic, demarcated by monuments. State regulation.

Overlapping rights, responsibilities, negotiate with neighbour peoples

Rights on neighbouring lands restricted & controlled by the State

Soft boundaries Hard boundaries

Temporary/Seasonally flexible bound

Richer Meanings – holistic

GIS cannot handle – Maybe PGIS

Mostly fixed boundaries

Preciser meanings - reductionist

8 PGM Department

´Claiming Our Land´ - Demarcating Customary Lands & Traditional Boundaries

Identify areas of Use and Occupancy

Priorities for Claims

Evaluation of Scenarios – of alternative land management

Prep. for Court Procedures – rigour, accuracy, appearance

9 PGM Department

GIS & Maps in Land Claims

“A map is likely to enhance a court’s understanding, synthesis, and resolution of a land dispute”

“GIS [is] a useful tool in bridging the gap between traditional landscape images and the demand for formal cartographic representations of land necessary for land claim negotiation.”

“the key text for modern states to take over resource tenure is the map”

10 PGM Department

Maps and Land Titling - a Warning

“ .. mapping of land titling oversimplifies overlapping claims from different family members and reduces them to simplistic 2-D space of ‘household title’ –

leads to exclusion, dispossession, & conflicts”

(Ganjanapan 1994)

11 PGM Department

Respect for People’s Land RightsConcepts of Land

ISK as symbolic, emotional, and visionary knowledge –

Cultural, historical, & spiritual values of land.

Land in the stewardship of people.

Land determines activity spaces and responsibility spaces.

12 PGM Department

ISK / ITK - Indigenous (Spatial) Technical Knowledge

IK and scientific knowledge are not always so different.

ITK/ISK maybe more accurate because embodies generations of practical knowledge, and works in interactive, holistic systems.

Examples:

Interpret satellite images of land capability with Bedu shepherds Jordan (Patrick 2002);

ITK of grazing lands in Burkina Faso (Sedogo 2002);

Australia: mapping ITK of valuable vegetation types

Senegal River valley: comparison farmers’ & scientific soil classifications (Tabor & Hutchinson 1994);

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Mapping Local Urban Resources

17 PGM Department

Equity & Legitimacy - Gendered Space

Spatial knowledge is a form of power over space and power over behaviour.

Gendered spaces are different in character and value and use.

Women’s space may be very restricted (due to culture, or danger)

Women’s space may not be visible, nor easily transferable to GIS

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21 PGM Department

Poverty & Conservation Sketch Map, Mali village

22 PGM Department

Other Mental maps

Children´s mental maps

urban examples

Animals´Mental maps

23 PGM Department

Children´s Map of Beacon Park

24 PGM Department

P-GIS in Conflict Management

Conflict mapping

Fuzzy and flexible boundaries,

Conflicts over land, land resources, access to resources, ownership of resources,

Or, conflicts between different forms of ownership or entitlements

Counter mapping

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Cultural-Historical Identity >Building the Community

- Promote Community awareness- Cultural Historical Knowledge > local history

- Community development of GIS strengthened Ifugao historical cultural consciousness and prepared for negotiations.

- Sacred Lands- Land for the Ancestors

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30 PGM Department

Mental Maps – Los Angeleswhite elite, black, hispanic

31 PGM Department

Rosario, Argentina

32 PGM Department

Community Green Map, James Bay

33 PGM Department

Bostonian´s Image

34 PGM Department

New Yorker´s Image of the USA

35 PGM Department

Jefferson City - watersheds

36 PGM Department

Ownership of Spatial Data

o gathering, hunting, fishing, grazing, woodfuel o waterholes. o boundaries of culture areas, clans, tribes.o customary property demarcations within a cultural

boundary, e.g. by clan, lineage, household,o historic placeso ancestral grounds, sacred areas, buried arto indigenous place names, cosmological (creation)

locations.

37 PGM Department

Maori Indigenous Values of Land (Harmsworth)

38 PGM Department

How is Ownership protected?

o concealed files linked to GIS

o overlay only at a crude scale

o hyperlink to an accepted authority figure

39 PGM Department

Questions of ownership (Rambaldi)

Who decides on what is “important”?Who owns

the pictorial language, its graphic vocabulary and the resulting message?

Who owns the Legend?