1 physical development of the toddler chapter 11 page 290
DESCRIPTION
3 Environment Diet Exercise Health Even emotions Heredity Genes determine height WeightTRANSCRIPT
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Physical Development of The Toddler
Chapter 11Page 290
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Body Growth & Development
• Babies continue to grow quickly but not as quick as the first year
• Height & Weight• Toddler grow at different rates
• Due to environment & heredity
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• Environment• Diet• Exercise• Health• Even emotions
• Heredity• Genes determine
height• Weight
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Years One and Two
• Growth slows after first year• Most girls reach 53% of their adult height
by age 2• Boys usually reach 50% of their adult
height by 2
• Often true that a tall 2 year old will be a tall adult and vice versa
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Age 2
• Slow and steady growth rate• Gain 2 – 3 inches and 6 pounds per year
• Girls continue until about 11• Boys until 13
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Other Body Changes
• 24 months, head is ¼ of total height• Adult’s head is 1/10th.
• See charts on page 292 Figure 11-2
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Bones & Teeth• Bones continue to become harder• Degree of ossification not the same throughout
the body• Due to cartilage, bones are more flexible and less
likely to break than an adult’s
• Fontanels (gap between skull bones, soft spots) are closed or almost closed
• Full set of deciduous teeth• See page 294 Figure 11-5
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Fat & Muscle Tissue
• Fat deposits under skin decreases rapidly between 9 and 30 months
• Chubby baby becomes more slender
• Muscle development (the lengthening and thickening of muscles is slow during the toddler stage)
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Motor Development
• Large muscle development (refers to the development of trunk, arm and leg– Crawling, walking, jumping, running
• (gross motor skills)
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Walking
• Around 1st birthday may start walking unassisted
• Often girls walk before boys
• Pushing a baby to walk may not help and may hinder
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Beginning Walkers
• Stand with feet wide apart• Turn their feet outward and flex knees• Walk on tiptoes• Irregular steps, lurches, and weaves• Tilted spine lead them to lean forward
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Walking at Two Years
• May look like a run but it isn’t
• Rarely go around obstacles but over them
• Distraction leads to toddler falls
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Running
• True running begins at 2 years of age
• Not skillful runners
• Tends to be awkward
• Can’t stop or start quickly
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Jumping
• Moves arms backwards instead of using them to help the jump
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Climbing
• As soon as they crawl or creep• Between 15 to 18 months
• Hold to railing or hands
• Don’t change feet until after 2nd birthday
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Throwing & Catching
• Begin throwing by accident• Forget to hold on to object• Enjoy seeing object move through air
• Then start to throw on purpose• Begins at age 1• Throw from sitting position first and then
from standing position
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Small-Muscle Development
• Hands, fingers (fine motor skills)
• Eye-hand coordination—what they see with the way they move their hands
• With time and experience, clumsy becomes more adept
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• By end of first year, babies can hold objects between thumb and index finger
• 12 – 18 months holds spoon• Feed themselves and drink for themselves
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12 – 18 Months
• Toddlers can:• Remove hat and socks• Insert large objects into holes• Turn pages of a book several at a time• Begin to fit objects together• Build a tower of 2 to 3 soft blocks
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2 years
• Hit pegs with a hammer• Hold crayons and pencils• Cannot hold or write with a crayon or
pencil like an adult• By this age shows definite hand deference
(left vs right)
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Summary
• Grow more slowly in second year than in first
• Toddler’s bones continue to harden• Fat deposits under skin decrease• Brain matures at a faster rate than other
body organs• Full set of baby teeth present shortly after
2 years
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• Toddlers refine gross-motor skills (walking, climbing, and throwing)
• New skills emerge (running, jumping off objects, catching)
• Fine-motor skills depend on child’s level of eye-hand coordination
• Show definite hand deference by 2nd year
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Activity
• Page 302• Do the questions 1 – 10• Put your name on the paper and turn them
in
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Brochure
• Develop a brochure explaining toddlers’ motor skills
• Include information on the order of learning
• Explain actions used in walking, running, and jumping
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Find Equipment
• Visit websites and find toys and equipment which will provide activities a toddler could manipulate and enjoy safely
• Print out product information and photos to share with the class
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